Module 05

DC-DC Convedens and DC-AC Convetns

Lcos: 4 [POs: 2 [eTLt LI,L2&L3]
.Dc-DCConyetis CChoppers
Tnt soduchom
tt S isd to cenvet a hal-
In may ndutaialJ arplhcahm, DC-DCorvein
mo vaiable - vo Hagu DC Samu. A
Sance a
voltaa DC kosn an DC Cnvelen.
DC4%DC ond ir ssmy a

Convess diRectly m
coidimed Dcequivalento an AC tans ume
Cenndu Can
ADe tt can b
ns Aadio. LikLa tantomn
1tha
n uooby Vourasl
De
vo Soucu.
wlh Skp
don g skp p a
detuc Cortiel m andombieo.
De metrv
ane
widely d tot tAachn motn
tAley Ca, maine haish, akt taucksand n a [Link] paevydl
Smeth arcwlonadion chd, hyh thic eny & taut dnamic s e.
De mets daatmn
DC Convang can k etd m agenenahiua kak
Lock and ws kahu
Jes to eneay saomys
eney Juppy,
mho h

tkans povtahonks uith haqa sps

ud n DC wltz Jqlalro; and adoo an urd
DC nutuy ane
DE a m T San,
Cnjunchm ith an dchv, t genenate a

an
mven The DC-De ConveDm
canecialy th cume Snnce .

cn vusio m dhe euolupq a n t a hunewa

atra
0
pa dh enuMy
eney ehnotoqy

Reknnos
Rashad,"Poe letun ics Cxab, Devices &hyphaiono
Mohanaad. H.
yPnson, 4 edehon, 2q4.
Pekoman ca faandtus h De-DCCenvetus
ocrpd with igple

DC
C) oudpuJ Volt
(a elock-dagtam.
Tye mpd cunent
Avenne
-Pwtt

CO mpCuent
1.1 npud & output ulahons hp ha Dc-DCenveitu
The DC output power is
1s
Th Ac astput Poe Pdc = Va * Ia
where Va and Ia are average load voltage and load current
Pac1 V.
ohu V, au tha ms load votape &loadument
Th Cued tieeny (aet the-poe chictn) ts

Pae
Thns ippe cetent e ndpd volis
VaVv-v
1Mput Cunent ir
The Amsitpe centent

and th ms and awnae aws

wh 4 Is
Cumh.

Cununt s
The applhach 1 a m p t
RE
dka
The pnre etuenay,
shich is thasutd dh the adpu posn

om the ssiehae lov ,toh rtian dperd

nqu a x , i l dernd
gut
hhe canvulen, Tke suitchiy hnytsleu
n the Sorikbagbaueny
n the
and rduchanes.
o udute yabwes sze arctace
Lehaqh
 Th doi hao to Cmpmi méherr Cm achq aimmsnh. T
qronal, t, hah than ha audio aany h l8 kHz.

1.3 Pamcples eh Slep Donn Opetaion

Conven Vs
t-o
SW R T

a) Caut

mputurstanca g T duty yce

J
Co Ekue
ith unshue load.
Hq.& Se dosm cn
vet

Can be plamed by a). Ahan Surith

PAmae9 peaakion
t a t, Aamput vol
SW, knon a s thechpppu,
s elxd
fa a ,

Atnans dk fn a tme tz2

apptan acke he toad. H he sukth
a t u ha(oauel
is zue. The yawe otvprfh ondpwfv
ha voltge oloo shm- b1-20b). snvmtin suikhca
oad G t au
Le mtkdbywm a G) pose bipla unchu tnist(BTD.
 Poen Mos FET gat tun yustor (GTO) a
)
C4) IGOT.
dwras ivetnge dop a r g iom OS t
have a
Th piacha weshal! nut f l g
the sate ) mpluty
2V nd dwis.
senilendruckn
dreps du po
T ange aput t l g 1snen
y

tt. kV
V Jdt -t-y
T
loal dewhon, I = Va/, -
E
one aung

r s th chopphg peiod
uheT
k T
15 Hduty cyel chP
s tha chopq

alng dhe atput volkeye

7S
d
Tha sms

Por to the cenveua

velu jnpul
Asuma a en con ,

dnd is ues by
7s h a m a as fh tpus porn
KT
T

Jenita4te cen byhsouee

The ecfua mpi
N

Lokah mdittis hAT fha onmta mabe the prtahtae

makes 4ae R; a a
R/k: The Vauiahion
Vanaßu siiTtanca
sham
nmadizepitAnsems tana agamst h daty cyde fs
1:2s9. rhoudd de noted #at ha swyteh m ba.2 can b
mplementd by BIT, MoSFET, TQST a GTo.
 Ths ddy Cyli k Can be vaitd m 0 to I (o)to 1oD ) by
Vayt T t Thou dat v»ltage V. Can be veured
Oto V cntielbhtny k and the pove koay Can be Connlled

1-
4Step- Down Cenvertin hlh RLload (

Chorpe
SN

tz0

A1. 3 DC Cmtn ith RL oad.

Coninuns
Cnt

Moda 1
1 T- -(-KTP

Mode 2
Y KT
Cument

@ Equa valat ciau ( Kavema

4 Eavalont cits aerto Rllondo
A Convetn sth R load shan mb 3. Tk opewhn a) h
Conut Con be divjded mto t v modes. Dw mode 1, e
Lsnul is itthel on a d he Cu b s Hom t suply t o k

load. Dumf mode2, tu cnvet vifehad dh and hload cunnt

Conhnues to K Hrayh uskalay doda DmTh egavekyt
Caci h e mods ate rhnsn m a . t a ) . a land uwnt

autput vo (ope oaue

And a a e she m h- 4 CG) wth d hn

aumphon t t houcd Cus aies lmeardy. However, the umaat

o w hoh on RL oad Sus alls esponentially ah a tne
load Ye constant (7 L/) e n e A a l l mauch hgha
CAhotant. he
han ha Sytthap perod,T. Thas, e lnaaf arpao amahn 1s vald
may CAUNt
cSnoltHonN and implhed eapemns can beduived
a
Aeas
naka actwntcis
withan
Thelon cunent h mode I can fotand bKo

Vs Ri+ LdiE
dt

as

he male is valkd o stet, (-k-T) ; ond the end d1harmode

l o a d Cunt becme

i,t-tET)=T2
o Cst mde 2 (an aund Ko

O-RitL2-+E
dt
sdh mdad Cunet 1Ct-o)-1 and Recenap h tmeon

[Link]-o) at thu bemog mode 2 , we hau

t)»T tklL
)
Thu made vald r ost t,=(i-)TJ.
1s
t h a load slood C d ecomes
A* end d has
 Ct t,)- Jg -
Cnvett nnd on agam m e
At end ehmade 2
hext cyela c t a tnu

T- tttz
Undn skady stte cendzhoo, 1-T
uppla tuent
las can hditimud hm
T peak o perk
.Frenn equations O & 0 , 1hsz uen by
Eqnhio O

FlL-E(1--9TH)

soluyt 4, T2 e get

cwnet is
Th peak, o peak sippla
AI 4-2

Doe Up Opeaiop
Stp and an auaytmed
step up a De l
Canewatd cled t thet
A nviln
m SCo). Whan
Suth SS is
is clexdmet

opekabn ts shn L. 4t susheh

ste p and enegy stmed m he neuch
Cunet JA load
h e mdnch duolAs taas hemued to
he ene
Striad
m
gpened tm t, cenctnune
Aummg a
is c ontnuo
cmewt
Tnduekol
diode D, the
houh mduch Cwnent is shan m
C e a t ishon tig- S).
m ig-s)
dha
wmut l ,tauae mdun ts
Convel is Aannas om, tevslt aoven th
hsn ha
L dt
and a s ues dha eak to peakAgCm mthe Tndu chot a

Al t,
D
,chopper

ca) sEp ama Vo

t -t
() C t a u n Co Opus vot
F 6 Aaangemat p p prahan
ha a u u a onh voltey u e
AT -
V,+) V()
L
shun &y
Gmnetd cam h load an
a
le caracih C connuewm and ecoy
Imes m hby.6(a)hs t p t w tae is
dashd
doshsd
hat
a t fh- voltpeacnoD
voltgeanon
Volu Va kla c a
notia
mtia fton ep.
om ep.e

da dhuty yee "Eandthe

the
h aaA
a mneL

Hh Loas cm be pped p dy va
an k. Houevn ta Coveta
mmu od voHea is V,
k-1. fo1 s t Values h
suithsd CentinunsySneh Hat
Cannst be
e odp olhee a e t o y Lecommes vey laye i s vy
k tndmn fo unity
chao m , as shao m 7:6 G.
Senitiu to
 L

dappe
Mede 1
(a) Cinut digan C qwyalat Caacuit

Ns
Mode 2 KT
C)egnyalet ckuid Cc) C e wauems.
en

evHg
anbaPp
To 1onsfea enuy
h pumeik
nd the unent
a shown m 1 )
modn
dn d phog de |1 Ts
+5 qiven by
given
mo Trduch Cunent
Cwnettme ameds
h
m d4().
awhrys

ao
enpomd
and i s
7,E)= t +I1
sa
Cunat mode . Me ast
th mtial
whoe mode
o 1the
d e 1,the c e a

lkwa
Oblttwnm ts Du
Cot mt
he Condthan
hsa
mut Ai e and he

d by
isien
moda 2
The uwnent
V, Ldi+ E
dt
ancd is s6lvedas
i,ce) . t +T2
L

the Cond ton

Cwnant mwst al and
 dt 2o dVE
.dt
he n d u c Cunent cConknuestv
Conc&bon s notsaksfd,
hs S1huakon ot(es. Thete t ,
Cmdhio to
and an natasle
AT aa
Ethr po tans
CetiolakK
o< V, E -
must be on a g h e
hat die
foe ntege V
decati vawal) srurec
E? On Paxen tam ad (d
E t peamat tens mot, ohan fh
veltege etie beak d C
ele
v o l . In
machi
de tha
ba md umgal ltape ells
as

D
penale ap dc g e n n a d s , to a tied
mots
csnvee peunab tansfa h p a e
he
decnaxo.
SnRe
fas Kned m
ouee oa aheesdat.

s
fun d ,theay y
Convuln 1s hen twna
en twna 0ff, a rat
Whn the Convetar s
ndueh . 4a E. Not tat
Not Hhat
mducet ts ed y to btey
Cneyy stoadn Par
tha mst aaik han E tAanskin

ithot cnoppag
achon,
to E.
hsm V

.6 Csmvente Clasticadio to the leod,

allbu1 pven
to km ha Supply
he stp-dom csni i bny Connechng on antharalkel
to as he hiusfquadhanf Csmlar
and is med biauchonal Cment hens penh
tadnnstor Sutth allns
dioda awnen a
aney the lond
a a e n tke lond
qadrasts. ReuveAng tka rolai t t-oltey
ho disachns cwmatand
bidneehjonal oltae. Dependinq n a
alls be
De
toto e
Cenvetus Can clasnfed yro
veHaeloas
H t q u a d a r f Convliu

Comvenlau
uomd qhadnan
2) quodat eenvet
fecbd
h t and
Thind cnd owsrh quadhant Comw
u
ou-quadnart
Cve
 VL

Ca) i u t qhadant Cby Gecend qnadnat ( R a t á secnd quadunt

Comwln Csnvew Comvti~

DC Cnvulin claiu
j-8

Coneiin and t h Lead

C hast qusdant u (oadvolta
load. Eth
ows nho the smle-quadhantemvelu

The Load Cu isa

shon m - o ) , Ths
a
Cuant ae poihue
k opeatd as a Juchp .
and is sad to
conven:
,but
1) Secend quadat Ha 1 n t e
lond.1he lood
cuaud tes at h ts aloo a
smee-quadati
Th load 8 . s
oa nesah e, as Jhoum m and u said
dpent aoan
t secmd quadant
Cnutenbut opnaT
m

mvea
convuu
n d j c dquachant b7&[Link] load
n) iast as
hoon
ethu pihue d nerehue conveln.
eload cwund s Enan as a
tuo-quadusnt

rerhue
his is
tD otmAhis
Voltape 1s aluas cenvestu can
cemb mvdon.
gemd quadnt a s an

Tha astand erthen a s aJRehf

Can dpenete
Convin. hxs canvela
cmvutns
Thiud and todh quadart nayatiu
) 7 load t u A n is eahu
resiw
alway naghu.
loads
a nahus Tro quadhand snwaf .Ths
8 Cd), This s
ass hon mvete.
Canalsv peate
an a Jchheno as an

Conv
V) Fon Quadhant Convnlb

Te lod ww.t is eithea o t i akue. , a hn>n m 618(Y

T foad voltye 5 also .tha tthue nagachu. One tjastB

cnd quadast Coneton and ae dhind nd h quadhand
Csnvelon can om/bired d» tn kpur qunehors Convea as shoy

+ ecsby
L itJ
nveit

9 foarbeo 4-qhadraat cenvedu

.
 DC-AC Convele

2 Intioduchon mvutin
as mveles. h unchon d on

a
toun
D to Ac cone AC aulp.s v»ltage d
yn mei
change a
t
D mpus v o l t r t a could xd e
cmnd hupuny.
The oudyt w t
deia naqmihde taquency.A vauak
anput v
Vauak
th
mantanny th
Vamae at a e ond mamtamn
vo geond
voa
Vagan
he input Dc
Conobtaamed by okahand, î d DC mus volr
covated, Om
Thuetu le
odput voltg
can
am h ComelUaka ,
a Veuviaka
of

is hid end tu mvestin,uohih u netm

h
h gam 1
mveler. ha myein jam
obtathad v
PhWM Conhel with he
accmsked y AC otp v«lt
t» D
ha Jaho &the
ay dpedad
should la mwoid.
m v e n s sheuld
mVeuls
waehtma i d t a nonmsrdal
and
Owhw v»ltapa a
The Rachamvetin

Dauejou agpkahons, Squa

Hovwn t lo&edun pove
Some hauman ia. fF aeceptaka ha hizh peu
Pon

Cstam
may
qui-Squa uae e l r o an ssqud.
totted muida au
Kplicaioo
|os drs
Vaiakesd
eao (e.1.
J
wcd m mdustaiad p
1vwdw am uidey tney,tAenanthon , mduchon hah
Juneka
aaea,
AC matn e mput
uomteaptki paves sAPho).
shond tud, Tolancell
n D fonc
mauy batiu .jwl at SD Hz
() 12oV at 60 HzC 120V
pkart ostpus
an

a
eNl
tt hyh po d pha e Typial a p
)ISV
at
4o Hz. ) ho to 208 V al
6oHz &
Solz

aL ) 2rop 380 V
o H
V ad
IIS t
C3)
 hoady clemhdndo hoo t
Inveitty on e
medens
1) la ha
u h a n mvetiw
twAn on
tun
&un dwies e.1. BI T,
cotiolle!
w
tach Can Can conlsle hus tots
Jemaccnkuc
Metal oarde
166T
(SI1) & ate tun epathio
MOSFETs,
thantstrs
(MCT) stahe mdackon
PM ctnco eizras fedur
rvetins
CGT0s).Thee

an Ac 0wbpu volteg.
(VFI) ?h t mp teltqa
callad Voltee emwu cuent
nveten
enstron a Cuu n A CCFI) 1 e mpt
smam
mataned Canotart,

Phat PBudu Lodes Yao

2-2 l e

D
Lood
Dy
L
Vab
(a) C i a t

o
ndamenta
Cwe o
(bHamtpimd.

oN ON oN 0N
mduchue load
CC) Load ant uih hyhly
A m h a bidge vo lteye -Sau mvei (Vs1) is shamm ki1 9a)

t cemists g hom Chopens When

uanHito Q, & n an hunes
ha n volte P p e a
acwm
load.
mutancnwy,
h , he velteg aco
tlansnsto au tuned on at he some
Lweltd ond is -V. Tka sautdn ha th ontpafv»lge
loadu
she n m k7.9 ()

Take 1 Sith statesa Sml Phat Full Bardge Vo teg Sowce Inelir
Cmarenh
Stti Sisi tch ao
Stn N Lfat|ao _Cnducby
S,&S, ane on N V S,8s:1fio
S,&S2 au Ott
D,8,io
S am
on & Ns) S ico
S, &s,a o5
sh S4D'}{P|
S,&s ae On 3

SySae On S&2io

Vs
[Link]
oaall 6

O,y m ha9)
t a l . karntos
Tak 1 shaus suituh
e
desices S y'nackwly. hD Stehes
atls a a suithamg ime such
ha samtime he out
mat heoutpuF
Csndns- at hasam
louea
Ona eruu
Ord dne okeas he suoith
iHdn se 1 1,
votape V ,he ik OD
amem,
Sisith st
at dh
a
bnd
Tha ams ondput volt en be
V
2-3 nee Phage Jnvetns

Theee phana rvetins an

nomaly wned jot hy pou applitabiors .

mvti Can k mnehd mpanaltsl

h e4nphase halh (ot kU) urds
the ton ti1aton a three-pharn
au shm m lo belrd Ao fotm
aduancu
melins shondà jt
nVtw. kqatnf sprad
hsafphar balanced
v 0Ltam 3-has
y . each othen
delad l20

tundamental) wlte.

)
|nvnta
Van

b
Invean
Vpe
E

Tovwsw
3 VcF
L
3-phane mvalii tlmad 's
h. Id Shomahe diageam dh
3 hap v e t
d1L,
mt iblated tom each
AmanSdap
Taelmu
mekd Y delh. he $
use o ta nday ndays mA comneckdl m Sla to
Solh elnsnate tunag
to elminatt tuplk
tAansomu econ
cony B ootmall
nheopT l , ke
[Link] (9-3.6, 9. ) agnesiy

12tniJtes anel 12chodes, th ouhps

3sih han ans e
r hant nwetes nst peafeetly balenud m
voltago »ltapes au untalancd
e f a e r h a aup
magrihdes Ond rha ,
 A A h haw t y t can be obaned fum a Cnhymaien dh s

tAonitoo ond x diodo. h c l saak can agpbes

The 18o
to the taansiiivs 180 Condu chon 2 o concachom.
uh lizahon d suthas ancd is he psed nehod.
Condncho hao bette

Centd Se-Phaet Inwdw

24 Volhye
Hecuntuel ) t voltne )
Jn may molustual appli
cahoo,
ah hVaiahbny DCput
cope
mventes 1s e hua onstant
mvelins and f Sahs1 the
Jequai volaga d) Vaniow tehijues
|hee am
Lequinement.
Cs
vlHsand ethcent method
mest ecent
The mest
Tnvesn gam. Y the
to Vay
ha PWM c
PhM cstie
iol thn thm
mconperalk
Fs to
tntuellor hegam tdhniques ane
edniqne ahe
ued
cemmonly
T v l e s .S7k
pla-pule uidth modulathon
m odulah'on

Multhpl-pwls width modula

modulahion
ridth
Pal
Jmus oidal
moculahoy
) wmlth
nuwotdal Pulpe
Modhied
4) crliel
dsplacemesh
Phae
) puasidth
modulahn

h e smuordad
thnizuas
Hamen, e multpt
al mone
men cortiel.
wed a v»tqe PHM
(SPIM) iS Com monly undustondoy h
fomndahey jo Leten m k d Ac
PAM puavides
a
srhm t e lmi
td
The mod:fed
pradulahon technigues Lantisl ts nstmaly
.

1 h a h a r e - d a p l a c e m a n t

cotie dplacemast
nput ofaga topeeially phax
püahns,
nd io hyh-vo a
by tian (smnechons
h SPNM modlahon which is meit
Cammonly ud, sudhus om
hausbocke (e, lno hndorntsdtal ostpus- vek). 1 holo
advonced modulatiom twhniques hat oe npaeed puamancw
ane aso deo und.
C Taapezoidal medulahon
) Ptafacase modulatn
Cun) p p e d modulahion
H m o n i c mechon modulehm

C) Delta moduletiom
2.5 aumanic duchons
C d weitis seguthe
It 7s to nst tht Hh p tv l
kaly-yda b Ha pubn undths tha
Vang
Va both Aa
nwmw4
h pun pen
modalahh huchkiquo housput vollapu conte
OA gnated y
Joe kcahions q i n ufhen a
hamoniu o a
n t,
Vaiake Onps vv e , but cotam hammonits au neanakle
ed ot a

wh hamo tgnb heahre m motea,

m Aedmc Ctay ech
a

ntAknnus Ond 0sqllathono.

tchaignis ,
hdh a surtase only a hoedauhut
Jhe hasmsme elimnehon
ns hotput}ta.
dh etdu dh haumenits and uduu
ennwasd swithay
muuan
vo,
advantages shauld L weghad ogatn
Roewe as
foueve, the
dovias ond mtad fas9 (d manohe (ea) m
ovs h poues
du t hayhen hummic husuendd.
thons rm
u h i p d hammotd
e l m a t i hethind
and
hanmone an
nucena to elmmnati
s t e ook otalways
mn u-hane cm neekoo. huwoe,
tuphn)ehdh nof nelmey Pis
to elimanate hu
m ae- rh mvetis , t t s mte preenall
h , sweh & elsvensh hauinu ohp vtyas.

2-6 Cuut Ssuce LnveMias

T Ca) Izamistm CST.

 ,
ut
(2N

In-
ut

fundanental C u e n

C y Load cumnt

sauce
H1- Syphane Cnnf
Mpus Lehavee a a aun Samee
In Cat n Invan CSL), t
makam canstan imasachuh loan t h
The awhp Cuen
mweata and the odput n tages eced chang, Thaimitdiayeam
to

a mepkar tannsduuzad mues fs shado m tig-uCa). Bcru

her mwte a caatmuong Cweut t soe, ho0 Juitehes

m ha
must alsays Conckds- onéyhangpa s ne hm fr l o e
sutteher, 1 cnduchoo sitehesa dtt ki-apt-auet + 4 ,
Re wn i 12-123, 34 a s as shsm k1. n ( .hitritrstedes

t sham
sannsfev &,Q m ti1. I(a) aets as
the suidchang deviao S,Sy
uh 4 tn
itthes n e ppe &ne o e e Condht
af hesane
t m c h that he ouhp M S +L, H sitch s t t i s 1;
hnat Sitthes a H a t hu T m e t m , heknteh shte

1s 0. h e ouhpt Cwen auron is shao m g-lC) . h e daocdes

ene h the thons ted a Jnquind td 4ock e Xwm otpes

n he tanms tos.