CHAPTER 4
DATA MANAGEMENT
Prepared by:
MRS. EDILENE C. DE VILLA
DATA MANAGEMENT
– development, execution, and supervision of plans,
policies, programs and practices that control,
protect, deliver and enhance the value of data and
information assets. It is an administrative process by
which the required data is acquired, validated,
stored, protected, and processed, and by which its
accessibility, reliability, and timeliness is ensured to
satisfy the needs of the data users.
STATISTICS
The process is actually what statistics is all about.
STATISTICS – a branch of mathematics dealing with the
collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
Two major areas of statistics:
1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
2. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- concerned with the collecting and describing a set of
data so as to yield meaningful observations.
Example:
a. A bowler wants to find his bowling average for past 12
games.
b. A housewife wants to determine the average weekly
amount she spent on groceries in the past 3 months.
c. A politician wants to know the exact number of votes
he received in the last election.
2. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
- deals with the analysis of a subset of data leading to predictions or
inferences about the entire set of data.
Example:
a. A bowler wants to estimate his chance of winning a game based
on his current season averages and the averages of his
opponents
b. A housewife wants to predict based on last year’s grocery bills,
the average weekly amount she will spend on groceries for this
year.
c. A politician would like to estimate, based on an opinion poll, his
chance of winning in the upcoming election.
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
1. POPULATION – Totality of the observations
2. SAMPLE – Subset of a population
Example:
• A safety inspector conducts air quality test
on a randomly selected group of 10
classrooms at Cavite State University.
Population: All classrooms in Cavite State
University
Sample: 10 selected classrooms
Collection and Presentation of Data
VARIABLE - an attribute or characteristics of
person or object which can be assume different
values or labels.
Types of Variables:
1. QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
2. QUANTITATIVE VARIALBE
TYPES OF VARIABLES
1. QUALITATIVE VARIABLE –Categorical Data
Example:
• Names, Color, Occupation, Marital status, Political
affiliation
2. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE – Numerical Values
Discrete – countable
Continuous –Uncountable
CLASSIFICATION OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
1. Discrete vs Continuous
• Discrete variable – A variable which can assume finite.
Usually measured by counting or enumeration.
Example:
- number of kids in a class
- number of eggs in the basket
- number of votes in an election
- family members
CLASSIFICATION OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
1. Discrete vs Continuous
• Continuous variable – a variable which can assume
infinitely many corresponding to a line interval.
Example:
- Weight
- Height
- Wind speed
- The amount of sugar in an orange
- The time required to run a mile
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Measurement– process of determining the
value or label of a particular variable
1. NOMINAL
2. ORDINAL
3. INTERVAL
4. RATIO
1. NOMINAL
• Assigns names or labels to observation in purely
arbitrary sequence
• Labels are used to classify the respondents or
objects without ordering
• Nominal data
Example:
- gender, brand of cellphones, religion, civil status,
phone number, main source of allowance
2. ORDINAL
• Assign numbers or labels to observations with
implied ordering
• Ranking the respondents preferences
• ordinal data
Example:
- stage of cancer (stage l, ll, lll, IV), Size of T-shirt
(small, medium , large), Educational level (elementary,
secondary, tertiary), Satisfaction level (very dissatisfied,
dissatisfied, neutral, satisfied, very satisfied)
3. INTERVAL
• Reflect distance between rank position of the
respondents or objects in equal units.
• This scale gives the distance between any two
numbers of known sizes
• No to absolute zero point or “no true zero point”
Example:
- Temperature (in Celsius or Fahrenheit), Scores in a
test, IQ
4. RATIO
• reflect the existence of true absolute zero point as its
origin
• doesn’t have negative number unlike interval
• ratio of two scale point is independent of the unit of
measurement
• has all the properties of an interval data and can be
manipulated algebraically by multiplication and division
Example:
- distance, weight, height
DATA GATHERING
1. DIRECT OR INTERVIEW METHOD
2. INDIRECT OR QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
3. REGISTRATION METHOD
4. OBSERVATION METHOD
5. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
DIRECT OR INTERVIEW METHOD
• Person to person encounter between the
source of information, the interviewee and
the one who gathers information, the
interviewer.
✓ personal interview
✓ Telephonic interview
INDIRECT OR QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
• Technique in which questionnaire is used
to elicit the information or data needed.
• The questionnaire is consist of questions
printed or type in the definite order on a
form or a set of forms
REGISTRATION METHOD
• Obtains data from the records of the
government agency authorized by law to keep
such data or information and made these
available to the researchers
✓ Birth and Death Rates – National Statistics Office (NSO)
✓ Number of Registered Cars – Land Transportation Office (LTO)
✓ List of Registered Voters – Commission on Elections
(COMELEC)
OBSERVATION METHOD
• Technique in which data particularly those
pertaining to the behaviors of individuals or
group of individuals during the given situation.
EXAMPLE:
✓ observing children’s behavior
✓ observing costumers movement
✓ observing the traffic count
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
• A system used to gather data from the results of
performed series of experiments on some
controlled and experimental variables
commonly used in scientific inquires
Example:
✓ Laboratory experiments