Introduction
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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Substance is a form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct
properties.
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Classification of matter according to its composition
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2-Liquid State
A liquid has a definite volume but not a definite shape, with particles that
stick firmly but not rigidly.
Particle mobility gives a liquid fluidity and causes it to take the shape of the
container in which it is stored.
3- Gaseous State
A gas has indefinite volume and no fixed shape, with particles that move
independently of one another.
The actual volume of the gas is very small compared with the volume of the
space occupied by the gas. A gas therefore may be compressed into a very
small volume or expanded almost indefinitely.
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Physical Changes
are changes in physical properties (such as size, shape, and density) or changes in the state
of matter without an accompanying change in composition.
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Chemical Changes
new substances are formed that have different properties and compositions
from the original material.
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International System of Units (SI)
An international agreement set up a system of units called the International
System of Units, or the SI system. This system is based on the metric system
and units derived from the metric system.
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All other units, called derived units, combine these seven base units.
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Mass and Weight
Mass is the amount of matter in a definite object.
Weight, is the force that gravity (𝐠 = 9.8 m. s −2 ) exerts on an object.
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Volume
Volume is the space that a substance or an object takes up.
The SI-derived unit for volume is the cubic meter (𝑚3 ) and (dm3).
1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3
1 cm3 = 1 mL
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3
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Another common unit of volume is the liter (𝐋). A liter is the volume occupied by
one cubic decimeter of water at 4°C. One liter of volume is equal to 1000
milliliters (mL) or 1000 cm3 :
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Density
The density of an object defined as its mass per unit volume:
Density usually decreases with temperature.
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Scientific Notation
Chemists often deal with numbers that are either extremely large or extremely small.
For example, in 1 g of the element hydrogen there are roughly 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
hydrogen atoms. Each hydrogen atom has a mass of only 0.00000000000000000000000166 g.
To avoid mistakes, scientists use power of 10.
Writing a number as the product of a number between 1 and 10 multiplied by 10 raised to some
power is called scientific notation.
Where 𝟏𝟎 > 𝐍 > 𝟏, and 𝒏 is power positive or negative
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To learn how to write a number in scientific notation, let’s consider the number 2468:
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Prefixes Used with SI Units
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Temperature
Three temperature scales are currently in use: The Celsius scale, the Kelvin scale, and the
Fahrenheit scale.
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We can convert from the Kelvin scale to the Celsius scale using the equation:
* Mercury, the only metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature, melts at −38.9°C.
Convert its melting point to kelvins.
Tk= -39.9oC + 273 K= 234.1 K
* Convert the boiling point of ethanol at room temperature (351.37 K) in Kelvins to
degree Celsius:
Tc= 351.37 – 273 = 78.37oC
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The following equation is used to convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit:
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The following equation is used to convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius:
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