P.R.I.T.

S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

4 MARKS QUESTIONS
SUMMER -2017
1 Explain Lewis acid-base theory with examples.
The Lewis definition defines
a base (referred to as a Lewis base) to be a compound that can donate an electron pair,
a acid (a Lewis acid) to be a compound that can accept this electron pair.
Thus, Lewis acids are electrophilic & bases are nucleophilic.
An acid may not have a proton to donate & still called an acid provided it accepts electron pair.
E.g. proton.
All Bronsted acids & bases are Lewis acid & bases but vice-versa is not true.
Some examples of Lewis acids are electron deficient compounds like boron chloride,
aluminium chloride, ferric chloride & simple metal cations like Ag, Fe & Zn.
These compounds & ions have the obvious feature of possessing at least one empty orbital capable of
accepting a pair of electrons.
Other compounds which can be classified as Lewis acids are those which possess a central species capable
of expanding the valence shell to accept a pair of electrons. E.g. silicon fluoride, stannous chloride & sulfur
tetra fluoride.
Water, ammonia & halide ions are Lewis bases.
The reaction between a Lewis acid & Lewis base provides a product that is described as an adduct, acid-
base complex or coordinated complex.
2 Define different terminologies as antimicrobial agents.
1. Antimicrobial is a broad terminology describing activity against microbes. Specific terminology describes
exact mode or mechanism of action.
[Link] are substances that kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms. This term is specific for
preparations intended to be applied to living tissues.
[Link] is an agent that prevents infection by the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms. It is
generally used with reference to the substances applied to inanimate objects.
[Link] in a broad sense describes agent which kills microorganisms. More specific terminology like
'bactericide' (kills bacteria), 'fungicide' (kills fungi), 'virucide' (kills virus) etc. denotes exact action.
[Link] is an agent which primarily functions by inhibiting the growth of bacteria. Thus,
bacteriostatic drugs or agents do not kill but arrests the growth of bacteriae.
3 Discuss importance of Radioisotopes in pharmacy.
Radioisotopes are widely used in medicines & surgery. There are various uses of radioisotopes in
pharmacy-
1. Diagnostic applications: By using radioisotopes, size & morphology of an organ can be detected.
Radiations have sufficient energy to pass through tissue.
e.g. 32P- used for diagnosis of eyes, brain & skin cancer, 51Cr- used to determine volume of RBC.
57Co, 58Co- used for diagnosis of pernicious anemia.
2. Radiotherapy: Radioisotopes are helpful in destroying diseased tissue without affecting normal cells.
Gamma radiations have high penetrating power, hence it destroys deep seated tumor.
e.g. 60Co- Treatment of cancer of cervix, vagina, bladder, mouth, uterus 131I- Treatment of thyroid

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 1|Page

 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

carcinoma, thyrotoxicosis,
32P- Treatment of polycythemia (rise in RBCs)

3. Sterilization: Some radioisotopes are used for sterilization of heat labile drugs.
e.g. 60Co –used for sterilization of hormones, vitamins, antibiotics, surgical dressings, disposable syringes
etc.
4. Research applications: In biochemical research, radioisotopes are used in the determination of reaction
mechanism.
E.g. 13C- used to label organic compounds.
131I- used to determine effective renal plasma flow.
[Link] chemistry: Radioisotopes have applications in analytical chemistry mainly when dealing with
very dilute solutions.
They are widely used in various diverse fields- e.g. Industry, hydrology, agriculture, pollution control, pest
control, food preservation etc.
4 Enlist four official antioxidants.
[Link] thiosulphate
[Link] nitrite
[Link] metabisulphite
[Link] bisulphite
[Link] acid
[Link] dioxide
[Link]
5 Define buffer. Explain importance of Pharmaceutical buffer.
Buffers - Buffers are solutions or systems that resist a sudden change in pH upon addition of small
quantities of acids & bases.
Importance of buffer in pharmacy:
[Link] of certain compounds- Certain compounds are stable in specific pH. Citric acid is used for
stabilizing milk of magnesia. Adrenaline is rapidly oxidized by dissolved oxygen to adrenochrome in an
alkaline media. Hence its pH is stabilized by using a buffer of pH range 2.5 to 3.0. Penicillin preparations
are stabilized by addition of calcium carbonate, sodium citrate or aluminum hydroxide.
[Link] stability- Some compounds are structurally unstable within certain pH range, usually due to
auto oxidation. Sulfonamide preparations are stabilized by NaHCO3, sodium acetate or sodium citrate.
[Link] – Colour of many natural dyes, present in fluid extracts or of certain synthetic drugs has been
found to be pH dependent. E.g. red colour of cherry & raspberry syrups is maintained at acidic pH which
becomes pale yellow to nearly colourless at alkaline pH.
[Link] patient comfort- Injectables & preparations for internal or external use become irritating if their pH
is different greatly from that for the particular tissues involved. An extremely acid or alkaline pH must be
avoided as it can cause tissue damage.
[Link] pH conditions for activity of certain medicinal compounds have to be maintained. E.g.
buffering methenamine with phosphate buffer.
[Link] analysis – Buffers of known pH are required as standards in analytical laboratories.
Eg calibration of pH meter etc.

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 2|Page

 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

[Link]- Solubility of compounds is controlled by providing a medium of suitable pH. Eg Iron
salts, phosphates, borates are soluble in acidic medium but precipitate in alkaline medium.
6 Explain the reaction and principle behind limit test for chloride.
The principle for limit test for chloride is based upon the measurement of opalescence or turbidity
produced in the known amount of substance (by addition of precipitating reagent), and comparing it with
the standard opalescence or turbidity.
[Link] limit test for chlorides is based upon the chemical reaction between soluble chloride ions with silver
nitrate reagent in a nitric acid media.
[Link] insoluble silver chloride renders the test solution turbid (depending upon the amount
of silver chloride formed and therefore on the amount of chloride present in the substance under test).
[Link] opalescence is compared with the standard opalescence produced by the addition of silver nitrate,
to the known amount of chloride ion (sodium chloride) solution.
If the test solution shows less opalescence than the standard the sample complies the test.
Reaction—

Cl- + AgNO3  AgCl ↓ + NO3-

7 Define cathartics and mention different types of cathartics with example.

Cathartics: Cathartics are the agents used to promote defecation or to relieve constipation.
Laxatives are mild cathartic and Purgatives are strong cathartics.
Types of Cathartics:
1. Laxatives
A) Bulk producing drugs- Isapgol, agar-agar, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxy methyl
cellulose.
B) Stool softners (Emollient) - liquid Paraffin

2. Strong purgatives
A) Irritant/Stimulant purgatives- senna glycoside, phenolphthalein, aloe, castor oil, rhubarb.
B) Saline cathartics/ Osmotic laxatives
(i) Sodium Containing products- Sodium Potassium Tartrate, Sodium Phosphate
(ii) Magnesium Containing products- Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium sulphate, Magnesium
Citrate
(iii) Sulfur as cathartic
(iv) Non official Cathartics- Sodium Sulphate, Potassium Phosphate.

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 3|Page

 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

8 Explain the reaction and principle involved in the assay of hydrogen peroxide.
Principle: This assay is based upon the oxidation –reduction type of titration in which solution of potassium
permanganate acts as an oxidizing agent and hydrogen peroxide also act as an oxidizing agent but in
presence of strong oxidizing agent like potassium permanganate,
hydrogen peroxide acts as reducing agent. The potassium permanganate solution acts as self indicator.
The ability of potassium permanganate solution to oxidize is due to the conversion of the
MnO4 to Mn in acidic solution. MnO4- are purple in colour & solution of salts containing Mn++ are
- ++

colourless, hence permanganate solution is decolourised by reducing agent like hydrogen peroxide. The
moment there is an excess addition of potassium permanganate, solution becomes purple at the end
point.

CHEMICAL REACTION FOR ASSAY:

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4+ 5H2O2 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 +5O2↑ +8H2O

9 Give two identification tests for i) Chloride ion ii) Calcium ion iii) Sodium ion iv) Acetate ion
i) Chloride ion:

a)Dissolve in 2ml of water a quantity of the substance being examined equivalent to about 2mg
of chloride ion. Acidify with dilute nitric acid & add 0.5ml of silver nitrate solution. Shake & allow to
stand, a curdy white ppt is formed, which is insoluble in nitric acid but soluble after being well
washed with water, in dil. ammonia solution, which is re-precipitated by addition of dil. nitric acid.

b)Take 2mg of substance in test tube, add 0.2gm of potassium dichromate & 1ml of sulphuric
acid. Place filter paper strip moistened with 0.1ml of diphenylcarbazide solution over the opening
of the test tube, the paper turns violet red.
ii) Calcium ion:

a)Calcium salt dissolved in HCl neutralized with NaOH & treated with carbonate solution to give
white ppt of Calcium carbonate.

b)Concentrated solution of calcium salt treated with chromate gives yellow ppt of calcium
chromate.

c)Calcium salt dissolved in acetic acid or glacial acetic acid, on adding 0.5ml of potassium
ferrocyanide solution, the solution remains clear. After addition of 50mg ammonium chloride it

gives white crystalline ppt.

d) In [Link] of calcium salt add a few drops of ammonium oxalate solution, a white ppt is
formed.

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 4|Page

 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

iii) Sodium ion:
a) Sodium compounds moistened with hydrochloric acid, take on a platinum wire and ignite in
the flame of a Bunsen burner, it gives a yellow colour to the flame.
b) Solution of sodium salts with a solution of uranyl zinc acetate yields a yellow crystalline
precipitate.
iv) Acetate ion:
a) Heat the substance with oxalic acid. It gives the acid vapours with the characteristic odour of
acetic acid.
b) Warm 1gm of substance with 1ml of sulphuric acid & 3ml of alcohol, ethyl acetate,
recognizable by its odour, is evolved.
Dissolve about 30mg of the substance being examined in 3ml of water; add 0.25ml of lanthanum
nitrate solution, 0.1ml of 0.1N iodine & 0.05ml of dilute ammonia solution. Heat carefully to
boiling, within a few minutes a blue ppt is formed or dark blue colour produced.
SUMMER -2019
1 Explain Arrhenius theory of acid and bases with example. Give its limitations. (S-2017, S-2018,S-2019,S-
2022,S-2023,W-2022)
Acid or Base on dissolution in water dissociates forming ions and establishes equilibrium
between ionized and unionized molecule.
Acid is defined as a substance which when dissolved in water gives hydrogen ions. (H +)
E.g. HCl→ H + + Cl -
CH3 COOH→ CH3COO- + H+
Base is defined as a substance which when dissolved in water gives hydroxyl ions. (OH-)
E.g. NaOH→ Na+ + OH-
NH4OH →NH4+ + OH-
The process of neutralization is the combination of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ion to forms
neutral water molecule.
Neutralization reaction:- H+ + OH- → H2O

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 5|Page

 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

Limitations of Arrhenius Theory:

1) The definition of acid and base are only in term of aqueous solution not in term of substance.
2) The theory does not explain acidic and basic properties of substance in non-aqueous solvent.
3) The neutralization of acid and base in absence of solvent is not explained.
The basic substance which does not contain hydroxide ion is not explained by the theory.
2 Define antimicrobial agents. Explain mechanism of action of topical antimicrobials.(S-2019,S-2022,W-
2022)
Antimicrobials are the chemical agents used to destroy or inhibit the growth of pathogenic
Microorganisms. Antimicrobial is a broad terminology describing activity against microbes.
Mechanism of action:
Inorganic compounds generally exhibit antimicrobial action by, either of the three mechanisms
viz.
(i) Oxidation
(ii) Halogenation
(iii) Protein binding or precipitation.

Oxidation Mechanism :
Compounds acting by this mechanism belong to class of peroxide, peroxyacids, oxygen
liberating Compounds like permanganate and certain oxo-halogen anions.
They act on proteins containing sulphadryl group and oxidises free sulphadryl to disulphide
bridge and inactivate its function.
Halogenation Mechanism:
Compounds which liberate chlorine or hypochlorite or iodine act by this mechanism.
This category of agents act on peptide linkage and alter its potential and property.
The destruction of specific function of protein results in death of microorganisms.
Protein Precipitation :
Many metals in their cation form exhibit protein binding or protein precipitation.
The nature of interaction with protein occurs through polar group of protein which acts as
ligands and metal ion acts as Lewis acid.
The complex formed may be a strong chelate leading to inactivation of protein.

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 6|Page

 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

This action in general is non-specific. Protein precipitants do not distinguish between the
protein of microbes and that of host.
Germicidal action results when the concentration of ion is such that reaction is restricted largely
to the parasite cell.
3 Draw a well labelled diagram of apparatus used for limit test for Arsenic. Name it.(S-2018, S-2019)

4 Define antioxidants. Enlist the criteria for selection of antioxidant. (S-2019, S-2022,W-2022)
Antioxidants are the agents which prevent oxidation and deterioration when added to
pharmaceutical preparations.
Antioxidants are selected based on their property-
i) They should be non-toxic.
ii) They should be physiologically & chemically inert (other than the action required to prevent
oxidation of active ingredient).

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 7|Page

 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

iii) They should be physiologically & chemically compatible.
iv) They should not have solubility problem.
v)They should be effective in very small concentration.
5 Define “Achlorhydria”. Write a short monograph of drug used for it. (S-2017,S-2019,S-2018,S-2023)
Achlorhydria- Is defined as the condition in which there is absence or no secretion of
hydrochloric acid in stomach.
Or When due to some reasons, there is no secretion of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretion; the
condition is called as achlorhydria.
Example- Dilute Hydrochloric acid
Molecular Formula -HCl
Properties of Hydrochloric acid:-
1. It occurs as a colourless fuming liquid with pungent odour.
2. It is miscible with water, alcohol & has a specific gravity of 1.18.
3. It is a strong acid & attacks metals forming their hydrochlorides with the evolution of
hydrogen gas.
Storage of Hydrochloric acid: It is stored in glass-stoppered containers at a temperature not
exceeding 30°C.
Uses Hydrochloric acid:-
1. Hydrochloric acid as such cannot be used as medicine.
2. The dilute hydrochloric acid is used as acidifying agent.
3. It is also used as a solvent in numerous industries.
4. Also used as laboratory reagent.
5. It is administered with the help of straw in order to protect its abrasive action on teeth.
[Link] is used in the management of metabolic alkalosis. It is given by infusion diluted with
water or in infusion fluids.
6 Enlist properties for an ideal antacid. Why antacids are preferred in combination. (S-2019,S-2018,S-
2022,W-2022)
Ideal requirements of an antacid-
1. It should not be absorbable and cause systemic alkalosis.

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 8|Page

 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

2. It should not be laxative or cause constipation.
3. It should exert effect rapidly & over a long period of time.
4. It should buffer in pH 4-6.
5. It should not produce large volume of gas.
6. It should be palatable & inexpensive.
7. It should probably inhibit pepsin.
8. It should be insoluble in water & have fine particle size.
9. It should not have side effects.
Why antacids are preferred in combination.
Any single antacid does not meet the ideal requirements of antacid. So combination antacid
preparations are formulated. The objectives of combination antacids are –
• The rationale behind such combination is to balance the constipative action of calcium and
aluminium containing antacids with laxative effect of magnesium containing antacid.
• Antacids are combined so that one has rapid onset of action and another has longer duration of
action.
• They are combined with Simethicone type compounds which are antifoaming agents. They
cause dispersion of gases.
E.g. -Combination of Aluminium hydroxide gel and Magnesium hydroxide
Combination of Aluminium hydroxide gel and Magnesium trisilicate
Combination of Aluminium hydroxide gel and Calcium carbonate
Combination of Aluminium hydroxide gel, Calcium carbonate and Magnesium hydroxide.
Sodium bicarbonate and alginic acid.
7 Elaborate the role of iron and calcium in human physiology. (S-2019,S-2023)
Role of Iron:
1. Essential part of Haemoglobin in blood (Treatment of anemia)
2. In blood it transports Oxygen from lung to various organs.
3. It has significant part in Oxidation-reduction reaction constantly taking place in normal
metabolism.
[Link] is associated with myoglobin, catalase, ferredoxin, Cytochrome P450, electron transport,
enzyme cofactor etc.
5. It is required during growth, Menstrual cycle, pregnancy, pathological bleeding
6. Involved in cellular respiration

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 9|Page

 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

7. Production of ATP
8. It is an essential element of several nucleoproteins.
9. Externally used as astringent.
Role of calcium:
1. Calcium is essential for normal functioning of autonomic nervous system & voluntary
Systems.
2. For normal cardiac function.
3. It is important in coagulation of blood
4. Formation of certain tissues & bones.
5. Muscle contraction.
Cell membrane permeability.
8 Explain physiological acid-base balance. (S-2017,S-2019,S-2018,S-2022,W-2022)
The acid- base balance in the body is well regulated by internal mechanism. A number of
chemical reactions take place in the cell to maintain the body pH. The control of pH is done by
three mechanisms
1. Buffering system :- Three major system of buffering occurring in the body –
i) Carbonic acid / bicarbonate which mainly occure in plasma and kidney.
ii) Monohydrogen phosphate / dihydrogen phosphate found in cells and kidney
iii) Protein buffer system.

All above buffer system maintain the pH of blood in different organs and prevent drastic changes in pH of
body fluids.
2. Respiratory Mechanism: When respiration is decreased, there is an accumulation of CO2 in the body
which uses up the alkali reserve of the blood resulting in the acidosis. On the other hand, if there is over-
breathing which results in excessive excretion of CO2, the condition of
alkalosis may develop? Thus acidity and CO2 increases are the powerful stimulants of respiratory
mechanism which increase in the rate and depth of respiration.
3. Renal Mechanism: Kidney has the ability to form ammonia which combine with the acids produced
during the protein metabolism and is excreted in the urine. The pH of urine is highly variable between 4.8
to [Link] unstable carbonic acid is removed by respiratory mechanism; the fixed acids like phosphoric,
hydrochloric acids are removed by kidneys.

9 Discuss mechanism of action of antioxidants. Give properties and uses of hydrogen peroxide. (S-2019,S-

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 10 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

2022,W-2022)
Mechanism of action of Antioxidants
The mechanism of action of Inorganic type of antioxidant is the same as it is involved in redox chemical
reaction.
In a redox reaction, there is transfer of electron from one compound to the other.
Since oxidation is loss of electron from chemical species an reduction is the gain of electrons the overall
reaction can be shown as
OX + e- → Red
When the substance acts as antioxidant( it being a reducing agent) it gets oxidised itself and prevent the
oxidation of API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient).
A strong antioxidant will protect material when used in small amount and for longer period.
The inorganic type of antioxidant basically acts as reducing agent.
They are used in Pharmaceutical preparations containing easily oxidizable substance to protect them in
their original form.
The antioxidant usually prevents the oxidation of active compound and in place gets oxidised itself.
Hydrogen peroxide- properties:
[Link] and odourless liquid with slight acidic taste
[Link] in water, alcohol and ether.
[Link] in contact with oxidisable matter, reducing agents, on making alkaline, or on
standing.
2 H2O2→2 H2O+ O2
[Link] acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent depending upon the chemical environment.
Uses-
1. Mild antiseptic.
2. Disinfectant.
3. Cleansing agent for cuts & wounds and for loosening ear wax.
4. 1.6% solution is used in deodorants, Gargles & mouth washes.
5. Antidote in phosphorous & cyanide poisoning.

[Link] agent.
10 Write molecular formula and uses of ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate.
roperties of Ammonium chloride:
1. It occurs as white crystals, odorless, cooling or saline taste
2. Slightly hygroscopic, soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol but freely soluble in
glycerine.
3. It sublimes on heating.

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 11 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

4. Its aqueous solution is acidic to litmus.
5. It shows reactions of ammonium and chloride radicals.
Uses of Ammonium chloride:
1. Expectorant
2. Replaces chloride lost during vomiting
3. Systemic acidifier (treatment of metabolic alkalosis)
4. It is also used in the treatment of urinary tract infections.
5. Sodium bicarbonate
Molecular formula-NaHCO3
Uses of Sodium bicarbonate:
1. It is used as Antacid.
2. It is used as systemic antacid in treatment of systemic acidosis.
3. It is used as electrolyte replenisher.
4. 3 to5% solution in warm water is used as eye lotion.
5. It is used as an ingredient of compound NaHCO3 tablets.

11 Define quality control and give its importance in pharmacy. (S-2019,S-2018,S-2022,S-2023,W-2022)

Definition of Quality control:-The term quality as applied to drugs and drug products includes all
those factors which contribute directly or indirectly to the safety, effectiveness and reliability of
the product
Importance of Quality control in pharmaceutical industry:
The term Quality control is most important parameter in Pharmaceutical field. The good quality
product should be available to the patient which must be –
i) For a genuine quality and of nature ii) Physically and chemically pure
iii) Retains quality in terms of shelf life
The responsibility of Pharmaceutical industry and Pharmacist has increased considerably to
maintain the Good Manufacturing Practices.
The term quality as applied to drugs and its products includes all those factors which contribute
directly or indirectly to the safety, effectiveness and reliability of the product.
The quality control include all those aspects starting with the procurement of raw material to the
finished products available at the drug store and till it consumed by the customer. The job of

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 12 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

quality control is to test a drug for quality and quantity. Hence qualitative identification and
quantitative determination should be done by following the standard given official books.
12 Write properties and uses of sodium thiosulphate and sodium nitrite. (S-2017,S-2019)
Properties of sodium thiosulphate-
1. Sodium thiosulphate occurs as transparent, colourless, monoclinic prisms, or as a
crystalline powder.
2. It has a cooling, bitter taste.
3. It effloresces in dry air and deliquesces in moist air.
4. It is soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol.
5. The aqueous solution decomposes on boiling because of reduction to sulphide
and oxidation to sulphate.
Uses of sodium thiosulphate-
1. It is used as an antioxidant.
2. It is considered useful in parasitic skin diseases.
3. It is used in controlling the infection of athlete’s foot.
4. It is effective in cyanide poisoning as an antidote.
5. Sodium thiosulphate when used in large doses causes cathartic action.

Sodium nitrite-
Properties-
1. It occurs in the form of white granular powder or white crystals with saline taste
2. When exposed to atmosphere it deliquesces and gets oxidised to sodium nitrate.
3. It is very soluble in water and sparingly soluble in alcohol.
4. Its aqueous solution is alkaline to litmus.
Uses-
1. It is used as food preservative.
2. It is used as effective antidote in cyanide poisoning.
3. It is used as an antioxidant.
4. Due to its vasodilation action, it is considered effective in angina
13 Give uses, storage condition and labelling of carbon dioxide gas. (S-2019,S-2018)
Uses –

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 13 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

1. Regulation of acid-base balance
2. Rarely used as respiratory stimulant
3. Along with oxygen it is used in the treatment of Carbon monoxide poisoning.
4. Liq. CO2 promote the absorption of liquid by mucous membrane
5. Frozen CO2/ dry ice is used in the treatment of eczema, acne, psoriasis and also used in minor
surgical operation for destroying tissue.
6. It is widely used in beverages industry for preparation of cold drinks

7. It is also used to replace air in some pharmaceutical preparations.

8. .It is used in treatment of drug addiction.
Storage and labeling: The gas is stored in metal cylinders under pressure & at a temperature not
exceeding 310C. The cylinder is painted GREY & carries a label stating the name of gas &
symbol CO2 stenciled in paint on the shoulder of the cylinder and clearly and indelibly stamped
on the cylinder valve.
14 Enlist different “sources of impurities” (S-2017,S-2019,S-2018,S-2022,S-2023,W-2022,W-2023)
1)Raw materials used in the manufacture
2)Processes used in the manufacture
3) Intermediate products in manufacturing process
4) Defects in manufacturing process/ manufacturing hazards
5) Solvents
6) Action of solvent and reagents on reaction vessel
7) Material of the plant
8) Inadequate storage :
a) Filth
b) Decomposition of the product during storage
9) Accidental substitution or deliberate adulteration with spurious or useless substances
10) Manufacturing hazards
i) Particulate contamination
ii)Process errors
iii)Cross contamination
iv) Microbial contamination
v) Packing errors
15 Elaborate ORS mixture. Give its composition according to WHO & UNICEF. (S-2017, S-2019,S-2018,S-
2023,W-2022)
Oral rehydration salt mixtures:

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 14 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

ORS is used to supply water and electrolytes in amounts needed for maintenance as soon as intake of usual
foods and liquids is discontinued, and before serious fluid losses occur. They are also given to replace mild
to moderate fluid loses due to excessive vomiting, diarrhoea, or prolonged fever. Large number of oral
rehydration preparations are available in the market which contain anhydrous glucose, NaCl, KCl and either
NaHCO3 or sodium citrate. These dry powder preparations are dissolved in specified amount of water and
are used for oral rehydration therapy. These preparations may contain a flavouring and suitable agent for
free flow of the powder. The following three formulations are usually prepared when glucose is used,
sodium bicarbonate is packed separately. The quantities given below are for preparing one litre solution.
Composition of according to WHO
Ingredients Formula I Formula II
Sodium chloride 3.5g 3.5g
Sodium bi- carbonate 2.5g --
Sodium citrate -- 2.9g
Potassium chloride 1.5g 1.5g
Anhydrous glucose 20g 20g
Or Glucose 22g ---
16 Write a note on cyanide poisoning. (S-2019,S-2018)

1. Cyanide poisoning may occur by inhalation of hydrocyanic acid like fumigates or from the
ingestion of soluble inorganic cyanide salts or cyanide releasing substances like cyanamide,
cyanogens chloride, photographic chemicals etc.

2. Symptoms of Cyanide poisoning : Nausea, drowsiness, headache, hypotension, dyspnoea,

coma, convulsion, death
3. Death may occur within minute of inhalation of hydrogen cyanide
4. Effect of Cyanide poisoning: Cyanide stops cellular respiration and oxidation-reduction
reactions.
Treatment:
1. Sodium nitrite and Sodium thiosulphate is useful in the treatment of cyanide poisoning
2. Firstly Sodium nitrite injection is given which causes the oxidation of ferrous ion of
haemoglobin to the ferric ion of methaemoglobin, hence it convert Haemoglobin in to
methaemoglobin.
3. The methaemoglobin so formed then combine with serum cyanide that has not yet entered the
cell, to produce cynomethaemoglobin, thus protecting essential enzymes from cyanide ions.

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 15 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

4. After 5 minutes, slow intravenous infusion of Sodium thiosulphate is given.
Thiosulphate ion react with cyanide ion and it convert toxic cyanide ion to non-toxic thiocyanate
ion which is excreted in the urine easily.
17 Explain metabolic acidosis & metabolic alkalosis. Name one compound in metabolic acidosis & metabolic
alkalosis (S-2019, S-2023)

Metabolic acidosis:
1. Metabolic acidosis occurs due to disturbance in acid-base balance in which acid
concentration is increases in blood & body fluid. It occurs due to excess loss of base or
bicarbonate (HCO3-) or increase in acid load. Reasons are excessive diarrhoea, vomiting.
2. Excess acid production occurs due to diabetic acidosis, lactic acidosis, inadequate food
intake, lack of oxygen etc. Excess acid retention occurs due to renal failure or excess
administration of acidifying salts like ammonium chloride.
3. This can be overcome by respiratory & renal mechanism. E.g. lungs increase CO2
elimination.
4. It is treated by using drugs like Sodium bicarbonate, Sodium acetate, Potassium acetate,
Sodium citrate, Potassium citrate, Sodium lactate etc.
Metabolic alkalosis:
1. Metabolic alkalosis occur due to disturbance in acid-base balance in which alkali (HCO3-)
concentration is increases in blood & body fluid
2. It occurs due to retention of base or bicarbonate (HCO3-) or decrease in acid load. Reasons
are excess use of bicarbonates, loss of H+, vomiting, use of diuretics etc.
3. Excess alkali retention occurs due to renal failure or excess administration of alkaline drugs
like Sodium acetate, Potassium acetate.
4. This can be overcome by respiratory & renal mechanism. E.g. lungs decrease CO2
elimination.
5. It is treated by using acidifying drugs like ammonium chloride & ammonium chloride
injection

18 Give medicinal uses of i) Zinc oxide ii)Titanium dioxide iii) Talc iv) Kaolin
Medicinal uses of Zinc oxide
[Link] astringent
[Link] antimicrobial & topical antacid

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 16 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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[Link] is also used in some bandages & adhesives
Medicinal uses of Titanium dioxide
[Link] is used to prevent sunburn in the form of suntan preparations
[Link] is used as a white pigment in lotions & cosmetic preparations
[Link] a skin protective & for the relief of pruritus
[Link] application to the exudative dermatoses
Medicinal uses of Talc
[Link] a skin protective dusting powder
[Link] a base for medicated dusting powder
[Link] as a lubricating agent in the tablet manufacturing
[Link] used as a filtering aid

19 Write formula & uses of ferrous sulphate & calcium gluconate

Ferrous sulphate :
Formula: FeSO4. 7H2O
Uses :
[Link] is used as Haematinic (treatment of anaemia caused by iron deficiency)
2. It is used to dye fabrics & cloths
3. Manufacturing of ink
4. It has also applications in photography
5. It has disinfectant properties
6. Ferrous sulphate is used as colouring agent in paint
Calcium gluconate:
Formula :C12H22 Ca O 14.H2O
Uses:
[Link] is used as a Calcium replenisher.
[Link] is used in the treatment of hypocalcaemia tetany and calcium deficiency disorders such as
dental carries, fractures, rickets, spasmophilia, pregnancy and lactation, hyperthyroidism,
haemorrhage.
[Link] used in the hypocalcaemia.
4. Used as a substitute for calcium lactate because it is less irritant to the tissue.

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 17 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

20 Explain radio opaque contrast media. Give properties and uses of any one compound used for it.
(S-2017,S-2022,W-2022)

Radio opaque contrast media:

Radio opaque Contrast Media:-Radio-opaque substances are those compounds both inorganic
and organic that have the property of casting a shadow on X-ray films, have the ability to stop
the passage of X-rays and hence appear opaque on X-ray examination. Such compounds and
their preparations are called as X-ray contrast media.

X-rays are electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength and thus have high penetrating power.
The electrons of high atomic number element can interact with X-rays .The interaction cause
interference in their passage through the medium.

In diagnostic study using X-rays the soft tissues are permeable to the passage of X-rays and
hence cause darkening on X-ray film. The bony structure cast shadow on film as the bones
contain elements having high atomic number like calcium and phosphorous. As a result bony
tissues can be distinguished on an exposed X-ray film.

Compound used for radio opaque contrast media :

Ex.: Barium sulphate
Properties : i) It is a fine white powder ,ii)It is odourless ,iii) It is free from grittiness ,iv) It is
practically insoluble in water & organic solvents ,v)It is very slightly soluble in acids & alkalies
and in many solutions of salts

Uses:
i) Barium sulphate is used as a contrast medium for X ray examination of the alimentary tract.
ii) Barium sulphate is ingested for use in [Link] the form of a suspension usually with flavouring
and sweetening agents.
iii)Barium sulphate is given for X ray examination of colon by enema in a dose of 400 to 750g
rectally.
21 Define the terms a) Desensitizers b) Emetics (S-2019,W-2023) c) Expectorant(S-2017,S-2019,W-
2023) d) Laxatives (S-2019, S-2018)
i) Desensitizers:

Desensitizers are the compounds used in treatment of sensitive tooth. Sometimes tooth become

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

sensitive to heat &cold. During tooth decay or in tooth ache, the perception to heat & cold is felt
strongly. Some desensitizing agents are incorporated in dental preparations to reduce the
sensitivity of tooth to heat & cold. E.g.-Strontium chloride, Zinc chloride.

ii) Emetics :
Emetics are defined as the drugs which are used to cause emesis (vomiting). Emetics are
generally used in the treatment of different poisoning caused due to ingestion of poisons / toxic
materials. eg : Sodium chloride , Antimony potassium tartrate

OR

Emetics- These are the agents which induce vomiting. They produce their action directly by
stimulating chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) or by directly irritating intestinal mucosa.

iii) Expectorant:
The drugs that remove sputum from the respiratory tract. These drugs either increase the fluidity
of sputum or increase the volume of fluids that are to be expelled from the respiratory tract by
coughing. Expectorants are used orally to stimulate the flow of respiratory tract secretions. Ex.
Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride, Antimony potassium tartrate.
iv) Laxatives :
Laxatives are substances that loosen stools and increase bowel movements. They are used to
treat and prevent constipation.
Ex. Isabgol, agar-agar, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, [Link].

22 Explain the principle involved in limit test for iron with reactions. (S-2017,S-2019,S-2018,S-2022,S-
2023,W-2022,W-2023)
Principle: Limit test for iron depends upon the interaction of thioglycolic acid with iron in the
presence of citric acid and in the ammonical alkaline medium. This results in the formation of
purple coloured ferrous thioglycolate complex. The limit test of iron is carried out in two Nessler’s
Cylinders, one for the Test and other for standard. The intensity of purple colour produced in the
two is compared by viewing vertically downwards. If the intensity of colour is more in the test
sample than in the standard, it means that the sample contains more quantity of iron impurity
than the permissible limit and hence sample is declared as not of standard quality.

Role of Thioglycolic acid-

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 19 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

1. Iron impurity may be present in trivalent ferric form or in the divalent ferrous form. If it is in
ferric form, thioglycolic acid reduces ferric form of impurity into ferrous form.
2. It produces purple coloured ferrous thioglycolate complex by acting as complexing agent.
Role of Citric acid- It prevent precipitation of iron (ferrous) with ammonia by forming
ammonium citrate buffer.
Role of Ammonia- To maintain alkaline condition
Reactions:

23 Define respiratory stimulants. Give properties and uses of ammonium carbonate (S-2023)
Respiratory stimulants: The substances which increase the rate of respiration are called as
Respiratory stimulants. OR Respiratory stimulants increase Pulmonary ventilation by their
effect on depth and rate of respiration by stimulating respiratory center in the medulla..
Ex: Gaseous ammonia, Dilute Ammonia solution, Ammonium carbonate etc.

Ammonium carbonate:
Properties :
1) It occurs as a white powder or a white translucent crystalline material.
2) It has a strong odour of ammonia and having a sharp ammonical taste.
3) It is volatile, even at room temperature.
4 ) It volatilises rapidly at above 60 0 C.
5) Ammonium carbonate is readily soluble in water and sparingly soluble in alcohol.
Uses:

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 20 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

1) It is used as a respiratory stimulant
2) It is also used as a reflex stimulant for the medullary respiratory & vasomotor centres.
3) It has been also used as an expectorant

24 What are inhalants? Give properties and uses of nitrous oxide.(S-2019,S-2022,W-2022)

Definition: Inhalants are gaseous substances directly administered by nasal or oral respiratory
route for its local or systemic effect. OR Inhalants are drugs or chemicals which in vapor form
are inhaled in the body.

Inhalation of gases cause changes in physiological functions and bring pharmacological action.
This will depend upon the gas, its concentration, the condition in which it is used. Thus action
and effect of gas will be different under different conditions.

Properties –

 It is colourless gas slightly sweetish odour and taste.

 It dissolves in water and is soluble in alcohol.

 At high temperature it decomposes and liberates oxygen which helps for burning.

Uses-

 It is safe general anaesthetic with strong analgesic properties.

 It is used in dental and obstetric field for producing anaesthetic and analgesic effect.

 50% N2O with O2 is used to obtain relief from pain of myocardial ischemia.

 It is used as local anaesthetic and muscle relaxant.

 It is also effective in calming mentally excited patients.

25 Define Antidote and classify it with example. (S-2017,S-2019, S-2022,S-2023,W-2022)

Definition-

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 21 |

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Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

Antidote is a chemical agent which counteracts or reverses or stops the action of poison.

Classification: Depending on their mechanism of antidote action they are classified as-
1. Physiological antidote: It counteract effect of poison by producing other effect
e.g. Sodium nitrite (convert Haemoglobin (Hb) in to methaemoglobin in order to bind
cyanide)
2. Chemical antidote: It changes chemical structure of poison.
e.g. Sodium thiosulphate (convert toxic cyanide (CN ¯ ) in to nontoxic
thiocyanate) Chelating agents- Sodium & Calcium edetate
3. Mechanical antidote: They prevent absorption of poison across the intestinal wall.
e.g. Activated charcoal (It absorbs poison prior to its absorption across the intestinal wall)
copper sulphate, magnesium sulphate.

26 Enlist various intra and Extra cellular electrolytes. Give properties and uses of Sodium Chloride.(S-2017,
S-2022,W-2022)
Intra cellular Electrolytes-
Potassium
Phosphate
Magnesium
Extra cellular Electrolytes-
Chlorides
Sodium
Calcium
Bicarbonates.
Properties of Sodium Chloride-
1. It is colourless or white crystalline powder.
2. It is odourless with saline taste.
3. It is freely soluble in water, more soluble in boiling water, soluble in glycerin and
slightly soluble in glycerin.
Uses of Sodium Chloride-

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 22 |

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Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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1. It is source of both sodium and chloride ions.
2.0.9% w/v solution used as wet dressing and irrigating body cavities or tissues
[Link] injection and infusion alone or in combination is used as electrolyte replenisher.
[Link] solution is given orally to induce vomiting for the case of poisoning as a first aid.
[Link] is used as taste enhancer in common food.
[Link] is used in Iodine deficiency in the form of iodised salt.
is major ingredient of ORS, hence is used in electrolyte replacement therapy.
27 Explain Anti caries agent giving examples (S-2023,W-2022)
Definition-
The agents which prevent the formation of dental caries are called anticaries agents. E.g.: Sodium Fluoride,
Stannous fluoride, ammoniated tooth pastes etc.
In order to prevent dental caries and to maintain clean and healthy teeth use of fluoride and their salts is
well accepted.
Role of fluoride:
[Link] of traces of fluoride containing salts or their use in topical use to the teeth has found to
give encouraging results.
[Link] a fluoride containing salt or solution is taken internally, it gets readily absorbed, transported and
deposited in the bone or developing teeth and remainder is excreted by the kidneys.
[Link] deposited fluoride on the surface of teeth prevents the action of acids or enzymes in producing
lesions.
The mechanism by which fluoride inhibits caries formation is still to be completely elucidated.
There are two current hypotheses: (1) decreased acid solubility of enamel;& (2) bacterial
inhibition.
• A small quantity (1 ppm) of fluoride is thus necessary to prevent caries. However when more
quantity of fluoride (more than 2-3 ppm) is ingested it is carried to bones and teeth and produces
mottled enamel known as dental fluorosis.
• Fluoride is administered by two routes (i) orally and (ii) topically.
• The use of fluoridation of public water supply is the most common and effective way of oral
administration.
• Water supply containing about 0.5 to 1 ppm is provided which is sufficient.
• Alternatively, it can be given in drinking water or fruit juice in such a concentration to have
about 1 ppm per day.
• Sodium fluoride tablets or solution of sodium fluoride in a dose of 2.2 mg per day is
employed.

• For topical application 2% solution is used on teeth.

Besides fluoride inorganic phosphate salts have been considered to be useful in reducing dental
caries.

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 23 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

28 Define and classify gastro intestinal agents with example. (S-2017,S-2019, S-2022,W-2023, S-2018, S-
2022,S-2023 )
Definition-
Gastrointestinal agents are the drugs which are used to treat gastrointestinal disorders like
achlorhydria, hyperacidity, constipation and diarrhoea.
Classification :
1. Gastric acidifier-Dilute Hydrochloric acid
2. Antacids
a. Systemic/ Absorbable antacids- Sodium Bicarbonate
b. Non systemic/ Non absorbable antacids
• Aluminum containing antacids- Aluminium Hydroxide, Aluminium Phosphate,
Basic aluminum carbonate
• Calcium containing antacids- Calcium carbonate, Calcium Phosphate
c. Magnesium containing antacids- Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium oxide, Magnesium
hydroxide, Magnesium trisilicate
d. Combination antacids- Aluminium Hydroxide and Magnesium hydroxide, Aluminium
Hydroxide gel and Magnesium trisilicate
3. Protectives & adsorbents
a) Bismuth containing compounds: Bismuth subcarbonate, Bismuth subnitrate, Milk of
bismuth
b) Activated clays: Light kaolin, Activated charcoal
4. Cathartics
a) Laxatives: Methyl cellulose, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, Liquid paraffin.
Purgatives: Magnesium hydroxide, Sodium Potassium tartrate etc.

29 Give biological role of Oxygen. Give properties and uses of oxygen (S-2017,S-2019,S-2018,W-2022)
Biological role of Oxygen-
• Oxygen is important for the living cells.
• It is necessary for normal oxidative metabolic process in cell for the production of
energy, to synthesize Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
• When ATP is hydrolyzed, energy is released.
• Transport of oxygen (after it has been inhaled) is carried by hemoglobin, a constituent of

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Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

blood.
• Concentration of hemoglobin in blood is important in transport mechanism.
• Oxygen combines with hemoglobin reversibly as shown below:-
• Hb +02 → Hb02
where in Hb = deoxyhemoglobin and Hb02 = oxyhemoglobin
• This loose combination readily dissociates and releases oxygen in the medium of cell.
• Number of factors affects the formation and dissociation of oxyhemoglobin.
These include temperature, electrolytes, effect of carbon dioxide, carbon-monoxide, pH etc.
• Under physiological conditions, the action of electrolyte and CO2 on the liberation of
oxygen from oxyhemoglobin is important.
Properties-
1. It is colourless, odourless, tasteless gas.
2. It is heavier than air with density 1.105
3. Oxygen dissolves in about 32 volumes of water, 36 volumes of alcohol.
4. Oxygen readily dissolves in some molten metals like silver.
5. It is a paramagnetic in nature.
6. Oxygen supports combustion.
7. Chemically oxygen is strong oxidizing agent.
Uses :
1. Oxygen is widely used in the treatment of hypoxia & anoxia.
2. It is also used in treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning.
3. In industry oxygen is used in oxy acetylene flame required for welding or cutting
metals.
4. Liquid oxygen is used as a fuel in rocket technology.
5. Used as Inhalant during anaesthesia and for post-operative pulmonary conditions.
6. Oxygen mixed with 5-7% Co2 is used as respiratory stimulant.
7. It is used in treatment of cardiac failure.
30 Define Radiopharmaceuticals. Enlist its various applications (S-2019, S-2023)
Definition-
Many heavy elements like uranium, thorium, radium and their compounds emit radiations
spontaneously & these radiations can penetrate through solid material, can ionize gases, produce
a glow on zinc sulphide paint or affect the photographic plates. The substances which emit such

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 25 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

radiations are called radioactive substances or radiopharmaceuticals.
Applications-
 Diagnostic application
 Radiotherapy
 Sterilization techniques
 Research application
 Analytical application
31 Write two Identification tests for i) Calcium ii) Chlorides
i) Calcium :-
1) When solution of calcium salt is prepared with minimum amount of HCl, neutralized with
ammonium carbonate solution gives a white ppt. of calcium carbonate. On boiling & cooling
the amorphous ppt. of calcium carbonate becomes crystalline. The ppt. is sparingly soluble in
ammonium chloride solution.
Ca++ + Co3- - CaCO3

2) When ammonium oxalate solution is added to a solution of calcium salt, a white ppt. of
calcium oxalate is obtained. This ppt. is sparingly soluble in dilute acetic acid but dissolves in
HCl.

Ca++ + C2O4 CaC2O4 CaCl2 +H2C2O4

3) Concentrated solutions of calcium salts on treatment with potassium chromate solution give a
yellow crystalline ppt. of calcium chromate on shaking. On dilution with water the ppt. dissolve
Ca + 2CrO4- 2CaCrO4
4) When a solution of calcium salt is acidified with glacial acetic acid and treated with few drops
of potassium ferrocyanide solution, the salt solution remains clear; on addition of ammonium
chloride it gives a white precipitate which is less soluble. The exact composition of second ppt is
depend upon amount of ammonium ions.
Ca++ + 2K+ + Fe(CN)6---- CaK2(Fe(CN)6) CaNH4KFe(CN)6]
ii) Chloride-

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Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

1) Dissolve in 2ml of water a quantity of the substance being examined equivalent to about 2mg
of chloride ion. Acidify with dilute nitric acid & add 0.5ml of silver nitrate solution. Shake &
allow to stand, a curdy white ppt. is formed, which is insoluble in nitric acid but soluble after
being well washed with water, in dil. ammonia solution, which is reprecipitated by addition
dil. nitric acid.
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
2) Take 2mg of substance in test tube add 0.2gm of potassium dichromate & 1ml of Sulphuric
acid. Place filter paper strip moistened with 0.1ml of diphenylcarbazide solution over the
opening of the test tube, the paper turns violet red.
Chloride when heated with manganese dioxide & sulphuric acid, chlorine gas liberated.
NaCl + 2H2SO4 + MnO2 MnSO4 +Na2SO4 +2H2O +Cl2↑

32 Explain with examples: i) Haematinics ii) Systemic Alkaliser

i) Haematinics-
These are the agents which are used in treatment of Iron deficiency anaemia/ These are the
agents that increase Hb content. Iron deficiency anaemia occurs due to inadequate dietary
intake of Iron.
e.g1) Ferrous Sulphate is one of the most commonly used Iron preparations in the form of tablets
which are coated with glucose or lactose. Ferrous sulphate mixture is used for paediatric purpose.
2) Ferrous gluconate and ferrous succinate are used in the form of tablets or capsules. Ferric
ammonium citrate has constipating effect than inorganic form of Iron.
3) Some of the Iron preparations are used parentrally
e.g.- Iron and Dextran injection and Iron sorbitol injection. These are alternatives to oral
preparations.
ii) Systemic Alkaliser-
These are the agents which counteract or neutralize acidity. / These are the agents which are used
in treatment of systemic acidosis.
e.g.- i) Sodium bicarbonate is a systemic alkaliser. It reacts with HCl and forms salt and water
with evolution of CO2.
ii) Sodium acetate, Potassium acetate, Sodium citrate, potassium citrate etc.

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Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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33 Define topical agents. Discuss the uses of astringent with examples. (S-2017,S-2018,S-2019,S-2023,W-
2022)
Definition: Topical agents are the compounds that act locally on skin or mucous membrane,
their action is of different types depending upon the nature of compound and its chemical
properties and they mainly act by mechanical or physical mechanism.
Astringent uses :
1) It causes constriction of small blood capillaries, and promote the coagulation of blood hence
used as styptic (able to stop bleeding).
2) It decreases the volume of exudates from wounds & skin eruption.
3) Astringent causes constriction of skin pores & destroy body odor, hence used as an
antiperspirant & deodorant.
4) Higher concentration of astringent is used to remove warts (extra growth of cell on skin).
5) It promotes healing and toughens the skin.
6) It restricts blood flow to the surface of mucous membrane hence astringent decreases
inflammation.
e.g. Alum and Zinc Sulphate.
SUMMER - 2018
34 Write reactions involved in Assay of boric acid with glycerine. (S-2017)

H2C OH

2 + NaBO
NaOH CH OH 2
Glyceroboric acid complex +
Sodium Metaborate
H2 C OH

Glycerol

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Net reaction:
Glycerine
H3 BO3 + NaOH -------------------------- NaBO2 + 2H2O

35 Define and classify antacids with examples. (S-2018, S-2022,S-2023 )

Definition- Antacids are the substances which are weak bases and on ingestion react with the
gastric acid, neutralize the excess of HCl and lower the acidity of gastric contents.
Classification of antacids is as follows:
A) Systemic/ Absorbable antacids- Sodium Bicarbonate
B) Non systemic/ Non absorbable antacids:
 Aluminium containing antacids- Aluminium Hydroxide, Aluminium Phosphate,
Basic aluminium carbonate
 Calcium containing antacids- Calcium carbonate, Calcium Phosphate
 Magnesium containing antacids- Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium oxide,
Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium trisilicate
Combination antacids- Aluminium Hydroxide and Magnesium hydroxide, Aluminium Hydroxide gel
and Magnesium trisilicate.
36 Write different allotropic forms of sulphur and give the properties and uses of precipitate sulphur.(S-
2018,W-2022)
Allotropic forms of sulphur:
1. Rhombic ( α sulphur)
2. Monoclinic (β sulphur)
3. Liquid (λ sulphur)
4. Plastic sulphur
5. Amorphous sulphur
Properties –
1) It is a pale greyish, yellowish or pale yellow soft powder free from grittiness.
2) It has no odour and taste.
3) Insoluble in water and alcohol but dissolves in carbon disulphide.
4) When heated it burns with blue flame.

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Microscopical appearance show that it consists of amorphous particles without crystals.
Uses –
1) It is used in ointment form as Scabicide.
2) It is used in treatment of Seborrhoea.
3) It also acts as kerotolytic agent.
37 Define topical agents and classify with examples.(S-2018,S-2023)
Topical agents are the compounds that act locally on skin or mucous membrane, their action is of
different types depending upon the nature of compound and its chemical properties and they
mainly act by mechanical or physical mechanism.
The compounds have very less distinct pharmacological properties as they are not absorbed in systemic
circulation.
Classification of topical agents:
Topical agents are classified according to their main action.
1) Protective :
Ex: Zinc stearate, Zinc oxide
2) Adsorbent and demulcents:
Ex: Talc, Silicone polymer, Titanium Dioxide, Calamine
3) Antimicrobial agents:
It acts by Oxidation, Halogenation and Protein precipitation mechanism.
Ex: Hydrogen peroxide, Potassium permanganate, Chlorinated lime, Iodine and its
preparation, Boric acid, Borax and Silver nitrate.
4) Astringent:
These compounds bring about mild protein precipitation. Ex:
Alum, Zinc chloride, Zinc sulphate
5) Miscellaneous compounds.
These compounds mainly contain Sulphur and Sulphur compounds. It is topically used as
antibacterial. It also acts as fungicide, parasiticide, and in the treatment of various skin diseases.
Ex: Sulphur Ointment, Selenium Sulphide
38 Define Astringents. Discuss their uses. (S-2017,S-2023)
Definition-Astringents are the agents which cause local or surface or mild protein
precipitation when applied to damaged skin or mucus membrane.
This action may be on mucosal membrane when taken internally or on skin for topical use.

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Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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Astringents when applied topically cause precipitation of protein of surface cell by coagulation.
The action depends upon the extent of penetration of agent and the type of chemical action
resulting with protein.
In general, astringents compounds have the following uses:-
• It causes constriction of small blood capillaries, and promotes the coagulation of
blood hence used as styptic (able to stop bleeding).
• It decreases the volume of exudate from wounds & skin eruption & thus can be used in
acne &pimples.
• Astringent causes constriction of skin pores & destroy body odor, hence used as an
antiperspirant & deodorant.
• Higher concentration of astringent is used to remove warts (extra growth of cell on
skin).
• It promotes healing and toughens the skin.
• It restricts blood flow to the surface of mucous membrane hence astringent decreases
inflammation

39 Define the term Achlorhydria and write synonym, chemical formula, properties and uses of Muriatic
acid.

Definition of Achlorhydria :- When due to some reasons, there is no secretion of

Hydrochloric acid in gastric secretion; the condition is called as achlorhydria.
Synonym- Hydrochloric Acid, spirits of salt, acidum hydrochloricum.
Properties of HCl -
 It occurs as a colourless fuming liquid with pungent odour.
 It is miscible with water, alcohol & has a specific gravity of 1.18.
 It gets oxidized by strong oxidizing agents liberating chlorine gas.
 It is a strong acid & attacks metals forming their hydrochlorides with the evolution
of hydrogen gas.
Uses of HCl-
 The dilute hydrochloric acid is used as acidifying agent.
 It is also used as a solvent in numerous industries.

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Also used as laboratory reagent.
40 Write mechanism action of osmotic laxatives. Classify cathartics with examples.
Osmotic laxatives- These are the agents that increase fluidity of intestinal contents by
retention of water by osmotic forces and indirectly increase motor activity. They act by
increasing osmotic load of GIT. They are salts of poorly soluble anions and sometimes
cations. Ingestion of osmotic laxatives results in the hypertonic condition. The body relieves the
hyper tonicity of gut by secreting additional fluid into intestinal tract. The resulting
increased bulk stimulates peristalsis.
The cathartics can be considered under the following class,
1. Mild purgatives or laxatives: Drugs included in this group are:
a) Bulk –producing drugs: They promote evacuation by increasing the stools bulk-volume &
water contents e.g. Isapgol, methylcellulose, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose & karaya gum.
b) Stool softeners (Emollient): They penetrate, lubricate & soften the stool e.g. Di-octyl sodium
sulphosuccinate, liquid paraffin.
2. Strong Purgatives:
There are two kinds of strong purgatives:
a) Irritant or stimulant purgatives e.g. Phenolphthalein, Senna glycosides, aloe, cascara, rhubarb
extract, castor oil, bisacodyl.
b) Saline cathartics/Purgatives (osmatic laxatives) these are further sub classified as under:
i) Sodium-containing products e.g. Sodium biphosphate, sodium phosphate,
Potassium sodium tartrate.
ii) Magnesium-containing product e.g. magnesium hydroxide,
magnesium citrate, Magnesium sulphate
iii) Sulphur as cathartic
c)Non official cathartics e.g. sodium sulphate , potassium phosphate, Potassium tartrate, calomel.
41 List official preparations of buffers and write its roles in pharmacy. (S-2018, S-2023,W-2022)
Official preparations of buffer-
 Hydrochloric acid buffer ( PH 1.2-2.2)
 Acid Phthalate buffer (PH 2.2-4.0)
 Neutralized phthalate buffer ( PH 4.2-5.8)

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Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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 Phosphate buffer (PH 5.8-8.0)
 Alkaline borate buffer ( PH 8.0-10.0 )
Role of buffer in pharmacy:
1. Citric acid is used for stabilizing milk of magnesia.
2. Adrenaline is rapidly oxidized by dissolved oxygen to adrenochrome in an alkaline media.
Hence its pH is stabilized by using a buffer of pH range 2.5 to 3.0
3. Penicillin preparations are stabilized by addition of calcium carbonate, sodium citrate or
aluminium hydroxide.
4. Sulfonamide preparations are stabilized by NaHCO3, sodium acetate or sodium citrate.
5. Colour of many natural dyes, present in fluid extracts or of certain synthetic drugs has been
found to be pH dependent. E.g. red colour of cherry & raspberry syrups has been maintained at
acidic pH which becomes pale yellow to nearly colourless at alkaline pH.
6. For patient comfort. E.g. injectable & preparations for internal or external use become
irritating if their pH is different greatly from that for the particular tissues involved. An
extremely acid or alkaline pH must be avoided because of tissue damage.
7. Optimum pH conditions for activity of medicinal compounds have to be maintained. E.g.
buffering methenamine with phosphate buffer.
42 Define ‘volume Strength’ and calculate volume strength of 20%W/V H2O2 solution.
Definition- Is the volume of oxygen gas obtained upon complete decomposition of one
volume (ml) of hydrogen peroxide solution at normal temperature and pressure.

Calculation-

2H2O2 2H2O+O2

Hence 68 gm. of H2O2 gives 32 gm. of O2= 22.4 litres of O2 at NTP

Hence 1gm of H2O2 will give 22400/68 ml of O2= 329.4ml of O2 Let

concentration of H2O2=Y=20%W/V

1 ml undiluted H2O2 contains Y/100=20/100 gm. of O2

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= 0.2 gm.

Hence Volume strength of H2O2= 329.41 × Y/100

= 329.41×0.2

=65.88

Therefore Volume strength of 20%W/V H2O2= 65.88V

43 Define following terms with examples.

i) Internal protectives and absorbents ii) Desensitizing agents (W-2022) iii) Respiratory stimulants iv)
Buffers v) Inhalants vi) Expectorants
i) Internal protective and absorbents:
Internal protective-adsorbents are agents which adsorb bacteria, toxins and viruses in addition to
forming protective covering over the intestinal mucosa. Internal protectives and adsorbents are
used in the treatment of [Link]. Bismuth Sub carbonate, Kaolin
ii) Desensitizing agents: Desensitising agents are the compounds used in treatment of sensitive
tooth. Sometimes teeth become sensitive to hot & cold. During teeth decay or in tooth ache, the
perception to hot & cold is felt strongly. Some desensitizing agents are incorporated in dental
preparations to reduce the sensitivity of teeth to hot & cold. The numbing effect is of short
duration like that of local anaesthetic effect.
Ex.-Strontium chloride, Zinc chloride
iii) Respiratory stimulants: The substances which increase the rate of respiration are
called as Respiratory stimulants.
OR
Respiratory stimulants increase Pulmonary ventilation by their effect on depth and rate of
respiration by stimulating respiratory center in the medulla.
Examples- Gaseous ammonia, Dilute Ammonia solution, Ammonium carbonate etc.

iv) Buffers: Buffers are solutions or systems that resist a sudden change in pH upon

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addition of small quantities of acids and bases.
Ex. Hydrochloric acid buffer, acid phthalate buffers, neutralized phthalate buffers,
phosphate buffer, alkaline borate buffer.
v) Inhalants: Inhalants are gaseous substances directly administered by nasal or respiratory
route for its local or systemic effect.
OR
Inhalants are drugs or chemicals which in vapor form are inhaled by nasal or respiratory
route in the body.
Ex. Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nitrous oxide.
vi) Expectorants: The drugs that remove sputum from the respiratory tract. These drugs either
increase the fluidity of sputum or increase the volume of fluids that are to be expelled from the
respiratory tract by coughing. Expectorants are used orally to stimulate the flow of respiratory
tract secretions.
Ex. Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride, Antimony potassium tartrate
44 Write biological role of oxygen or carbon dioxide. (S-2017,S-2018,S-2023)
Role of oxygen:
• Oxygen is important for the living cells.
• It is necessary for normal oxidative metabolic process in cell for the production of
energy, to synthesize Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
• When ATP is hydrolyzed, energy is released.
• Transport of oxygen (after it has been inhaled) is carried by hemoglobin, a constituent
of blood.
• Concentration of hemoglobin in blood is important in transport mechanism.
• Oxygen combines with hemoglobin reversibly as shown below:-
• Hb +02 → Hb02
where in Hb = deoxyhemoglobin and Hb02 = oxyhemoglobin

• This loose combination readily dissociates and releases oxygen in the medium of cell.
• Number of factors affects the formation and dissociation of oxyhemoglobin.
• These include temperature, electrolytes, effect of carbondioxide, carbon-monoxide, pH

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etc.
• Under physiological conditions, the action of electrolyte and CO2 on the liberation of
oxygen from oxyhemoglobin is important.
Role of carbon dioxide:
• Carbon dioxide plays an important role in maintaining acid base balance of the
body.
• It is readily absorbed and transported by blood both in the cells and in the plasma.
• It is also produced in the body during the metabolic process. A large quantity of the
carbon dioxide produced is eliminated by lungs in the expired air.
• A large quantity of the carbon dioxide cannot remain in the dissolved from in
plasma it exist in three major forms:
o As carbonic acid after the combination with water.
o As a carbamino bound forms in which it combines with proteins, again
mainly with haemoglobin.
o Carried as bicarbonate in combination with other cations.
. In utilization of carbon dioxide under normal physiological conditions, the pH of blood is
maintained via carbonic acid formation, its conversion into bicarbonate ions etc. It is seen that
increase in bicarbonate ions results in increase in pH of body fluids while increase in carbon
dioxide levels via carbonic acid decreases it. Both effects are counter balanced by excretion
process.

45 Define and classify dental products with examples.

The products which are used in cleaning, polishing, treating dental caries, desensitizing, or for
any dental infection are called as dental products. They are also known as dentifrices.
Classification :
1. Anticaries agents:
Dental caries is a disease of teeth caused by acids formed by action of microorganism on
carbohydrate and it is characterized by decalcification of tooth and foul mouth odour.
Ex. Sodium fluoride, Stannous fluoride
2. Cleaning agents: It helps to remove stains from teeth and gives abrasiveness. Ex. Calcium
phosphate dibasic ,sodium metaphosphate.

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3. Polishing agents: It gives whiteness to the teeth. Ex.
Calcium carbonate, Calcium pyrophosphate
4. Desensitizing agents: It reduces the sensitivity of teeth to heat and cold.
Ex. Zinc chloride, Strontium chloride
46 what is slaked lime? Give its properties, uses and molecular formula? Slaked lime is a calcium hydroxide.
(S-2017)
Properties:
1) It is a soft white powder, with an alkaline & slightly bitter taste.
2) It is very slightly soluble in water, less in boiling water, soluble in glycerin but insoluble in
alcohol.
3) Its solutions are basic in nature & can neutralize acids to form salts.
4) It readily absorbs water from air forming calcium carbonate.
Uses: [Link] is used as an antacid and astringent.
2. It is also used in the preparation of some skin lotions and oily preparations to form
calcium soaps of fatty acids in various oils.
[Link] hydroxide solution is used as an antidote
Molecular formula: Ca(OH)2
47 Write advantages of povidone iodine over other iodine preparations and write properties and uses of
povidone iodine.
The advantages of povidone iodine over other iodine solutions are as follows:
1. It has non-irritating effects on tissue.
2. It has comparatively low oral toxicity.
3. It is water soluble.
4. It has low iodine vapour pressure making it stable to possible iodine loss.
5. Solutions of the complex are also non-staining and can be washed clear from skin and
clothing.
Povidone – iodine:
Properties:
2. [Link] complex is a yellowish brown amorphous powder, It has a slight characteristic odour of
iodine.
3. It is soluble in water and in alcohol, practically insoluble in organic solvents like

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acetone, chloroform etc.
Uses:
1. Povidone -iodine is a broad spectrum antiseptic for topical application in the treatment and
prevention of infection in wounds.
2. It is used in first aid for minor cuts and burns.
3. It has been used in gargles and mouth washes for the treatment of infections in the oral
cavity.
4. It is used as a surgical scrub for pre and post-operative skin cleansing
It is used in gynaecology for vaginitis associated with candidal, trichomonal infection
47 Write synonyms of following
i) Calcium carbonate ii) Sodium hydroxide iii) Talc iv) Boric acid v) Aqueous iodine solution vi)
Magnesium sulphate (S-2022,)
i) Calcium carbonate : Precipitated chalk
ii) Sodium hydroxide: Caustic soda
iii) Talc: Talcum, French chalk, Purified talc
iv) Boric acid: Boracic acid, Orthoboric acid,
v) Aqueous iodine solution: Lugol’s solution
vi)Magnesium sulphate: Epsom salt

48 Write properties and uses of alum.(S-2018, W-2022)

Properties:
1. It occurs as colourless, transparent or granular crystals with a sweet astringent taste.
2. When heated slowly it melts in its water of crystallization.
3. At 200°, it loses its water of crystallization and becomes anhydrous.
4. It is soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol.
Uses:
1. It is used as a topical astringent.
2. Its 0.5 to 5% solution is useful as an antiseptic and commonly used for local styptic
action.
3. Alum either as a solid or as a solution is used as a haemostatic for superficial

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abrasions, cut an ulcers.
4. Its dilute solutions have been used as mouth-washes or gargles, but their high
acidity may damage the teeth.
49 Write chemical formulae for following
i) Chlorinated lime ii) Borax iii) Antimony potassium tartrate
iv) Sodium potassium tartrate v) Sodium thiosulphate vi) Hypo phosphorus acid
i) Chlorinated lime- Ca(OCl)Cl.H2O
ii) Borax- Na2B4O7.10H2O
iii) Antimony potassium tartrate- C4H4KO7Sb
iv) Sodium potassium tartrate- C4H4O6NaK.4H2O
v) Sodium thiosulphate- Na2S2O3.5H2O
vi) Hypophosphorus acid- HPH2O2

50 Explain mechanism action of sodium thiosulphate and sodium nitrite in cyanide poisoning.(S-2017,
S-2018,W-2022)
1. Cyanide ion has a high affinity for ferric ions & hence it readily combines with it.
2. Thus, cyanide poisons by combining with the ferric ion of cytochrome oxidase which stops
electron transfer chain & thereby stops cellular respiration or oxidation-reduction reactions.
3. Cyanide poisoning is treated by a combination of sodium nitrite & sodium thiosulphate.
4. Injection of sodium nitrite causes the oxidation of the ferrous ion of haemoglobin to the
ferric ion of methaemoglobin, which then combines with the serum cyanide that has not yet
entered the cells.
5. Following the sodium nitrite injection, a slow intravenous infusion of sodium
thiosulfate is given.
6. The thiosulfate anion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese present in the blood
reacts with cyanide ion to form the relatively non-toxic thiocyanate ion which is
excreted in the urine..

51 Write storage and labelling condition of sulphur dioxide and oxygen gases
Sulphur dioxide: Storage and labelling: Store in a cool, well-ventilated place. Store and use with

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adequate ventilation. Store only where temperature will not exceed 125°F (52°C). Firmly secure
containers upright to keep them from falling or being knocked over. Install valve protection cap, if
provided, firmly in place by hand. Store full and empty containers separately.
Oxygen: Storage and labelling: Store under compression in metal cylinder. Valve should not be
lubricated with oil or grease. Cylinder should be stored in a special room which should be cool and
free from inflammable materials. The shoulder of the metal cylinder is painted WHITE and the
remainder is painted BLACK. The name of the gas or symbol “O2” is stencilled in paint on the
shoulder.
52 Write four sources of impurities in the pharmaceuticals with examples
Sources of Impurities:
1. Raw material
2. Reagents used in manufacturing process
3. Intermediate products in manufacturing process
4. Defects in manufacturing process/ manufacturing hazards
5. Solvents
6. Action of solvent and reagents on reaction vessel
7. Atmospheric contamination during manufacturing process
8. Defective storage of final products
9. Adulteration

Raw Materials- When substances or chemicals are manufactured; the raw materials
fromwhich these are prepared may contain impurities which get incorporated into final product.
Example- sodium chloride prepared from rock salt contains traces of Ca & Mg compounds.
2. Reagents used in manufacturing process: Synthesis of drugs involves many chemical
reactions like nitration, halogenation, oxidation and hydrolysis. Different chemicals & solvents
are used in these chemical processes. When chemical reactions are carried out in reaction vessel,
the material of these vessels (Iron, tin, copper, aluminium etc.) is reacted upon by the solvents,
chemicals & reaction products are formed. These reaction products then occur as impurities in
the final product. Thus impurities of iron, lead, and heavy metals, copper are due to the
above mentioned reasons.

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Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

3. Defects in the manufacturing process: Defects such as imperfect mixing, incompleteness
of reaction, non-adherence to proper temperature, pressure, pH or reaction condition etc. may
result in the production of chemical compounds with impurities in them.
4. Storage condition- The chemical when prepared is stored in different types of containers.
Various types of materials are used for storage purpose. Reaction of substance with material of
the storage vessel may take place. The reaction may take place directly or leaching out effect on
the storage vessel. This acts as impurity. Also, rodents & insects may add impurities to the
products.
5. Solvents: Water is the solvent easily available & cheap and is used in the manufacture of
inorganic chemicals. This can give rise to trace impurities such as sodium, calcium, magnesium,
carbonate & sulphate ions.
6. Decomposition- Decomposition is caused by light, air, oxygen & causes contamination of
final product. A number of organic substances get spoiled because of decomposition on exposure
to the atmosphere. E.g. amines, phenol, potent drugs.
7. Atmospheric contaminants: Atmospheric contamination may take place through dust,
sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide & arsenic. Carbon dioxide & water vapour are possible
contaminants of substances which are affected by their action.

OR
1) Raw materials used in manufacturing – Traces of impurities in raw materials may be carried
to contaminate the final product. Example – NaCl prepared from the rock salt willalmost
certainly contain traces of Ca & Mg compounds.

2) Processes used in the manufacturing – Some impurities are incorporated during the
manufacturing process. This may occur due to –

a) Reagents used in the process

b) Reagents added to remove the other impurities.

c) Solvents – Water is the cheapest solvent available and widely used. Tap water has
chloride ions, carbonate ions, sulphate ions, calcium ions, magnesium ions and

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 41 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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sodium ions as impurities in very small amounts.

d) The intermediate products may come along the process in the final product as
impurity.

3) Material of the plant – The vessel used in the manufacturing process is generally made of
metal like iron, copper, zinc, nickel, Aluminum and steel. Due to solvent action on the plant
material, the traces of material i.e impurities come in the product. The water pipe and steam pipe
may contain lead and hence Pharmacopoeias prescribe limit test for Lead.

4) Storage conditions –

a) Filth- Stored product may become contaminated with dust, insects and insect
excreta.

b) Decomposition of the product during storage – Many chemical substances

undergoes changes and decomposition due to careless storage. E.g. – Ferrous
Sulphate is slowly converted into insoluble ferric oxide by air and moisture.

5) Accidental substitution or deliberate adulteration – Accidental substitution can take place

if toxic substances are stocked with other substances or compounds. Some pharmaceutical
products may be adulterated with cheaper substances. Example – Honey
may be adulterated with commercial sugar, acacia powder with clay and potassium bromide with
sodium bromide.

6) Manufacturing Hazards – Even in well run manufacturing companies, product

contamination may arise due to existence of certain hazards.

a) Particulate contamination – accidental inclusion of dirt, glass, porcelain, Metallic

or plastic fragment from sieves, granulating, tableting and filling machines or
even from product containers may occur.

b) Process error – Gross errors due to incomplete mixing in liquid preparations must

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 42 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

be detected by normal analytical procedures.

c) Cross contamination – the handling of powders, granules and tablets in large

quantity create considerable amount of airborne dust and may lead to cross
contamination.

d) Microbial contamination – liquid preparations and creams for topical application

are prone to bacterial, fungal and mould contamination. Special care should be
taken in parenteral and ophthalmic preparation to avoid microbial contamination.
Packaging errors – products of similar appearance as tablets of same size, color and shape packed
in similar containers may lead to mislabeling.
53 Draw well-labelled diagram of Gutzeit apparatus (S-2017, S-218, S-2023)
Apparatus used for limit test for Arsenic - Gutzeit Apparatus.
Diagram-

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 43 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

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54 Write importance of quality control and quality assurance in Pharmacy. (S-2019,S-2022,S-2023)

Importance of Quality Control:
• The term Quality control has assumed lots of importance in pharmaceutical field.
• There cannot be any compromise in this regard & one cannot think of any second
quality in drugs and pharmaceuticals.
• Presence of very small quantities (even few parts per million) of toxic impurities such
as arsenic in drugs and pharmaceuticals can be very harmful to patient.
• As drugs and pharmaceuticals are used in the treatment of diseases, therefore it is very
important to maintain their quality, hence quality control becomes vital for drugs and
pharmaceuticals.
• Standard for drugs and methods of quality control are monographed in pharmacopoeias
which are official publications made in various countries under the authorities of
respective governments.
• The basis of maintaining the quality of products could be seen through the following
good manufacturing practices.
• Since it is necessary that a good quality product should be available to the doctors to treat
patients or for the users; the responsibility of pharmacist and those of pharmaceutical
industry has increased considerably.
• The term quality as applied to drugs and drug products include all those factors which
contribute directly or indirectly to the safety, effectiveness and reliability of product.
• In order to have the above referred properties in a drug it is necessary to have
quality control.
• To achieve Quality control a concept of total quality control is to be followed.
• Total quality control will include all those aspects starting with procurement of raw
material to the finished product available at the drug store and till it is consumed by the
customer.
• Thus, it will include not only parameters of GMP but also the storage, handling and

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 44 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

preserving the sample till ultimate use.
The quality set for a drug is after consideration recommendations of various experts
bodies.
• Various tests and procedures for analysis including finding and determining impurities
are laid down in the official books. This applies both to the drugs as raw material as
well in the form of finished products.
Importance of quality assurance:
• It is the responsibility of an organisation to assure that systems, facilities and written
procedures are adequate and followed in order to ensure that products are controlled and
will meet, in the final dosage forms, all the applicable specifications.
• Prime responsibility of maintaining product quality during production tests with the
manufacturing department. A systematic and effective quality assurance programme
considers the variables for and includes testing for raw materials, in process, packaging
material labelling and finished [Link] also includes batch auditing and stability
monitoring.
• Quality assurance personnel must establish control or check points to monitor the quality
of the product as it is processed and upon completion of manufacture. Quality assurance
thus becomes a managerial function of the company, especially of high management,
often coupled by auditing operations, to determine that procedures and systems are
suitable for the production of completed dosage forms of the right quality.
• The important parts of a quality assurance programme are:
• Raw material control-the raw material used for production includes - active or therapeutic
materials and inactive or inert materials.

55 Write principle and reaction involved in assay of Iodine or Ferrous sulphate. (S-2017,S-2018)
Principle for assay of Iodine :
Assay of iodine is based upon iodimetry (Redox) type of titration in which standard
solution of iodine is used. Iodine is slightly soluble in water, it made soluble by adding
potassium iodide, which forms polyiodides (KI3). Free iodine acts as oxidizing agent; the
solution is titrated against the standard solution of reducing agent, sodium thiosulphate using

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 45 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

starch solution as an indicator, which is added towards the end of titration. The end point is
determined by colour change from blue to colourless.
These titration involve the titration of free iodine with standard sodium thiosulphate.
Reaction for assay of Iodine

Principle involved in assay of ferrous sulphate

Principle:-
Assay of ferrous sulphate depends upon oxidation-reduction type of titration where Fe 2+ (Ferrous
ions ) are readily oxidized by potassium permanganate in acidic solution (H 2SO4) in to Fe3+(ferric
ion). Thus ferrous sulphate acts as a reducing agent and potassium permanganate acts as an
oxidising agent. The ability of potassium permanganate solution to oxidize ferrous ion is due to
conversion of the MnO4- ion to Mn++ in acidic solution. Solutions containing MnO4- ion are
purple in colour , solution of salt containing Mn ++ ions are colourless, hence potassium
permanganate in acidic solution acts as a self-indicator.
Reaction:-
10 FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 + 2KMNO4 → 5Fe2 (SO4)3 + 2MNSO4+K2SO4+8H2O

MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e- Mn+2 + 4H2O

Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-

56 Explain biological effect of radiation on Human body.

Biological effect of Radiation
The effect of radiation upon biological tissue depends upon a number of factors such as:
-Ability of the radiation to penetrate tissue.
-The energy of Radiation

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 46 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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-The kind of Tissue
-Surface area of the tissue exposed
-Dose rate of the Radiation
• The radiation interacts with the molecules present in the tissue & forms abnormal
chemical species like ions &/or free radicals.
• These ions or free radicals can alter the local PH in the tissue & initiate the
undesirable free radical chain reactions, producing peroxides & other compounds
toxic to the tissue. This may lead to necrosis & ultimately destroy the tissue or organ.
• Water molecules in the tissue are the most probable reactive species in the path of
ionizing radiation. Other Free Radicals & Hydrogen peroxidases also formed.
×H2O → ×H + ×HO
↓ ↓
yH2 yH2O2
• Free radicals formed from water can also abstract radicals from other molecules &
produce various toxic species which can alter the DNA in cells & cause cross linking
between certain amino acids in proteins.
• Thus the particular tissue gets destroyed.
• Alpha particles also have a potential to produce a tremendous amount of ionization or
free radicals but the range & penetration of these particles are very slight. Therefore, the
isotopes emitting alpha particles must be close enough to the individual for the radiation
to reach the skin, in order to get observable effects.
• Gamma rays have relatively low ionizing power, even though the range & penetrating
power of this type of radiation are high enough to produce significant damage in the
particular tissue at distances of several meters from the source.

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 47 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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57 Distinguish between α, β and γ rays.
α rays β rays γ rays
1] The alpha particles are the 1] As these radiations are 1] They are of very short wave
heaviest and slowest of the lighter, they travel with the length resembling X- rays and
radioactive emissions. Their velocity little less than that of travel at the speed of light.
velocity is about 1/10 that of light.
light which varies from
element to element.
2] When a radioactive 2] The emission of beta 2] When gamma rays are
element emits alpha particle from element do not emitted from an element
particles from the nucleus alter the atomic mass but there is lowering of nuclear
of the atom the resulting alters the atomic number and energy level but no elementa
nucleus will have two is converted to element with change is noted unless other
positive charges less than next atomic number. types of radiations are
the original nucleus and emitted, which is usually the
thus it will correspond with
case.
element having its atomic
number less by two units &
atomic mass number
less by 4 units.
3] They are helium ions He 3] They have a mass of 3] These radiations do not
with a relative +2 charge, 1/1836 i.e. the mass of have any charge. These have
containing two protons and hydrogen atom and a Properties both of a wave an
two neutrons and have 4 amu relative charge of particle.
mass and atomic number 2. -1.
4] Their penetrating power is 4] They have much more 4] They do not have mass
least as compared to other penetrating power and and charge but very high
emissions can penetrate aluminium energy and thus have
sheet excellent penetrating power.
upto 3 mm thick.
5] Because of low 5] Number of isotopes 5] They have many biological
penetrating power of alpha emitting beta particles are applications.
particles, elements which useful in biological
emit these do not find any applications because of its
use in biological high penetration power as it
applications as they cannot can penetrate tissue.
penetrate
tissue.

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 48 |

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 P.R.I.T.S’S
Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

(:-02563- 256070,9850001942, 9850009262, Fax-256070)

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58 Solve any two of the following

i) Define radio opaque contrast media with examples. ii) Write any four compounds official of calcium.
iii) Discuss role of iron in human body. iv) Give uses of Stannous fluoride and selenium sulphide.(S-
2018,W-2022)
i) Define radio opaque contrast media with examples.
Contrast media:- Radio-opaque substances are those compounds both inorganic and organic
that have the property of casting a shadow on X-ray films, have the ability to stop the passage of
X-rays and hence appear opaque on X-ray examination. Such compounds and their preparations
are called as X-ray contrast media
Ex. Barium sulphate

ii) Write any four compounds official of calcium.

Official compounds of calcium
1. Calcium carbonate I.P.
2. Calcium Hydroxide B.P.
3. Calcium Acetate B.P.
4. Calcium Lactate I.P.
5. Calcium Levulinate I.P.
6. Calcium Dibasic Phosphate I.P
7. Calcium phosphate Tribasic.
8. Calcium gluconate I.P.

iii) Discuss role of iron in human body. Role

of Iron:
1. Essential part of Haemoglobin in blood (Treatment of anaemia)
2. In blood it transports Oxygen from lungs to various organs.
3. It has significant role in Oxidation-reduction reaction constantly taking place in normal
metabolism.
4. It is associated with myoglobin, catalase, ferredoxin, Cytochrome P450, electron

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Hon. Tukaramsheth S. Baviskar Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dahiwad,
Shirpur
Chopda Fata, Dahiwad, Tal- Shirpur, Dist - Dhule (M. S.)

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transport, enzyme cofactor etc.
5. It is required during growth, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, pathological bleeding
6. Involved in cellular respiration.
7. Production of ATP

8. It is an essential element of several nucleoproteins.

9. Externally used as astringent

iv) Give uses of Stannous fluoride and selenium sulphide.

Uses of stannous fluoride:-
• It is used to prevent dental caries, single application of 8% solution of stannous
fluoride to the tooth surface sufficient for 6 month.
Uses of Selenium sulphide :
• As a topical agent in cream or 2.5% suspension to control dandruff and seborrheic
dermatitis of the scalp. It is used as an anti seborrheic agent & also used in non-
inflammatory non-exudative seborrhoea of the scalp & external glabrous skin.

• It is used in form of shampoos in the treatment of dandruff & seborrheic dermatitis of

the scalp, dermatitis & allergic dermatosis with seborrhoea.

Prof. Swapnil N. Patil D. Pharmacy 50 |

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