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COMPUTER NETWORK

Introduction to
❖Computer network is a group of two or more
computers connected to together for the purpose
of sharing information, applications and

Computer
resources.
❖Simply a network is a set of devices (often
referred to as nodes/PCs) connected by

Network communication links. A node can be a computer,

printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving information generated by other
nodes on the network.
© [Link] Introduction to Network Slide 1

Definitions (cont..) COMPUTER NETWORK

A resource may be: ❖Information that are shared can be
❖A file inform of text, number, sound, picture and
❖A folder video. Also resources such as disk storage
devices, printer and scanner are common
❖A printer examples that can be shared.
❖A disk drive
❖Or just about anything else that exists
on a computer.
© [Link] Introduction to Network Slide 4

Networking Fundamentals
(continued) Advantages of networking
❖Enhance communication and availability
of information
❖Resource sharing
❖Easy communication way
❖Higher Flexibility
❖Inexpensive system
❖Increase cost efficiency

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Disadvantages of Networking Network Criteria

❖Lack of independence Performance
❖Security issues ❖ The performance of a network depends
❖Lack of robustness on a number of factors, including the
❖In appropriate access & sharing number of users, the type of transmission
medium, the capabilities of the connected
network devices, and the reliability of the
network management software (NetWare).
Performance is often evaluated by
Bandwidth ,delay and other metrics.

Performance measures Reliability

❖ In addition to accuracy of delivery, network
The following measures are often reliability is measured frequency of failure, the
considered important time it takes a link to recover from a failure, and
❖Bandwidth commonly measured in the network’s robustness in a catastrophe.
❖ Frequency of failure:
bits/second is the maximum rate that All networks fail occasionally. A network that fails
information can be transferred often, however, is of little value to a user.
❖Throughput is the actual rate that ❖ Recovery time of a network after a failure:
How long does it take to restore service? A
information is transferred network that recovers quickly is more useful than
one that does not.

Network Criteria PROTOCOLS AND STARNDARD

❖Security ❖Network protocols are a set of rules outlining
❖Network security issues include protecting how connected devices communicate across a
data from unauthorized access, protecting network to exchange information easily and
data from damage and development, and
implementing policies and procedures for safely
recovery from breaches and data losses. ❖Protocol is a set of rules that govern data
Security issues in network focus on: communications.
❑Confidentiality ❖Protocol defines what is communicated, how it is
❑Integrity communicated, and when it is communicated
❑Availability over the network.

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List of Network Protocols Standards

❖ Transmission Control Protocols (TCP)
❖ Internet Protocols(IP) ❖Standards are necessary to ensure that products
❖ Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP)
from different manufacturers can work together
as it was expected.
❖ File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
❖ Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ❖ Standards fall into two categories: de facto
(meaning "by fact" or "by convention") and de
❖ Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secured (HTTPS)
jure (meaning "by law" or "by regulation").
❖ Telnet
❖ Secure Socket Shell(SSH)
❖ De facto. Standards that have not been approved
by an organized body but have been adopted as
❖ Short Message Service (SMS)
standards through widespread uses.
© [Link] Introduction to Network Slide 13

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
Standards NETWORK
❖De jure. Those standards that have been
legislated by an officially recognized body are de ❖Type of computer network can be classified
jure standards. based on the following :
❖There are some of the organizations involved in
standards creation such as ISO, ITD-T, ANSI, [Link] media( guided and unguided )
IEEE, and EIA.
[Link] size /coverage

[Link]

Transmission Media Guided Media/ wired

❖ Computer and other telecommunication devices use signals to
These include the following
represent data.
a) TWISTED PAIR CABLE which consist of:
❖ Transmission media can be classified as Guided or Unguided
sometimes known as wired or wireless media ❖Shielded Twisted Pair Cable (STP)
communication. ❖Unshielded Twisted Pair cable(UTP)
❖ Guided media provide a physical path between devices during b) COAXIAL CABLE
propagation of signal c) FIBER OPTIC CABLE
❖ Unguided or wireless communication do not provide a direct
link/ physical connection between devices.

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UNGUIDED MEDIA OR
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION Wireless transmission
❖Signals in Unguided media are normally broadcast ❖Wireless transmission consist of the
through free space and thus are available to anyone following
who has a device capable of receiving them.
[Link]
❖Unguided signals can travel from the source to
destination in several ways: ground propagation,
[Link] waves
sky propagation, and line-of-sight propagation [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] hotspot

Network size /coverage PAN

❖Personal Area network (PAN) is a smallest type of
network that cover very lowest distance. Coverage is
about 1-15 meters the speed of the network. USB
tethering, send and receiving file and play of music
on the music setts via Bluetooth, remote controlling
devices(TV ,doors, cars etc.) and mobile hotspot are
used in PAN.

PAN LAN
❖Local Area Network, as the name suggests, is a network built
in a limited area by using LAN cables, switches and LAN cards.
One example is a network of a university at IAA or other
business organization at one location.
❖ Because of the short distances involved they are typically
(though not necessarily) faster than WANs in that it is cheap
to use high quality communications media such as coaxial
cable and optical fiber.
❖ The computers on a Local Area Network are connected to a
network switch

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Metropolitan Area Network

LAN (MAN)
❖A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a
large computer network that usually spans a
city or a large campus.
❖A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical
area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks
of buildings to entire cities.
❖A MAN might be owned and operated by a
single organization, but it usually will be used
by many individuals and organizations.

Metropolitan Area Network

(MAN)…(cont.) MAN
❖A MAN often acts as a high speed network to
allow sharing of regional resources.
❖A MAN typically covers an area of between 5
and 50 km diameter.
❖Examples of MAN: Telephone company
network that provides a high speed DSL to
customers and cable TV network.

WAN WAN
❖A WAN spans a large geographic area, such as a
state, province or country.
❖WANs often connect multiple smaller networks,
such as local area networks (LANs) or metro area
networks (MANs) and this is possible with the use
of devices like routers.
❖The world's most popular WAN is the Internet.
❖ WANs generally utilize different and much more
expensive networking equipment than in LANs.

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Based on management NETWORK TOPOLOGY

❖ Network topology is the arrangement , layout or structure of
the network either physical or logically.
❖ Physical topology refers what can be seen or touched include
nodes, cable, connectors and devices like switch and hubs
❖ Logical topology refers to how signal(data) is propagate
between nodes via the transmission medium.
❖ There are four basic topologies possible:
1) Bus topology
2) Star topology
3) Mesh topology
4) Ring topology
5) Tree topology

Bus topology Ring topology

Star topology Tree topology

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Mesh network Hybrid Topology

a

Considerations for choosing

topology
❖Cost-Bus n/w may be the least expensive way
to install a n/w.
❖Length-of cable needed- the linear bus n/w Thank you for listening!
uses shorter lengths of cable.
❖Future growth-with star topology, expending
a n/w is easily done by adding another devices.

© [Link] Introduction to Network Slide 40