Project - TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT DETECTOR

Abstract -
1. project provide tripping mechanics for the power system for preventing from
damage due to faults.
2. Faults like LG, LL, LLL are Disconnected the supply to avoid large scale
damages to the equipment

Objective - 1. Fault Recognition

Introduction –
In now a day the electricity is very important in our life. In the Power system there are various
types of fault occurs due to natural calamity (like lightning, collision of branches of trees with
the transmission line y. Overloading due to this short circuit or fault may occurs like (line to
line, line to ground, double line to ground.
Out of these double line to ground fault is more saviour in the power system which could
damage the electrical equipment. So is fault should be remove as soon as possible. Mostly line
to ground n fault is occurred about the 80% in the power system. It is the biggest task for
Electrical Engineers to find the exact location the fault so can remove it early and provide
continuous supply.

Components –
 Arduino Uno
 Capacitor
 Palin PCB
 Relay Module 1ch,4ch
 Flame Sensor
 Rectifier
 Resistors 10k
 Steps down
transformer
 7805 MOSFET
 Others
 Arduino Uno
It commonly used in a three-phase transmission line fault detector to create a low-cost and
efficient system for monitoring and detecting faults in electrical power lines. In this project,
voltage and current sensors are connected to each of the three phases (R, Y, B) to continuously
measure the electrical parameters. The Arduino Uno reads these sensor values in real-time and
processes them to identify abnormalities such as line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, or
open circuits.
If any irregularity is detected, the Arduino triggers an alert system—such as a buzzer, LED
indication, or message display on an LCD screen—to notify about the specific fault.
Additionally, it can activate a relay to disconnect the faulty line for safety
 Relay modules
A 1-channel (1CH) and 4-channel (4CH) relay modules can be used depending on the level
of control required. These relay modules act as switching devices controlled by the Arduino
Uno to disconnect the faulty line when a fault is detected.
A 1-channel relay module is typically used when the system needs to isolate only one specific
phase or control a single device, such as sounding an alarm or triggering a circuit breaker for
one line. On the other hand,
A 4-channel relay module is more suitable when monitoring all three phases (R, Y, B) and an
additional output is needed, such as for a master alarm or system shutdown. The Arduino
receives input from current and voltage sensors connected to each phase, and if an abnormality
like a line-to-ground or line-to-line fault is detected, it sends a signal to the appropriate relay
to disconnect the affected line. This use of relay modules enhances the system’s automation
and safety, providing a fast response to protect equipment and ensure system reliability in
power distribution.
 Rectifier
A rectifier plays an important role in converting the AC (alternating current) voltage from
the three-phase supply into DC (direct current), which is necessary for powering the Arduino
Uno and other electronic components. Typically, a bridge rectifier is used to take input from
the three-phase transmission lines and provide a stable DC voltage after passing through a
filtering capacitor. This DC output is then regulated using voltage regulators (like 7805) to
safely power the Arduino and sensors.
 7805 MOSFET

7805 voltage regulator and MOSFET play important roles in ensuring stable power supply
and efficient switching control. The 7805 is a linear voltage regulator used to convert a higher
input voltage (typically 9V or 12V DC) down to a stable 5V DC, which is necessary for
powering components like the Arduino Uno, sensors, and relays used in the fault detection
circuit.
On the other hand, the MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) is
employed for high-speed switching operations and acts as an electronic switch to control the
connection or disconnection of the phases based on fault detection.
Block Diagram -

Circuit Diagram –
Working -

When you switch the system on, the external AC mains first enters the dual‐diode bridge and
smoothing capacitors, which together produce a clean DC rail (e.g. 12 V DC) that feeds both
the Arduino’s VIN pin (through its on-board regulator) and the relay coils. At the same time,
that same DC rail powers three hall‐effect current‐sensor modules, each of which clips around
one of the load feed wires and produces an analogy voltage proportional to the load current.

Inside the Arduino Uno, six of its analog inputs continuously sample these current‐sensor
voltages, while two additional digital inputs read the on/off outputs of three IR proximity
modules. A user‐mounted potentiometer (connected to another analog pin) lets you dial in a
threshold or menu selection that the code uses to decide how to respond to changing conditions.

As the sketch runs, it constantly checks whether any IR sensor has detected an object or whether
any load current exceeds the threshold set by the potentiometer. When a trigger condition
occurs—for example an overcurrent on channel 2 or an IR beam break on sensor 3—the
Arduino pulls the corresponding digital output LOW (or HIGH, depending on relay board
wiring) to energize the appropriate relay coil. That relay then closes its contacts and either
connects or disconnects the AC feed to the downstream load (such as a lamp string or motor
bank).

Every half-second the microcontroller also updates the 16 × 2 LCD, displaying the present
current readings for each channel, the IR sensor status (“CLEAR” vs. “BLOCKED”), and the
active/inactive state of each relay. If a fault persists—say, a continuous overcurrent—the code
can latch the relay off and flash an LED on the relay board to draw attention, requiring a manual
reset via the potentiometer (or a dedicated reset button).

In this way, the system provides both automated protective switching (via relay modules driven
by the Arduino) and real‐time monitoring (via current sensors, IR detectors, and an LCD), all
powered from a single regulated DC supply and coordinated through a simple, modular wiring
harness.

Application –
1. Substations
2. Transmission Lines
3. Industries
4. Apartments

Advantages –
1. Safety Equipment
2. More Reliable
3. Reduce Losses
4. Highly Sensitive
5. More Efficient
Conclusion –
1. Various faults have been created to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the
three phase supply system.
2. while temporary fault and permanent fault occur, here Arduino Uno ( at365 mega) is
used with relay for the fault analysis.
3. Short duration faults return the supply to the load immediately called as temporary trip
while long duration results in permanent trip.
4. Whenever any type of fault: LG temporary/permanent or LL temporary/permanent
occurs regarding fault is display on LC with distance of fault occurred.