Chapter: Statistics

🔶 1. Introduction to Statistics
🔹 What is Statistics?
• Statistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with:

o Collection
o Organization
o Presentation
o Analysis
o Interpretation of numerical data.

🔹 Importance:
• Used in day-to-day life: weather reports, cricket averages, election results, population surveys, etc.

🔶 2. Collection of Data
🔹 Data:
• Data is a collection of facts, such as values or measurements.
• Example: Marks of 5 students out of 10 – 6, 7, 8, 5, 9.

🔹 Types of Data:
1. Primary Data:

o Collected by the investigator directly from the source.

o Example: A teacher records marks from students herself.
2. Secondary Data:

o Collected from already existing sources like websites, books, newspapers, etc.
o Example: Using census data from a government website.

🔶 3. Organization of Data
• Once data is collected, it is organized systematically in tables.
• This helps in easy understanding and further analysis.

🔹 Frequency:
• The number of times a particular item appears in data.
• Example: If “5” appears thrice in marks list, frequency of 5 = 3.
🔶 4. Presentation of Data
🔹 Frequency Distribution Table:
• A table that shows how frequencies are distributed over various values.
Example:

Marks Tally Marks Frequency

0-10 3
10-20 4
20-30 2
Tally Marks: Grouped in fives to simplify counting.

🔶 5. Graphical Representation of Data

1. Bar Graphs:
• Bars of equal width with equal spacing
between them.
• Height of bar = frequency.
• Used for discrete data.

Example: Different type of fruits.

2. Histogram:
• Similar to bar graphs but for continuous data.
• No gaps between bars.
• X-axis = class intervals, Y-axis = frequency.
Used for grouped frequency data like heights, weights,
marks, etc.
3. Frequency Polygon:
• Line graph obtained by joining midpoints of tops of histogram bars.
• Can also be drawn without histogram by plotting points and joining them.

🔶 6. Measures of Central Tendency

These are measures used to determine a single value that represents the center of the data.

🔹 1. Mean (Average)
Formula:
Sum of all observations
Mean =
Number of observations
Example: Data: 5, 10, 15 Mean = (5 + 10 + 15)/3 = 30/3 = 10

🔹 2. Median
• Middle value of the data when arranged in ascending or descending order.
🔸 Cases:
• Odd number of observations: Median = Middle value
• Even number of observations: Median = Mean of two middle values
Example (Odd): 4, 7, 9 Median = 7
Example (Even): 4, 7, 9, 12 Median = (7 + 9)/2 = 8
🔹 3. Mode
• The value that occurs most frequently in the data.
Example: Data: 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6 Mode = 4 (because it appears 3 times)

🔶 7. Comparison of Mean, Median, Mode

Feature Mean Median Mode
Formula-based? Yes No No
Sensitive to extreme values? Yes No No
Easy to calculate? Yes Yes Yes
Best for? Quantitative analysis Middle position Most common value

🔶 8. Use of Statistics in Real Life

• Weather forecasting
• Election results prediction
• Budget planning
• Education (analysis of test scores)
• Economics and marketing research

📌 Important Tips
• Always arrange data before finding Median.
• For large data sets, use frequency tables.
• Always label axes when drawing bar graphs/histograms.
• Histogram: Class intervals must be continuous.
• Use mean when all values are equally important.
• Use median when extreme values affect the mean.
• Use mode when you want to find the most frequent case.

📝 Solved Examples
Example 1: Find the mean of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25.
5 + 10 + 15 + 20 + 25 75
Mean = = = 15
5 5

Example 2: Find the median of 3, 7, 8, 12, 13

• Already in order.
 • 5 values → odd → middle one is 8

Example 3: Find the mode of 2, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7

• Mode = 5 (appears 3 times)

Example 4: Make a bar graph for the following data:

Fruit Students
Apple 10
Banana 5
Mango 15
Draw X-axis = Fruits, Y-axis = No. of students, bars of height 10, 5, 15 respectively.

📚 Key Formulas Summary

Concept Formula
Mean ∑𝑥𝑖
Mean =
𝑛
Median (odd) Middle value
Median (even) n/2𝑡ℎ + (𝑛/2 + 1)𝑡ℎ
Median =
2
Mode Most frequent value
20 High-Level Examples with Solutions

📘 Topic 1: Collection & Types of Data

1. The marks of 10 students in a test are:

46, 50, 49, 46, 52, 47, 50, 49, 50, 46.
Identify:
• (a) Primary or secondary data?

• (b) Frequency of each value.

Solution:
• (a) Primary data (if collected by teacher directly)

• (b) Frequency Table:

Marks Frequency
46 3
47 1
49 2
50 3
52 1

📘 Topic 2: Organization & Frequency Table

2. Organize the following data into a frequency table:

Data: 1, 2, 4, 2, 3, 4, 4, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4
Solution:

Number Frequency
1 2
2 4
3 2
4 4

3. Make a grouped frequency distribution (class width = 10) for weights (in kg):
38, 42, 47, 51, 55, 57, 61, 62, 68, 70
Solution:

Class Interval Frequency

30–40 1
40–50 2
50–60 3
60–70 3
70–80 1

📘 Topic 3: Mean

4. Find the mean of the first 10 odd natural numbers.

Solution:
Odd numbers = 1, 3, 5, ..., 19
Sum = 100, Count = 10
Mean = 100 ÷ 10 = 10

5. Mean of 8 numbers is 15. If one number is removed and the mean becomes 13, find the
removed number.
Solution:
Sum of 8 numbers = 8×15 = 120
Sum of 7 numbers = 7×13 = 91
Removed number = 120 – 91 = 29

6. Find the mean of the following data:

Value (x) Frequency (f)
10 3
20 5
30 2

Solution:
(10 × 3 + 20 × 5 + 30 × 2) 30 + 100 + 60 190
Mean = = = = 19
(3 + 5 + 2) 10 10

📘 Topic 4: Median
7. Find the median of the data: 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27
Solution:
Odd number of terms → Median = middle value = 18

8. Find the median of 10, 12, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25
Solution:
Even terms → median = (17 + 18)/2 = 17.5

9. Find the median for grouped data:

Class Interval Frequency
0–10 2
10–20 3
20–30 5
30–40 4
40–50 6

Solution:
Cumulative frequency table:

Class Interval f C.F.

0–10 2 2
10–20 3 5
20–30 5 10
30–40 4 14
40–50 6 20

Total = 20 → N/2 = 10
Median class = 20–30
Use formula:
𝑁
− 𝐶𝐹 10 − 5
Median = 𝐿 + ( 2 ) × ℎ = 20 + ( ) × 10 = 20 + 10 = 30
𝑓 5

📘 Topic 5: Mode

10. Find the mode: 4, 6, 5, 7, 4, 4, 5, 6, 4

Solution: 4 appears 4 times → Mode = 4
11. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by extreme values?
Answer: Mean

12. If the mode of the following data is 25, what is the missing frequency ‘f’?
Value Frequency
20 4
25 f
30 3

Solution:
Mode = value with max frequency
→ f > 4 and f > 3 → f ≥ 5

📘 Topic 6: Bar Graph / Histogram / Frequency Polygon

13. Draw a bar graph for:

Class No. of Students
A 30
B 20
C 50

→ Use bars of height 30, 20, 50 on Y-axis for each class.

14. Draw a histogram for:

Class Interval Frequency
0–10 4
10–20 6
20–30 10
30–40 5

→ Draw bars without gaps between them.

15. Can a histogram be drawn for discrete data?

Answer: No. Histogram is only for continuous grouped data.
16. A frequency polygon is drawn using histogram midpoints. What will be the first and last
points joined to?
Answer: The X-axis at half class-width before and after the first and last class.

📘 Topic 7: Application / Analysis

17. The average temperature of a city from Monday to Saturday was 30°C. On Sunday, it rose
to 42°C. Find the new average temperature for the week.
Solution:
Total for 6 days = 6×30 = 180
Add Sunday = 180 + 42 = 222
New mean = 222 ÷ 7 = 31.71°C

18. The mean of 5 observations is 18. Four of them are 16, 19, 15, 21. Find the 5th observation.
Solution:
Sum = 5×18 = 90
Given 4 → 16+19+15+21 = 71
Fifth = 90 – 71 = 19

19. The mean of a frequency distribution is 25. If each value is increased by 3, what is the new
mean?
Answer: 28 (mean increases by same amount)

20. If the median of a data set is 45 and the highest value is removed, will the median change?
Answer: No, unless the highest value is one of the two middle values (in even-numbered set).
Otherwise, median remains same.
 Worksheet – Statistics

✅ Section A: 20 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Choose the correct option:
1. The average of first 5 odd numbers is:
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 7

2. The mode of the data: 3, 6, 8, 6, 9, 6, 5 is:

a) 6
b) 5
c) 8
d) 9

3. The middlemost value of a data arranged in order is called:

a) Mean
b) Mode
c) Median
d) Range

4. Mean of 10, 20, 30 is:

a) 15
b) 20
c) 25
d) 30

5. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?

a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Range

6. Frequency of a value means:

a) Value itself
b) Number of times the value appears
c) Difference between values
d) None of these

7. A histogram is used to represent:

a) Discrete data
b) Continuous data
c) Nominal data
d) Alphabetical data
8. If the mode of a data is 15, which value occurs most?
a) 15
b) 10
c) 20
d) None

9. Median of 11, 14, 18, 21, 25 is:

a) 14
b) 18
c) 21
d) 15

10. The sum of 5 observations is 150. The mean is:

a) 25
b) 30
c) 35
d) 40

11. In a bar graph, bars are:

a) Connected
b) Not connected
c) Slanted
d) Circular

12. Mode is:

a) Least frequent
b) Most frequent
c) Highest value
d) Average value

13. Median is:

a) First value
b) Last value
c) Middle value
d) Average of all

14. Which graph is used for grouped frequency data?

a) Bar graph
b) Line graph
c) Histogram
d) Pictograph

15. The mean is affected by:

a) Extreme values
b) Middle values
c) Low frequency
d) None

16. Mean of 0, 0, 0, 1, 2 is:

a) 0
b) 0.6
 c) 1
d) 3

17. Which is not suitable for graphical presentation?

a) Grouped data
b) Large data
c) Very small data
d) Survey results

18. The best measure to find average score in cricket:

a) Mean
b) Mode
c) Median
d) Range

19. If all data values are increased by 5, the mean will:

a) Increase by 5
b) Decrease by 5
c) Remain same
d) Become zero

20. What is the sum of frequencies called?

a) Range
b) Class width
c) Total frequency
d) Central tendency

✅ Section B: 10 Assertion and Reason Questions

Directions: Choose the correct option:
• (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

• (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

• (c) A is true, R is false.

• (d) A is false, R is true.

1. A: Mode is the value with the highest frequency.

R: Mean is the middlemost observation.

2. A: Histogram has no gaps between bars.

R: Histogram is used to represent continuous data.

3. A: Median is affected by extreme values.

R: Median depends on the position of values.

4. A: A frequency polygon can be drawn without histogram.

R: Midpoints of class intervals are connected in frequency polygon.
 5. A: Mean gives us the most frequent observation.
R: Mode gives the central value.

6. A: Bar graphs can be used for discrete data.

R: Bars in bar graphs are connected.

7. A: Sum of deviations from mean is always zero.

R: Mean is the central tendency.

8. A: Primary data is more reliable.

R: Primary data is collected firsthand.

9. A: The number 3 occurs most in a dataset; it is the mode.

R: Mode is the least repeated value.

10. A: Mean = Median = Mode in symmetric data.

R: Symmetric data has equal number of values on both sides of center.

✅ Section C: 20 Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Define statistics.

2. What is data?

3. Define frequency.

4. What is mean?

5. Define median.

6. Define mode.

7. Write the formula for mean.

8. What is a bar graph?

9. What is a histogram?

10. What is a frequency polygon?

11. Differentiate between primary and secondary data.

12. Find the mode of 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5.

13. What is the range of 5, 10, 15?

14. Write any one use of statistics.

15. Define class interval.

16. Write two features of histogram.

17. What is class size in statistics?

18. Which is best for nominal data – mean, median, or mode?

 19. Write the steps to draw a bar graph.

20. Write one limitation of mean.

✅ Section D: 10 Short Answer Type Questions

1. Find the mean of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14.

2. Find the median of 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13.

3. If mean = 15 and number of terms = 8, find the sum.

4. A bar graph shows scores of 3 students: A (20), B (35), C (30). Represent it.

5. Prepare a frequency table of: 5, 6, 6, 7, 5, 8, 6, 5.

6. Draw a histogram for: 0–10: 3, 10–20: 5, 20–30: 7

7. Find the mode of 12, 15, 12, 18, 20, 12

8. Differentiate between bar graph and histogram.

9. Find the missing frequency: Mean = 20, values = 10 (f=2), 20 (f=?), 30 (f=3), total f = 10.

10. What does central tendency indicate?

✅ Section E: 10 Long Answer Type Questions

1. Find mean, median, mode of: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40

2. A grouped frequency table is:

CI f
0–10 2
10–20 4
20–30 6
30–40 8
Draw histogram and frequency polygon.

3. Calculate the mean of the following:

Marks Frequency
10 2
20 3
30 5
 4. In a class of 40 students, scores are grouped as follows. Draw a bar graph:

Marks Range No. of Students

0–20 5
20–40 10
40–60 15
60–80 10
5. Explain in detail: Mean vs. Median vs. Mode with suitable examples.

6. Explain steps to create frequency distribution table for survey data.

7. The mean weight of 5 children is 30 kg. One child leaves and new mean becomes 28 kg. Find the
weight of child who left.

8. Construct a grouped frequency table from these ages: 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, 22, 25, 27, 29, 30

9. Show that sum of deviations from mean is always zero with example.

10. A frequency table is given. Use class marks and find mean using assumed mean method.

✅ Section F: 5 Case-Based Paragraph Study Questions

Case 1: School Result

A school has 5 classes. The number of students who scored above 90 marks in Math is as follows:
Class 6 – 12 students, Class 7 – 15 students, Class 8 – 17 students, Class 9 – 10 students, Class 10 – 8 students.
Questions:
1. Make a bar graph.

2. Which class has the highest number of toppers?

3. Find average number of toppers.

4. Which class has least toppers?

5. Is this data discrete or continuous?

Case 2: Cricket Scores

A player scored following runs in 5 matches: 40, 70, 20, 90, 80
Questions:
1. Find mean score.

2. Find median score.

3. If mode is required, what change should be made?

 4. Which measure represents consistency best?

5. Which match had highest score?

Case 3: Survey on TV Watching

A survey on daily TV watching hours (0–1, 1–2, etc.) of 30 students gave:
0–1: 3, 1–2: 6, 2–3: 10, 3–4: 7, 4–5: 4
Questions:
1. Draw histogram

2. Find class size

3. Which interval has highest frequency?

4. Total students surveyed?

5. Is this data grouped or ungrouped?

Case 4: Rainfall Record

Rainfall (in mm) over 6 days: 5, 8, 0, 10, 15, 2
Questions:
1. Find mean rainfall

2. Find range

3. Median of rainfall?

4. Mode of rainfall?

5. Was there any no-rain day?

Case 5: Library Reading Survey

Books read in a week by students: 2, 3, 5, 2, 4, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3
Questions:
1. Frequency of 2?

2. Most popular count?

3. Mean books read?

4. Median number?

5. Is data discrete or continuous?

 Detailed Solutions
✅ Section A – Detailed Solutions: 20 MCQs

1. The average of first 5 odd numbers is:

Odd numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
Mean = (1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9) / 5 = 25 / 5 = 5
Correct Option: c) 5

2. The mode of the data: 3, 6, 8, 6, 9, 6, 5 is:

Frequency table:
• 3 → 1 time

• 5 → 1 time

• 6 → 3 times

• 8 → 1 time

• 9 → 1 time

Mode = 6 (appears most)

Correct Option: a) 6

3. The middlemost value of a data arranged in order is called:

Definition: Median
Correct Option: c) Median

4. Mean of 10, 20, 30 is:

Mean = (10 + 20 + 30) / 3 = 60 / 3 = 20
Correct Option: b) 20

5. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?

• Mean

• Median

• Mode
 • Range → It's a measure of dispersion
Correct Option: d) Range

6. Frequency of a value means:

Number of times a value appears in the data
Correct Option: b) Number of times the value appears

7. A histogram is used to represent:

Histogram is used for continuous data
Correct Option: b) Continuous data

8. If the mode of a data is 15, which value occurs most?

Definition of mode → Value that occurs most = 15
Correct Option: a) 15

9. Median of 11, 14, 18, 21, 25 is:

Ordered data → Middle value = 18
Correct Option: b) 18

10. The sum of 5 observations is 150. The mean is:

Mean = Total / Number = 150 / 5 = 30
Correct Option: b) 30

11. In a bar graph, bars are:

Bars in bar graphs are not connected
Correct Option: b) Not connected

12. Mode is:

Value with highest frequency = Most frequent
Correct Option: b) Most frequent
13. Median is:
Middle value of arranged data
Correct Option: c) Middle value

14. Which graph is used for grouped frequency data?

Histogram is used
Correct Option: c) Histogram

15. The mean is affected by:

Extreme values like very high or very low numbers
Correct Option: a) Extreme values

16. Mean of 0, 0, 0, 1, 2 is:

Sum = 3; Mean = 3/5 = 0.6
Correct Option: b) 0.6

17. Which is not suitable for graphical presentation?

Very small data is not suitable for meaningful graphs
Correct Option: c) Very small data

18. The best measure to find average score in cricket:

Cricket scores are averaged, so mean is best
Correct Option: a) Mean

19. If all data values are increased by 5, the mean will:

Mean will increase by 5
Correct Option: a) Increase by 5

20. What is the sum of frequencies called?

It is called Total frequency
Correct Option: c) Total frequency
✅ Section B – Detailed Solutions: Assertion and Reason (A-R)

Choose the correct option:

• (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

• (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

• (c) A is true, R is false.

• (d) A is false, R is true.

1.
Assertion (A): Mode is the value with the highest frequency.
Reason (R): Mean is the middlemost observation.

• A is true: Mode is the most frequent value.

• R is false: Mean is the average, median is the middlemost.

Answer: (c) A is true, R is false.

2.
A: Histogram has no gaps between bars.
R: Histogram is used to represent continuous data.

• A is true: Histogram bars are joined (no gaps).

• R is true: Histogram is used for grouped continuous data.

• R correctly explains A.

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

3.
A: Median is affected by extreme values.
R: Median depends on the position of values.

• A is false: Median is not affected by extreme values.

• R is true: It is based on position, not value.

Answer: (d) A is false, R is true.

4.
A: A frequency polygon can be drawn without histogram.
R: Midpoints of class intervals are connected in frequency polygon.

• A is true: You can draw a frequency polygon directly using class midpoints.

• R is true: Midpoints are plotted and joined.

• R correctly explains A.

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

5.
A: Mean gives us the most frequent observation.
R: Mode gives the central value.

• A is false: Mean gives average, not most frequent value.

• R is false: Mode gives the most frequent, not necessarily central value.

Answer: (d) A is false, R is true.

6.
A: Bar graphs can be used for discrete data.
R: Bars in bar graphs are connected.

• A is true: Bar graphs represent discrete data.

• R is false: Bars in bar graphs are not connected (unlike histograms).

Answer: (c) A is true, R is false.

7.
A: Sum of deviations from mean is always zero.
R: Mean is the central tendency.

• A is true: ∑(x – mean) = 0

• R is true: Mean represents central tendency.

• R is correct explanation of A.

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
8.
A: Primary data is more reliable.
R: Primary data is collected firsthand.

• A is true

• R is true

• R explains why A is true.

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

9.
A: The number 3 occurs most in a dataset; it is the mode.
R: Mode is the least repeated value.

• A is true: Mode is the value that appears most (e.g., 3).

• R is false: Mode is the most frequent, not least frequent.

Answer: (c) A is true, R is false.

10.
A: Mean = Median = Mode in symmetric data.
R: Symmetric data has equal number of values on both sides of center.

• A is true: For symmetric data (like bell curve), all three are equal.

• R is true: That's the property of symmetric distribution.

• R correctly explains A.

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

✅ Section C Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Define statistics.
Answer:
Statistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and
presentation of numerical data.
2. What is data?
Answer:
Data refers to the collection of numerical facts or information collected through observation, measurement,
survey, or experiment.

3. Define frequency.
Answer:
Frequency is the number of times a particular value or observation occurs in a data set.

4. What is mean?
Answer:
Mean (or average) is the sum of all values divided by the total number of values.
Formula: Mean = (Sum of observations) / (Number of observations)

5. Define median.
Answer:
Median is the middlemost value of the data when arranged in ascending or descending order. If the number of
observations is even, the median is the average of the two middle values.

6. Define mode.
Answer:
Mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a data set.

7. Write the formula for mean.

Answer:
If observations are 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , . . . , 𝑥𝑛 , then
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
Mean =
𝑛

8. What is a bar graph?

Answer:
A bar graph is a graphical representation of categorical data with rectangular bars, where the length of each bar
is proportional to the frequency of the value.
9. What is a histogram?
Answer:
A histogram is a graphical representation used for continuous/grouped data using adjacent rectangles (bars) with
areas proportional to frequencies.

10. What is a frequency polygon?

Answer:
A frequency polygon is a line graph obtained by joining the midpoints of the tops of the bars of a histogram or
directly plotting class midpoints with their frequencies.

11. Differentiate between primary and secondary data.

Answer:
• Primary Data: Collected by the investigator firsthand.

• Secondary Data: Already collected by someone else and used by another.

12. Find the mode of 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5.

Answer:
4 occurs most frequently → Mode = 4

13. What is the range of 5, 10, 15?

Answer:
Range = Highest value – Lowest value = 15 – 5 = 10

14. Write any one use of statistics.

Answer:
Statistics is used in surveys to analyze public opinion, such as election predictions, market research, etc.

15. Define class interval.

Answer:
A class interval is a group or range into which data is grouped in a frequency distribution table, such as 0–10,
10–20, etc.
16. Write two features of histogram.
Answer:
• Bars are adjacent (no gaps).

• Used for continuous data.

17. What is class size in statistics?

Answer:
Class size (or class width) = Upper limit – Lower limit of a class interval.
For example, in 10–20, class size = 20 – 10 = 10

18. Which is best for nominal data – mean, median, or mode?

Answer:
Mode is best for nominal data (categorical data like colors, brands, etc.).

19. Write the steps to draw a bar graph.

Answer:
• Draw two axes: X (categories), Y (frequency).

• Choose a suitable scale.

• Draw rectangular bars for each category with height proportional to frequency.

• Leave equal gaps between bars.

20. Write one limitation of mean.

Answer:
Mean is affected by extreme values (very high or very low) which may distort the representation of central
tendency.

✅ Section D –Short Answer Type Questions

1. Find the mean of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14.

Solution:
Mean = (6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14) / 5 = 50 / 5 = 10
2. Find the median of 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13.
Solution:
Arranged data has even number of values.
Median = Average of 3rd and 4th values = (7 + 9) / 2 = 8

3. If mean = 15 and number of terms = 8, find the sum.

Solution:
Sum = Mean × Number of terms = 15 × 8 = 120

4. A bar graph shows scores of 3 students: A (20), B (35), C (30). Represent it.
Solution:
This is a drawing task. But the procedure is:
• On X-axis: Mark A, B, C.

• On Y-axis: Take suitable scale (say 1 unit = 5 marks) up to 40.

• Draw bars:

o A = 20 units high

o B = 35 units

o C = 30 units

A bar graph will have 3 vertical bars of appropriate height with equal spacing between them.

5. Prepare a frequency table of: 5, 6, 6, 7, 5, 8, 6, 5.

Solution:

Value Frequency
5 3
6 3
7 1
8 1

6. Draw a histogram for: 0–10: 3, 10–20: 5, 20–30: 7

Solution:
Steps:
• On X-axis: Class intervals (0–10, 10–20, 20–30)
 • On Y-axis: Frequencies (up to 7)

• Draw adjacent bars with heights 3, 5, and 7 respectively.

Histogram will have no gaps between bars.

7. Find the mode of 12, 15, 12, 18, 20, 12

Solution:
12 appears 3 times (more than any other)
Mode = 12

8. Differentiate between bar graph and histogram.

Feature Bar Graph Histogram
Data Type Discrete Continuous (grouped)
Bars Have gaps between bars No gaps between bars
X-axis values Categories (labels) Class intervals (numerical ranges)

9. Find the missing frequency:

Given:
• Data:
10 (f = 2),
20 (f = ?),
30 (f = 3)

• Mean = 20

• Total frequency = 10

Let missing frequency = x

Then total frequency: 2 + x + 3 = 5 + x = 10 ⇒ x = 5
Now verify mean:
Mean = (10×2 + 20×5 + 30×3) / 10 = (20 + 100 + 90) / 10 = 210 / 10 = 21
But required mean is 20, not 21 → so recheck:
Let x be the missing frequency at 20
Mean = (10×2 + 20×x + 30×3) / (2 + x + 3) = 20
(20 + 20x + 90) / (x + 5) = 20
110 + 20x = 20(x + 5)
110 + 20x = 20x + 100
110 = 100
So verified.

Missing frequency = 5
10. What does central tendency indicate?
Answer:
Central tendency gives a single representative value (like mean, median, mode) that describes the entire data set
by identifying its center or average.

✅ Section E – Long Answer Type Questions

1. Find mean, median, mode of: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40
Mean:
Sum = 10 + 15 + 20 + 25 + 30 + 35 + 40 = 175
Number of values = 7
Mean = 175 ÷ 7 = 25
Median:
Ordered data; odd number of terms
Middle value = 4th term = 25
Mode:
All values occur once ⇒ No value is repeated ⇒ No mode

2. A grouped frequency table is:

CI f
0–10 2
10–20 4
20–30 6
30–40 8
Draw Histogram and Frequency Polygon:
Steps:

Histogram:

• X-axis: Class Intervals

• Y-axis: Frequencies

• Plot bars for 0–10 (2), 10–20 (4), 20–30 (6), 30–40 (8)

• Bars are adjacent with equal width

Frequency Polygon:
 • Calculate class marks:

o 0–10 → 5

o 10–20 → 15

o 20–30 → 25

o 30–40 → 35

• Plot (5,2), (15,4), (25,6), (35,8)

• Join points with line segments

• Start and end with class marks before 0–10 and after 30–40 with 0 frequency (i.e. (–5, 0), (45, 0))

3. Calculate the mean of the following:

Marks Frequency (f)
10 2
20 3
30 5
Solution:
Mean = (Σf × x) / Σf
= (10×2 + 20×3 + 30×5) / (2+3+5)
= (20 + 60 + 150) / 10 = 230 / 10 = 23

4. Draw a bar graph for:

Marks Range No. of Students
0–20 5
20–40 10
40–60 15
60–80 10
Solution:
• X-axis: Marks ranges

• Y-axis: Frequency (No. of students)

• Bars:

o 0–20 → height = 5

o 20–40 → height = 10

o 40–60 → height = 15
 o 60–80 → height = 10
Leave equal gaps between bars (discrete representation)

5. Explain in detail: Mean vs. Median vs. Mode with suitable examples.
Affected by Extreme
Measure Definition Values? Use Case Example
Mean Sum of values ÷ Yes General average 10, 20, 30 → Mean =
Number 20
Median Middle value No Income distribution 10, 20, 1000 →
Median = 20
Mode Most frequent value No Shoe size, Mode = 6, 6, 7, 8, 9 → Mode
common size =6

Use mean for numerical data, median when outliers exist, mode for categorical/frequent data.

6. Explain steps to create frequency distribution table for survey data.

Steps:
1. Identify data range (Highest – Lowest)

2. Decide suitable class intervals (e.g., 0–10, 10–20)

3. Count number of observations in each interval → Frequency

4. Create table with: Class Interval and Frequency

Helps in converting raw data to organized form.

7. Mean weight of 5 children = 30 kg. One child leaves, new mean = 28 kg. Find the weight
of the child who left.
Step 1: Total weight of 5 children = 30 × 5 = 150 kg
Step 2: New total (after one leaves) = 28 × 4 = 112 kg
Step 3: Weight of child who left = 150 – 112 = 38 kg

8. Construct a grouped frequency table from:

Ages: 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, 22, 25, 27, 29, 30
Use Class Intervals of width 10 (10–20, 20–30, etc.)

Age Group Frequency

10–20 4 (10, 12, 15, 18)
20–30 6 (21, 22, 25, 27, 29, 30)
 This is a grouped frequency table.

9. Show that sum of deviations from mean is always zero with example.
Take values: 2, 4, 6
Mean = (2+4+6)/3 = 12/3 = 4
Deviations:
• 2 – 4 = –2

• 4–4=0

• 6 – 4 = +2
Sum = –2 + 0 + 2 = 0

Hence, sum of deviations from mean = 0

10. A frequency table is given. Use class marks and find mean using assumed mean
method.
Assume table:

CI f
10–20 2
20–30 3
30–40 5

Step 1: Find class marks (x)

• 10–20: (10+20)/2 = 15

• 20–30: 25

• 30–40: 35

Step 2: Let A = 25 (assumed mean), h = 10

x f d = (x – A)/h fd
15 2 –1 –2
25 3 0 0
35 5 +1 +5

Σf = 10, Σfd = 3
Mean = A + h(Σfd / Σf) = 25 + 10(3 / 10) = 25 + 3 = 28

Mean = 28
✅ Section F –Case-Based Paragraph Study (5 Sets)

✅ Case 1: School Result

Paragraph:
A school has 5 classes. The number of students who scored above 90 in Math is:
• Class 6 → 12

• Class 7 → 15

• Class 8 → 17

• Class 9 → 10

• Class 10 → 8

1. Make a bar graph.

Solution:
• X-axis: Class names (6 to 10)

• Y-axis: Number of students (up to 20)

• Plot bars:

o Class 6 → 12

o Class 7 → 15

o Class 8 → 17

o Class 9 → 10

o Class 10 → 8
Use equal width bars with gaps between them.

2. Which class has the highest number of toppers?

Class 8 (17 students)

3. Find the average number of toppers.

Mean = (12 + 15 + 17 + 10 + 8) / 5 = 62 / 5 = 12.4
4. Which class has the least toppers?
Class 10 (8 students)

5. Is this data discrete or continuous?

Discrete, because number of students is countable (whole numbers)

✅ Case 2: Cricket Scores

Paragraph:
Scores in 5 matches: 40, 70, 20, 90, 80

1. Find mean score.

Mean = (40 + 70 + 20 + 90 + 80)/5 = 300 / 5 = 60

2. Find median score.

Arranged: 20, 40, 70, 80, 90 → Median = 70

3. If mode is required, what change should be made?

Answer:
Add or repeat a score so that it occurs more than once.
Example: Add one more score of 70 → Mode = 70

4. Which measure represents consistency best?

Median is better in case of inconsistent/extreme scores. But mean is standard for average.

5. Which match had highest score?

Match with 90 runs

✅ Case 3: Survey on TV Watching

Paragraph:
TV watching hours of 30 students:
• 0–1: 3

• 1–2: 6

• 2–3: 10

• 3–4: 7
 • 4–5: 4

1. Draw histogram.
• X-axis: Intervals 0–1, 1–2, ..., 4–5

• Y-axis: Frequency

• Bars (adjacent): 3, 6, 10, 7, 4

No gaps between bars (continuous data)

2. Find class size.

Each class interval = upper – lower = 1
Class size = 1

3. Which interval has highest frequency?

2–3 (10 students)

4. Total students surveyed?

3 + 6 + 10 + 7 + 4 = 30

5. Is this data grouped or ungrouped?

Grouped data (as data is divided into intervals)

✅ Case 4: Rainfall Record

Paragraph:
Rainfall in mm over 6 days: 5, 8, 0, 10, 15, 2

1. Find mean rainfall.

Mean = (5 + 8 + 0 + 10 + 15 + 2) / 6 = 40 / 6 = 6.67 mm

2. Find range.
Range = 15 – 0 = 15 mm

3. Median of rainfall?
Ordered: 0, 2, 5, 8, 10, 15
Median = (3rd + 4th) / 2 = (5 + 8) / 2 = 6.5 mm
4. Mode of rainfall?
Each value occurs once → No mode

5. Was there any no-rain day?

Yes → 0 mm means no rain

✅ Case 5: Library Reading Survey

Paragraph:
Books read in a week: 2, 3, 5, 2, 4, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3

1. Frequency of 2?
2 appears 3 times

2. Most popular count?

3 books (frequency = 4) → Mode = 3

3. Mean books read?

Sum = 2 + 3 + 5 + 2 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 2 + 3 = 31
Mean = 31 / 10 = 3.1

4. Median number?
Ordered: 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5
Median = (5th + 6th) / 2 = (3 + 3)/2 = 3

5. Is data discrete or continuous?

Discrete (book counts are whole numbers)