INTEGRATION

Advanced Level Mathematics

KURIMA WASHINGTON
BACHELOR OF EDUCATION IN MATHEMATICS (HONOURS)
UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction........................................................... 2 ADVANCED INTEGRATION

Integration of Polynomials .................................. 2
Quadratic Denominator
Expressions of the form (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 ........................ 3 1
Integration of ...................................37
Integration of Exponential Function .................. 4 𝑋 2 +𝐴2
1
Integration of Trigonometric Functions ............. 5 _Toc196920087Integration of ..............39
X2 -A2
𝑝𝑥+𝑞
Definite Integrals .................................................. 7 Integration of𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 ...............................41
Properties of Definite Integrals ........................... 8 1
Integration of ...................................43
√1−𝑋 2
Area Under the Graph ........................................ 8
Trigonometic Functions
Limits of Integration.............................................. 8
Trigonometric Functions ............................44
Area Bounded Between Curves ..................... 11
Integration of Odd Powers of Sine and Cosine
Area Below the 𝑥-axis ........................................ 12
............................................................................... 44
Volumes of Revolution....................................... 14
Even Powers of Trigonometric Functions ....... 45
1
Integration of 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
.............................................. 17 Integration of Even Powers of the Secant
Function ............................................................... 47
Integration of Higher Powers of 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ............ 49
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES Integration of Inverse Trigs ............................... 49
Product of trigonometric Functions ............... 50
Integration by Substitution ................................ 20
The 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 Substitution ................................. 52
Steps Followed When Integrating by
Substitution .......................................................... 20
Integration by Recognition ............................... 22 Author:
Integration BY Parts ............................................ 26
KURIMA WASHINGTON
Repeated Integration by Parts ........................ 27
BACHELOR OF EDUCATION IN MATHEMATICS
Tips for Choosing 𝒖 and 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑥......................... 29 (HONOURS) UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE
Integration of Logarithmic Functions .............. 30 DIPLOMA IN EDUCATION (MATHEMATICS)
BELVEDERE TECHNICAL TEACHERS’ COLLEGE

1
INTEGRATION
power 𝑛 by 1, but in integration we are adding 1 to
the power 𝑛. In differention the droped power would
multiply, but integration it is divided.
INTRODUCTION

EXAMPLE
Integration is the reverse of differentiation. Integrate the following, with respect to 𝑥.
Mathematically, it is the process summing up very 𝑖) 𝑥4
small elements. 𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥
By definition ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝛿𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , where 𝛿𝑥 is a small 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 6
change in the variable 𝑥. 𝑖𝑣) 4𝑥 7

Integration is the process of finding anti-derivatives. 𝑣) 5𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 7

2 1 1
Integration is a very important concept in 𝑣𝑖) 1 − 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4
Mathematics because it is used it several areas such 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3
𝑣𝑖𝑖)
as Engineering, Business and in Life sciences. √𝑥
In this chapter we are doing to be covering the Solutions

integration of several elementary functions as well as 𝑖) න 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖) න(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

the techniques of integration which are used on
𝑥 4+1 𝑥 3+1 𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
more complex expressions. = +𝑐 = + − +𝑐
4+1 3+1 2+1 1+1
INTEGRATION OF POLYNOMIALS 𝑥5 𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
= +𝑐 = + − +𝑐
5 4 3 2
Remember integration is the reverse of
differentiation. To differentiate 𝑥 𝑛 we start by
𝑖𝑖𝑖) න 6 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑣) න 4𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥
dropping the power 𝑛 so that it multiplies 𝑥 𝑛 ,lastly
we lessen the power of 𝑥 𝑛 by 1. Since integration is 4𝑥 7+1
= න 6 𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
7+1
the reverse of differentiation then the integral of 𝑥 𝑛 is
6𝑥 0+1 4𝑥 8
the reverse of the process of differentiation. = +𝑐 = +𝑐
0+1 8
To integrate 𝑥 𝑛 we start by adding 1 to the power n 𝑥8
= 6𝑥 + 𝑐 = +𝑐
and we obtain 𝑥 𝑛+1 the we divide this 𝑥 𝑛+1 by the 2
new power which is 𝑛 + 1. In simple we are saying
𝑣) න( 5𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 7) 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
න 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝒏+𝟏 5𝑥 4+1 3𝑥 3+1 𝑥 2+1 7𝑥 0+1
= − + − +𝑐
𝑐 is called the constant of integration. 4+1 3+1 2+1 0+1
Again, for a constant 𝑎 3𝑥 4 𝑥 3
= 𝑥5 − + − 7𝑥 + 𝑐
4 3
𝒂𝒙𝒏+𝟏
න 𝒂𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝒏+𝟏 2 1 1
𝑣𝑖 න( 1 − 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
The idea here is to reverse the process of
differentiation. In differentiation we were subtracting

2
 2 1 1
𝑒) (2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2)
1𝑥 0+1 𝑥 3+1 4𝑥 2+1 𝑥 4+1
= − + − +𝑐
0+1 2+1 1+1 1+1 5
3 2 4 𝑥 3 + √𝑥 3 − 𝑥 −2
5 3 5 𝑓)
𝑥 3 4𝑥 2 𝑥 4 2√ 𝑥
=𝑥− + − +𝑐
5 3 5
3 2 4 EXPRESSIONS OF THE F ORM (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛
5 3 5
3𝑥 3 8𝑥 2 4𝑥 4
=𝑥− + + +𝑐
5 3 5 Given an expression of the form (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 where

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3 𝑛 ≠ −1, then
𝑣𝑖𝑖) න 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒏+𝟏
න(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
Distributing the denominator over the terms in the 𝒂(𝒏 + 𝟏)

numerator gives
𝑥2 3𝑥 3
= න( − ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 √𝑥 EXAMPLE
1
Integrate the following with respect to 𝑥.
Remember that √𝑥 = 𝑥 and applying laws of indices 2
1 3
we get a) (2𝑥 + 3)4 b) c) √1 − 𝑥
(1−4𝑥)2
1
= න(𝑥 2−2 − 3𝑥 3−2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
Solution
When integrating expressions of the form (𝑎𝑥 +
3 5
= න(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑏)𝑛 where 𝑛 ≠ −1 we use the concept of adding 1

Now this thing is now easier to integrate than it was to the power the divide by the new power, like what

before we were doing in the previous examples

3 5 a) Here we start by differentiating 2𝑥 + 3 to get
𝑥 2+1 3𝑥 2+1
= − +𝑐 2.
3 5
+1 + 1
2 2
Then this derivative of 2𝑥 + 3 goes on the
5 7
𝑥2 3𝑥 2 denominator on integration
= − +𝑐
5 7
2 2 (2𝑥 + 3)4+1
න(2𝑥 + 3)4 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
5 7 2(4 + 1)
2𝑥 2 6𝑥 2
= − +𝑐 (2𝑥 + 3)5
5 7 = +𝑐
10
EXERCISE b) Let us start by writing the given expression in
Integrate the following expressions with respect to 𝑥. the form (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛
𝑎) 2𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 2 Using laws of indices we know that 𝑎−𝑛 =
1
𝑎𝑛
1
𝑏) 𝑥 −4 + 3𝑥 −2 + 5𝑥 3 Hence = (1 − 4𝑥)−2
(1−4𝑥)2

Now we differentiate (1 − 4𝑥) to get −4 and

3
𝑐) 3𝑥 4 − √𝑥 + √𝑥

5 − 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 this derivative goes on the denominator as

𝑑)
𝑥4 we integrate

3
 1 Basing on this formula and using the fact that
න 𝑑𝑥 = න(1 − 4𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 4𝑥)2
integration is the reverse of differentiation, then the
(1 − 4𝑥)−2+1
= +𝑐 integral of 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) , where 𝑓(𝑥) is a linear function (of
−4(−2 + 1)
the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) is given by
(1 − 4𝑥)−1
= +𝑐 𝒆𝒇(𝒙)
4
න 𝒆𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
1 𝒇′(𝒙)
= +𝑐
4(1 − 4𝑥) Always note that after integration you add a
c) We are going to follow the same steps as constant 𝑐.
done in the previous two examples
1
3
න √1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න(1 − 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥 EXAMPLE
Integrate the following
1
(1 − 𝑥)3+1 1
= +𝑐 𝑎) 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑏) 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑐) 𝑒 1−3𝑥 𝑑) 𝑒 4𝑥
1
−1 ∙ ( + 1) 2 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥
3
𝑒)
4 𝑒 3𝑥
−3(1 − 𝑥)3
= +𝑐
4

EXERCISE
Solution
Integrate the following with respect to 𝑥
When integrating exponential functions, you just
𝑎) (3𝑥 − 1)3 𝑏) (1 − 2𝑥)4
1
divide the given term by the derivative of its power
𝑐) (1 + 𝑥) −5
𝑑) (7 − 3𝑥)−2 a) In the question our power is 2𝑥. So we start by
3
𝑒) √3 + 𝑥 𝑓) √5𝑥 − 1 differentiating 2𝑥 and then divide the 𝑒 2𝑥 by the
1 5
𝑔) ℎ) derivative of 2𝑥.
√1 − 2𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)3
That is
24 3
𝑖) 1 − 4 𝑗) √(4 − 3𝑥)2 𝑒 2𝑥
√6𝑥 + 5 න 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
2
3 4
𝑘) 𝑙) − 3 b) Doing the same, start by differentiating the power
√(1 − 𝑥)5 √(1 + 3𝑥)2
of 𝑒 ,we get−5. So we have
INTEGRATION OF EXPONE NTIAL FUNCTION 𝑒 −5𝑥
න 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
−5
Remember we said that integration is the reverse of 𝑒 −5𝑥
=− +𝑐
5
differentiation. So all the ideas and concepts in this
c) Here we start by differentiating the power 1 − 3𝑥
topic are going to be developed from the concepts
and we get −3. So the integral is computed as
of differentiation
follows
Given an exponential 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥)
then its derivative is 𝑒 1−3𝑥
න 𝑒 1−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
−3
given by
𝑒 1−3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 =− +𝑐
= 𝑓′(𝑥) ∙ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 3
𝑑𝑥
4
 1 1 𝑑
d) The derivative of 𝑥 is . So the integral is given as (tan 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
4 4
𝑑𝑥
1
1 𝑒 4𝑥 Integrating the terms on the Right Hand Side with
න 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
1
4 respect to 𝑥 we should get the terms on the Left
1 hand side as following
= 4𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑐
e) Here we need to start by breaking down the given න cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥
expression so that it becomes less complicated.
න −sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥
Note that, distributing the denominator on
every term on the numerator we have න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥
2 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
= − + So for trigonometric functions we have
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
Now apply laws of indices and this reduces to 1) න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥
= 2𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥−3𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥−3𝑥 2) න cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑒 3𝑥
Giving us
2 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 3) න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
= 2𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥
In general, we have
So
2 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = න(2𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 1) න sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑎
Now we integrate every term on the Right Hand Side 1
2) න cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
and we get 𝑎
1
2 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 3) න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
න 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = − + 𝑎
𝑒 −3 −2 −1
So the answer is
EXAMPLE
2 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = − + − 𝑒 −𝑥 Integrate
𝑒 3𝑥 3 2
a) sin 5𝑥 b) 6cos(2𝑥 − 3)
EXERCISE 𝜋
c) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (1 − 4𝑥) d) cos (𝑥 − )
2
Integrate, the following , with respect to 𝑥.
1
3 e) 5sin ( 𝑥 − 𝜋) f) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝜋 − 𝑥)
𝑎) 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑏) 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐) 𝑒 4−5𝑥 𝑑) 6𝑒 2𝑥 2
3
1 − 5𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 g) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 3𝑥 h)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝑥+𝜋)
𝑒)
𝑒 −3𝑥
Solution
a) The first step here is to differentiate 5𝑥 and we get
INTEGRATION OF TRIGO NOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.
From differentiation, we know that Since we know than the integral of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 is – 𝑐𝑜𝑠, so
𝑑 our answer will be in terms of − cos 5𝑥 . Hence
(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 cos 5𝑥
𝑑 න sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
(cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 5
𝑑𝑥

5
 1 1 1
= cos 5𝑥 + 𝑐 න 5 sin ( 𝑥 − 𝜋) 𝑑𝑥 = −10 cos ( 𝑥 − 𝜋) + 𝑐
5 2 2
Note that the derivative of 5𝑥 is the one that
becomes the denominator. f) Doing the same procedures, differentiating (𝜋 − 𝑥)
w.r.t.x. gives −1. So

b) Here 6 is just a constant. The first step is to tan(𝜋 − 𝑥)

න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝜋 − 𝑥) = +𝑐
−1
differentiate (2𝑥 − 3) and we get 2. Since this is a
= − tan(𝜋 − 𝑥) + 𝑐
cosine function so its integral is −𝑠𝑖𝑛. The derivative
of the (2𝑥 − 3) becomes the denominator after
g) Here we want to integrate 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 3𝑥 but from the list
integration.
of integral we do not have an integral for a 𝑡𝑎𝑛2
Hence
function. So when you come across something like
6 sin(2𝑥 + 3)
න 6cos(2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑐 this, you have to play with 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 in order to come up
2
Here our answer reduces to with something that is easier to integrate.
Note that 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥.
න 6cos(2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 = −3 sin(2𝑥 − 3) + 𝑐
Hence 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1
So 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 3𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 − 1
c) The integral of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 is 𝑡𝑎𝑛. So our answer will be in Therefore
terms of tan(1 − 4𝑥) . The first step to do is to
න 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
differentiate the Algebra thing i.e (1 − 4𝑥) and we
get −4. = න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 1 𝑑𝑥
Therefore 1
tan(1 − 4𝑥) = tan 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
3
න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (1 − 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
−4 3
h) Here we have . Here again we have to
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝑥+𝜋)
1
= − tan(1 − 4𝑥) + 𝑐 3
4 play around with to get something which
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝑥+𝜋)
𝜋
d) First differentiate (𝑥 − ) and get 1. Then is easier to integrate.
2

integrating a cosine function gives a sine 1

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = sec 𝑥
function . Therefore cos 𝑥
1
𝜋 𝜋 𝐴𝑛𝑑 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
න cos (𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 = sin (𝑥 − ) + 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
2 2
3
𝑆𝑜 2
= 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (2𝑥 + 𝜋)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + 𝜋)
1 1
e) First differentiate ( 𝑥 − 𝜋) and get . Since we are Hence
2 2
integrating a sine function then our answer will be 3
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (2𝑥 + 𝜋) 𝑑𝑥
– 𝑐𝑜𝑠. Hence 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝑥 + 𝜋)
1
1 5 cos ( 𝑥 − 𝜋) 3tan(2𝑥 + 𝜋)
න 5 sin ( 𝑥 − 𝜋) 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 +𝑐 = +𝑐
2 1 2
( )
2 3
This reduces to = tan(2𝑥 + 𝜋) + 𝑐
2
6
 EXERCISE 1 2(2) 1 2(0)
= 𝑒 − 𝑒
Integrate the following with respect to x 2 2
1 1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 − (1)
1 2 2
𝑎) cos 5𝑥 𝑏) sin 7𝑥 𝑐) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( 𝑥) 1 1
4
= 𝑒 2𝑥 −
2 2
1 b) Here we integrate and substitute limits as follows
𝑑) sin(𝜋 − 2𝑥) 𝑒) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑎𝑥) 𝑓) cos ( 𝑥 − 𝜋)
2 1
1
3𝑥 3
න (3𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = [ + 2𝑥]
3 6 1 0 3 0
𝑔) sin 4𝑥 − 5 cos 𝑥 + ℎ) cos (𝜋 − )
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 2
= [𝑥 3 + 2𝑥]10
After integrating, then we substitute the given limits
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
as follows
These are integrals evaluated over certain limits. = [13 + 2(1)] − [03 + 2(0)]
Definite integrals are used in calculation areas, = [1 + 2] − [0 + 0]
volumes, probabilities and distances in kinematics. =3
In the previous examples note that all the answers c) Even given trigonometric expressions we are
had a + 𝑐 at the end. going to follow the same procedure of integrating
If we have a continuous function 𝑓(𝑥) and its anti- first then we substitute upper limit subtracting lower
derivative is 𝐹(𝑥) the limit.
𝑏 𝜋 𝜋
න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎) 4 sin 2𝑥 4
𝑎
න cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ]
0 2 0
This is called the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 𝜋
1 4
= [ sin 2𝑥]
2 0
1 𝜋 1
EXAMPLES = sin (2 ∙ ) − sin(2 ∙ 0)
2 4 2
2 1
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎) න 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) න (3𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 1
= sin − sin 0
𝜋 1
0 0 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 1 1
4 3 4 = (1) − (0)
2 2
𝑐) න cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑) න ( − 5 sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1
0 =
6
2
Solution 1
d) Using trigonometric identities we have = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
a) Here we start by integrating 𝑒 . Note that when 2𝑥
𝜋
4 3
you are given limit (such as in this question we are = න ( 2 − 5 sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
given 0 and 2) you do not need to add a constant 4
𝜋
𝑐 after integration. 3
= න (4𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 5 sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1
Since ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐 4
2 𝜋

Now we ignore the constant c and we have = [4 tan 𝑥 − (−5 cos 𝑥)]𝜋3
6
2 2
1 Substituting the upper limit and the lower limit gives
න 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑒 2𝑥 ]
0 2 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= [4 tan ( ) + 5 cos ( )] − [4 tan ( ) + 5 cos ( )]
Now we substitute 𝑥 = 2 subtracting 𝑥 = 0 as follows 3 3 6 6
7
 1 1 √3 AREA UNDER THE GRAPH
= [4(√3) + 5 ( )] − [4 ( ) + 5 ( )]
2 √3 2
5 4 5√3 Consider the diagram below showing the region R
= 4√3 + − +
2 √3 2 bounded by curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥 −axis and the lines
Rationalising
4
gives
4
×
√3
=
4√3
𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏
√3 √3 √3 3

5 4√3 5√3 𝑦-axis

= 4√3 + − +
2 3 2
Now let us group like terms and as follows

= 4√3 −
4√3 5√3 5
+ +
𝑅
3 2 2
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Finding the common denominator for the term in √3
𝑎 𝑏
and simplifying, we get
31√3 5 The area of the region R is given by
= +
6 2 𝑏
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS 𝑎
𝑏
𝑎 Or 𝐴 = ∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1) න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
2) න [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± න 𝑔(𝑥) LIMITS OF INTEGRATIO N
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 Consider the two diagrams below
3) න 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
4) න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐

for 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏

𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑏 𝑎 𝒙=𝒂 𝒙=𝒃
5) න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
Here in the diagram above our area R is bounded
EXERCISE by the 𝑥 −values which are 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 so we

Evaluate the following definite integrals integrate with respect to 𝑥 hence the area is given
by the formula
2 1
2 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑎) න (3𝑥 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 𝑏) න (𝑒 − 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑏
1 0 𝐴𝑥 = න 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑥 = න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝜋
3
3 Note that for you to use these equations, the
𝑐) න (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑) න √1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0 equation of the function/graph must be explicitly
𝜋
3
6 given in terms of 𝑦. If the equation is not explicitly in
𝑒) න (1 − 3𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥 𝑓) න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0 𝑦 , then you need to make 𝑦 the subject of the
formula so that it is analogous to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

8
Now let’s look at the diagram below 𝑏
𝐴𝑥 = න 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 Here 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = 4 and 𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 𝑥 2 . So

4

𝑦=𝑑
𝐴𝑥 = න (5𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
4
5𝑥 2 𝑥 3
=[ − ]
2 3 1

𝑦=𝑐
5(4)2 (4)3 5(1)2 (1)3
=[ − ]−[ − ]
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 2 3 2 3
64 5 1
= [40 − ]−[ − ]
3 2 3
In the diagram above, note that our area is 56 13
= −
3 6
bounded by the 𝑦 − limit 𝑦 = 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑑 . So in 1
= 16 𝑠𝑞𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
calculating this are we are going to use these 𝑦 - 2

Areas is measure in square units

limits, hence we integrate with respect to y i.e 𝑑𝑦.
Therefore, the are above is given by
𝑑 𝑑 EXAMPLE 2
𝐴𝑦 = න 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑦 = න 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑐
Study the diagram below. Calculate the shaded

In most cases (or most questions) the function is given area

in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) not 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦). If you are using 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

the 𝑦 −limits and the function/graph is given in the
form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) then to you will need to make 𝑥 the
subject of the formula in order to make the equation
of the graph be in the form 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦).
3
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
EXAMPLE 1 1 2

Calculate the area shaded below

Solution
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑏
𝐴𝑥 = න 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
3

1 4 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = න (𝑒 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
1 4 3
𝑒 2𝑥
=[ + 𝑥]
2 1

Solution 𝑒 2(3) 𝑒 2(1)

=[ + 3] − [ + 1]
2 2
In the question we can clearly see that, we are going
𝑒6 𝑒2
to use the 𝑥 −values, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 4 as our limits of = +3− +1
2 2
integration, hence we re usinh the formula
9
 𝑒6 𝑒2 4 3
= − +4 3𝑦 3
2 2 =[ ]
1
4
Factoring out on everything gives 0
2
4 4
1 3(3)3
3(0)3
= (𝑒 6 − 𝑒 2 + 8) 𝑠𝑞𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 =[ ]−[ ]
2 4 4

= 3.245 𝑠𝑞𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

EXAMPLE 3
The diagram shows the area, A, bounded by the
EXAMPLE 4
graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , the 𝑦 -axis and the line 𝑦 = 3.
Calculate the areas shaded in the diagram below.
Calculate the area of A. 𝑦
𝑦
𝑦
5
𝑦𝑦
3

2
𝑥𝑥
𝑥
𝑥

−3

Solution
Here we are going to integrate with respect to 𝑦
Solution
because we are using the 𝑦-limits 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑦 = 5. So
In this question, note that we are now using the 𝑦-
𝑑
limits 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 3. So in doing the integration we 𝐴𝑦 = න 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
aree going to integrate with respect to 𝑦. Therefore
First let us make 𝑥 the subject of the formula
we are using the formula
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 3
𝑑
𝐴𝑦 = න 𝑥 𝑑𝑦. 𝑥 = √𝑦 + 3
𝑐
𝑑
So 𝑐 = 0 and 𝑑 = 3. Since we are going to integrate 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑦 = න 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
𝑥 𝑑𝑦, then to find this 𝑥 we make 𝑥 the subject of the 5

formula on the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 . 3 = න √𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑦

2
So 𝑥 = √𝑦
3 5 1
= න (𝑦 + 3)2 𝑑𝑦
This makes a function of 𝑦 , that is 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) 2

3 5
Therefore, the area A is computed as follows 2(𝑦 + 3)2
3 =[ ]
3
𝐴 = න 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2
0
3 3
3 2(5 + 3)2 2(2 + 3)2
= න 3√𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =[ ]−[ ]
0
3 3
3 1
= න 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 2√512 2√125
0 = −
3 3

10
EXERCISE AREA BOUNDED BETWEEN CURVES
1) Calculate the area of the following

𝑦 Consider the shaded area in the diagrams below

a) 𝑦

𝑥
1 4

𝑥
𝑦 𝑎 𝑏
b)

1 2

𝑥
𝑎 𝑏

b) 𝑦
The area shaded above is calculated as follows
𝑏
3 𝐴 = න [ 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2
All you need to do is integrate with the function
𝑥
above subtracting the function below it.

𝑦 EXAMPLE 5
Calculate the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +
d) 4
1 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3
Solution
Here we need a sketch so that we can clearly see
1 𝑥 what we are dealing with

2) Calculate the area R bounded by the curve

𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10, the 𝑥 −axis and the lines 𝑥 = −3
and 𝑥 = 1.
𝑥
3) The equation of a curve 𝐶 is given by 𝑦 = 3√𝑥. Find
𝑎 the value of 𝑏𝑎 and 𝑏, so we
Here we do not have
the area bounded by C, the 𝑥axis and the lines
need to find these points first. Note that 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 4.
the 𝑥-ordinates of the points intersection of these
4) Calculate the area in the first quadrant bounded
two functions.
by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2 , the 𝑦-axis and the line
𝑦 = 3 and 𝑦 = 6.
11
To find the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏 we solve the Note that in the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑐, the function 𝑓(𝑥)
simultaneous equations is above 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑦 =𝑥+3 Hence the area bounded by these two curves in
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1 the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑐 is given by
Using the substitution method, we have 𝑐
න [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 3 = 𝑥2 + 1 𝑎

0 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 But in the interval 𝑐 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, its now different. The

0 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) function 𝑔(𝑥) is now above 𝑓(𝑥). So the area
∴ 𝑥 = −1 or 2 bounded by these two curves in the interval 𝑐 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
Hence 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑏 = 2 𝑏 is
𝑏
Since
න [ 𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐
𝐴 = න [ 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 So to calculate the areas bounded by these two
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 the function above; and 𝑔(𝑥) = curves in the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, we work them
𝑥 2 + 1, the function below, see diagram separately or we can calculate it as follows
2 𝑐 𝑏
𝐴 = න [(𝑥 + 3) − (𝑥 2 + 1)] 𝑑𝑥 න [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 + න [𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑎 𝑐
2
= න (𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1
2 AREA BELOW THE 𝒙-AXIS
𝑥2 𝑥3
= [ + 2𝑥 − ]
2 3 −1
Consider the diagram below with areas
22 23 (−1)2 (−1)3
= [ + 2(2) − ] − [ + 2(−1) − ] 𝐴1 ; 𝐴2 and 𝐴3
2 3 2 3
10 7 bounded by a continuous function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and
= − [− ]
3 6 the 𝑥 −axis
9
= 𝑠𝑞𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
2 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑨𝟐
Suppose you have a diagram like the one below in 𝑐
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑
𝑨𝟏
which function are crossing each other at 𝑥 = 𝑐 and 𝑨𝟑
you want to calculate the area in the interval
𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 where 𝑐 lies in-between 𝑎 and 𝑏.

Note that
𝑏
𝐴1 = න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑐
𝐴2 = න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑏
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏
12
 𝑑
Solution
𝐴3 = න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐 Always make a sketch when attempting these type
Note that the areas 𝑨𝟏 and 𝑨𝟑 are below the 𝑥 − of questions
𝑦
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Since 1𝑨𝟏 and 𝑨𝟑 are below the 𝑥-axis, then their 𝑨𝟏
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
areas are negative. The area of 𝑨𝟐 will be positive 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝟑𝝅 2𝜋
2 𝑨𝟐 𝟐

because the 𝑨𝟐 is above the 𝑥-axis. −1

Since area is a quantity that does not needs to be Here we have split the areas into two regions 𝐴1
negative, then for the areas of 𝑨𝟏 and 𝑨𝟑 we ignore and 𝐴2 .
the negative sign or we can the absolute values. Calculating these areas separately gives
This will lead us to the following results 𝜋

𝑏
𝐴1 = න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝐴1 = |න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥|,
𝑎 = [− cos 𝑥]𝜋0
𝑑
= (− cos 𝜋) − (− cos 0)
𝐴3 = |න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥|
𝑐 = −(−1) − −1
Therefore, the total areas, A, bounded by the =2
curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥-axis in the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑑 is 2𝜋

𝒅
𝐴2 = න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝑨 = න 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = |𝑨𝟏 | + 𝑨𝟐 + |𝑨𝟑 |
𝒂 = [− cos 𝑥]2𝜋
𝜋

Note that, to integrate from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑑 we have = (− cos 2𝜋) − (− cos 𝜋)

to partition/split our areas into three interval namely = −(1) − (1)
𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏; 𝑏 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑐; 𝑐 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑑 and calculate the = −2
areas separately. Calculating these areas Here we ignore the negative. The purpose of the
separately will help us cater for the regions like 𝑨𝟏 negative sign on the answer is to show us that the
and 𝑨𝟑 with negative areas. area which we are calculating is below the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
If you do not partition or split your area, those Hence 𝐴2 = 2
negatives will not be ignored during calculation Therefore, the area, A
and may affect your final answer 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
=2+2
That is why we encourage you to make a sketch
=4
first before delving into the calculation. A sketch will
help you identifying portions that may have Note that if you say
𝟐𝝅
negative signed areas. 𝑨 = න 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟎
You will get = [− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙]𝟐𝝅
𝟎
EXAMPLE 6 = (− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅) − (− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟎)
Calculate the areas, A, bounded by the
= −𝟏 − (−𝟏)
function 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and the 𝑥 −axis in the interval 0 ≤
=𝟎
𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
13
And this will be wrong because it is like you have c) Hence find the area bounded by 𝑦 =
summed up 𝑨𝟏 = 𝟐 and 𝑨𝟐 = −𝟐 , without ignoring sin 𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 and the line 𝑦 = .
1
2
the negative sign on 𝑨𝟐 and get zero. So always
split your areas if you have areas lying on different
sides of the 𝒙 −axis. VOLUMES OF REVOLUTIO N

EXERCISE Consider the area shown below

𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
1) The diagram below shows the curve
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 intersecting
at points 𝐴 and 𝐵.

𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

If this area is rotated about the y-axis, we obtain a

𝐴 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
solid shape (bowl-shaped) like the one below
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

a) Find the coordinate of A and B

b) Find area bounded by the curve
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1.
2) Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
3) a) On the same axes, sketch the graph of
𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 2 and the graph of 𝑦 = −𝑥.
b) Find the coordinates of the point of Now look at the area below

intersection of the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the line 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2.
c) Hence find the area between the graph
of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2. 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

If this area is rotated 360° about the 𝑥-axis we

obtain a solid shapes like the one below
4) a) On the same axes draw the graph of 𝑦 =
1
sin 𝑥 and the line𝑦 = for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.
2

b) Given that the graph 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤

1
𝜋 meets the line 𝑦 = at the points 𝑃 and
2

𝑄.Find the coordinates of 𝑃 and 𝑄.

14
 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 Since the area has been rotated about the x-axis
then we are using the formula
𝑏
𝑉𝑥 = 𝜋 න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎

Since 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1
2
Then 𝑦 2 = (√𝑥 − 1)
𝑦2 = 𝑥 − 1
So in general, when an area is rotated 360° about So the volume is
an axis, a solid shape is formed. 5
𝑉𝑥 = 𝜋 න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
The following are the formulas we use when 2
5
calculating the volumes generated by an area = 𝜋 න (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
2
rotated about a certain axis:
5
𝑥2
The volume when an area is rotated 360° or = 𝜋 [ − 𝑥]
2 2
2𝜋 radians about the 𝑥 −axis is
52 22
𝒃 = 𝜋[ − 5] − 𝜋 [ − 2]
𝑽𝒙 = 𝝅 න 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 2 2
𝒂
15
Note that 𝑎 and 𝑏 are 𝑥 −limits = 𝜋 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2
When an area is rotated about the y-axis we use Volume is measured in cubic units
the formula
𝒅
EXAMPLE 2
𝑽𝒚 = 𝝅 න 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚
𝒄 Calculate the volume generated by the area A
Here 𝑐 and 𝑑 are 𝑦-limits bounded by the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2, the 𝑦 −axis and
the lines 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = 3, is rotated 2𝜋 radians
EXAMPLE 1 about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Calculate the volume generated by the area in the
Solution
first quadrant bounded by curve 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1, the 𝑥-
Sketch first
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
axis and the lines 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 5 when rotated 360
about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 3 To draw the
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Solution graph of
1
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2, you
The first thing needed here is to make a sketch of first draw the
the region in question so that we can have a clear graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
and then
visualization. shift/translate it 2
𝑦 unit vertically
Since the area is rotated bout
downwads
the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 then the volume
𝑥 is 𝑉𝑦 and is given by
1 2 5

15
 𝑑 𝑏 𝑏
Since 𝑉𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑉𝑔(𝑥) = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 [𝑔(𝑥)]2
𝑉𝑦 = 𝜋 න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
Then the volume, 𝑉, generated by the shaded area
Since we have the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2
in the above diagram is given by
Then by making 𝑥 the subject of the formula we get 𝑏 𝑏
2 2
3
𝑥 = √𝑦 + 2 𝑉 = 𝜋 න ൣ𝑓(𝑥)൧ − 𝜋 න ൣ𝑔(𝑥)൧
𝑎 𝑎

Now we substitute this into the formula for the

Volume generated with the limits𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = 3. EXERCISE
𝑑 1) The region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
2
𝑉𝑦 = 𝜋 න 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 ,𝑥 −axis 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3 is rotated 360° about
𝑑
2 the 𝑥 −axis. Find the volume of the solid
= 𝜋 න ( 3√𝑦 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 generated.
3 2
= 𝜋 න (𝑦 + 2)3 𝑑𝑦 2) Find the volume of the solid generated when a
1
region bounded by the lines 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1, the
5 3
3(𝑦 + 2)3 𝑦 −axis and the lines 𝑦 = 2 and y=4 is rotated
= 𝜋[ ]
5
1
2𝜋 radians about the 𝑦 −axis.
5 5 3) A region 𝑅, lying in the first quadrant, is
3(3 + 2)3 3(1 + 2)3
= 𝜋[ ]−𝜋[ ] bounded the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 , the axes and the
5 5

3
line 𝑦 = 4. If 𝑅 is rotated completely about the
Factoring out 𝜋 we get
5 y-axis, a solid 𝑉 is formed. Find the volume of 𝑉.
3𝜋 5 5
= [53 − 33 ] 4) Calculate the volume generated when the
5
= 15.796 area bounded by the curves 𝑦 = √2𝑥 − 1, the 𝑥-
axis and the lines 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2 is rotated

Now let us look and the diagram below completely about the 𝑥-axis.
5) The diagram below shows two graphs 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
and 𝑦 = √𝑥 bounding the region 𝑅 (see
diagram). 𝑃 is a point (1; 1) at which these two
curves intersect.
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑦

𝑃(1; 1)
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑎 𝑏
𝑅
The volume generated, say 𝑉 by the shaded area if
rotated about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is given by 𝑥

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑉𝑔(𝑥)
where 𝑉𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑉𝑔(𝑥) are the volumes generated by a) Find the area of 𝑅.

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) respectively, when rotated b) Calculate the volume generate when R is

about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. rotated 2𝜋 radians about the 𝑦 −axis.

16
 𝟏
INTEGRATION OF
𝒂𝒙+𝒃
Solution

Like we said from the start of this topic, Integration is a) First you differentiate the denominator 3𝑥 +
2 and you get [Link] this derivative now
the reverse of differentiation. Integration is the
becomes the denominator as is below
process of finding antiderivatives of a function 1 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln(3𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐
3𝑥 + 2 3
Now note that, from differential calculus,
𝑑 1
1) (ln 𝑥) = b) Again we start by differentiating the
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 𝑎 denominator 5 − 2𝑥 and we get −2. Then this −2
2) [ln(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)] =
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 becomes the denominator after integration as
′ (𝑥)
𝑑 𝑓
3) {ln[𝑓(𝑥)]} = follows
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
1 1
Hence from these three statements, we can infer න 𝑑𝑥 = ln(5 − 2𝑥) + 𝑐
5 − 2𝑥 −2
that 1
= − ln(5 − 2𝑥) + 𝑐
1 2
1) න 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 c) Here let us start by employing this property
𝑎
2) න 𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 න 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓′(𝑥) As follows
3) න 𝑑𝑥 = ln[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑐 3 1
𝑓(𝑥)
න 𝑑𝑥 = 3 න 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 − 1 4𝑥 − 1
From the second statement above we can 1
= 3 ∙ ln(4𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐
generalise that 4
3
𝟏 𝟏 = ln(4𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐
න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) 4
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 𝒂
1 d) We are doing the same steps as in the previous
Note that is the reciprocal of the derivative of the
𝑎
example
denominator. −7 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = −7 න 𝑑𝑥
3−𝑥 3−𝑥
EXAMPLE 1 1
= −7 ∙ ln(3 − 𝑥) + 𝑐
−1
Integrate the following , with respect to 𝑥.
= 7 ln(3 − 𝑥) + 𝑐
1 1
𝑎) 𝑏) e) Note that, in the previous examples, the
3𝑥 + 2 5 − 2𝑥
numerator was a constant (independent of 𝑥).
3 −7
𝑐) 𝑑) So for us to integrate this expression, we must
4𝑥 − 1 3−𝑥
make sure that the numerator must be a
1 5
𝑒) 𝑓) constant and the denominator must be linear.
2𝑥 3𝑥
2𝑥 So here we are going to employ some little
𝑔)
𝑥−3 algebraic manipulation.

17
 For a problem like this , we start by doing long employ other algebraic techniques such as long
division , since it is an improper fraction (i.e. the division, partialisation of fractions and factorisation in
numerator 2𝑥 is bigger that the denominator for order to have a constant numerator and a linear
all 𝑥 > −3). denominator.
Doing the long division, we have Look at the following example.
2
𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 EXAMPLE 2
− (2𝑥 − 6) Evaluate
6 5
2𝑥 + 5
න 𝑑𝑥
4 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
2𝑥 6
Now we know that ≡ 2 + 𝑥−3. So leaving your answer in exact form
𝑥−3
2𝑥 6 Solution
න 𝑑𝑥 = න (2 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−3 𝑥−3
Given something like this, we can clearly see
6
= න 2 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥 that the numerator is not a constant and the
𝑥−3
= 2𝑥 + 6 ln(𝑥 − 3) + 𝑐 denominator is not linear.
2𝑥+5
So lets us try by expressing (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) as partial
f) Note that the numerator here is a constant and
fractions.
the denominator is linear, of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 with
2𝑥 + 5 𝐴 𝐵
𝑏 = 0. So this is easier to integrate, hence we = +
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2
have 2𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)
1 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln 2𝑥 + 𝑐 Putting 𝑥 = 2 we have
2𝑥 2
2(2) + 5 = 𝐴(2 − 2) + 𝐵(2 + 1)
g) This is similar to the previous question. So we say
9 = 3𝐵
5 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = 5 න 𝑑𝑥 𝐵=3
3𝑥 3𝑥
1 Putting 𝑥 = −1 we get
= 5 ∙ ln 3𝑥 + 𝑐
3 2(−1) + 5 = 𝐴(−1 − 2) + 𝐵(−1 + 1)
5
= ln 3𝑥 + 𝑐 3 = −3𝐴
3
𝐴 = −1
The idea behind these type of expressions is to have
2𝑥 + 5 −1 3
a constant numerator and a linear denomination. = +
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2
Also note that the power of the denominator is −1. If
Now Right hand side is now easier to
the power of the denominator is not −1 we use other
integrate
integration techniques like that concept of adding 1 5
2𝑥 + 5 5
−1 3
න 𝑑𝑥 = න ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
to the power then divide by the new power. 4 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 4 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2
5 5
−1 3
=න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥
At times we may be given expression like the one in 4 𝑥+1 4 𝑥 − 2

the last worked example, in which we have to

18
 5
1 5
1 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 1 𝑥3 − 4
= −1 න 𝑑𝑥 + 3 න 𝑑𝑥 𝑙) 𝑚)
4 𝑥+1 4 𝑥−2 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12 𝑥+4
= −1[ln(𝑥 + 1)]54 + 3[ln(𝑥 − 2)]54
2) Find the exact value of
= −1[ln(5 + 1) − ln(4 + 1)] + 3[ln(5 −
2) − ln(4 − 2)] 1
𝑥+2
න 𝑑𝑥
= −1 [ln 6 − ln 5] + 3[ln 3 − ln 2] 0 𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 3

= − ln 6 + ln 5 + 3ln 3 − 3 ln 2
Remember that Pln 𝐴 = ln 𝐴𝑃
= − ln 6 + ln 5 + ln 33 − ln 23
= ln 5 + ln 27 − ln 6 − ln 8
Applying laws of logarithms ln 𝐴 + ln 𝐵 = ln(𝐴𝐵) and
𝐴
ln 𝐴 − ln 𝐵 = ln ( ) .
𝐵

5 × 27
= ln ( )
6×8
45
= ln
16

EXERCISE
Integrate the following with respect to 𝑥

1) Integrate the following rational expressions

with respect to 𝑥.

3 4
𝑎) 𝑏)
2𝑥 + 3 1−𝑥

4 4
𝑐) 𝑑) 3(3 − 2𝑥)−1 +
1 + 5𝑥 3𝑥

4 5
𝑒) 𝑓)
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥(𝑥 − 3)

1 6
𝑔) ℎ)
𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 6

4𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5
𝑖) 𝑗)
(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥+1

𝑥2
𝑘)
𝑥−3

19
INTEGRATION Step 2: Making dx subject of the formula we
have
TECHNIQUES 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥
There are integration methods or techniques used to 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
integrate the product or quotient of two or more 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
functions 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Step 3: Substituting 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 9 and 𝑑𝑥 = on
2𝑥

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION ∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 9)5 𝑑𝑥 we have

This is a technique used to integrate complex න 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 9)5 𝑑𝑥

functions. This method introduces another variable, 𝑑𝑢

= න 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑢5 ∙
through substitution thus reducing the complexity of 2𝑥

the integrand. = න 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢

𝑢6
= +𝑐
6
Steps Followed When Integrating by
Substitution But 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 9 Hence we have

Suppose you are want to compute ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 with (𝑥 2 + 9)6

= +𝑐
6
respect to 𝑥.
1) Differentiate the given substitution, say EXAMPLE 2
3𝑥 2
𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) w.r.t.x Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥 using the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 4.
√𝑥 3 −4
2) Make 𝑑𝑥 the subject of the formula
Solution
3) Now substitute 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) and 𝑑𝑥,
Step 1: 𝑢 = 𝑥3 − 4
derived on step 2 into ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. Some 𝑑𝑢
= 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥-variables will cancel out
Step 2: Making 𝑑𝑥 the subject of the formula gives
4) Integrate with respect to 𝑢
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
5) Using the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) , 3𝑥 2

replace 𝑢 with 𝑔(𝑥). Step 3:

3𝑥 2 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢
∫√ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ .
𝑥 3 −4 √𝑢 3𝑥 2

1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢
EXAMPLE 1 1
Using the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 9 , find the = ∫ 𝑢 −2 𝑑𝑢
indefinite integral 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 9)5 .
1
= 2𝑢 2 + 𝑐
Solution 1
Step 4 = 2(𝑥 3 − 4)2 + 𝑐
Here we want to compute ∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 9)5 𝑑𝑥.
= 2√𝑥 3 − 4 + 𝑐
Step 1 : 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 9 Differentiating w.r.t.x
𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 EXAMPLE 2

20
Using the substitution 𝑢 = cos 2𝑥, evaluate 1 1 4 1
= − ( ( ) − (1)4 )
𝜋 4 2 4
6
න 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 15
0 =
64
Solution
Note that in the process of integration, there was a
By now I expect that you have mastered the steps
point I dropped off the integration limits and then I
followed when integrating by substitution
brought them back. There is also another method of
Step 1: 𝑢 = cos 2𝑥
changing the limits rather than dropping them off.
𝑑𝑢
= −2 sin 2𝑥 That method is left for you to research.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 =
−2 sin 2𝑥 EXAMPLE 3
Step2 & 3: Substitute and integrate Evaluate
𝜋
2
𝜋 න cos 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6 0
න 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 Using the substitution 𝑢 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 Solution:
= න 2 sin 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑢3
−2 sin 2𝑥
At this point we are no longer showing the steps, if
Note that at this level, we have ignored the limits
you have not mastered these steps, please revisit the
because they are 𝑥 − values and we are now
previous examples.
dealing with 𝑢 so we ignore them for the mean time
𝑢 = sin 𝑥
3
= න −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= cos 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑢4 𝜋
=−4 2 𝑑𝑢
න cos 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න cos 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑢 ∙
0 cos 𝑥
There is no need to add a constant 𝑐 here because
we are working with a definite integral. = න 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

(cos 2𝑥)4 = 𝑒𝑢
Step 4: Substitution =− 4
= 𝑒 sin 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝑥 𝜋
=− 4 = [𝑒 sin 𝑥 ]02
Now we bring back the limits of integration since the 𝜋
= [𝑒 sin( 2 ) ] − [𝑒 sin 0 ]
answer is now in terms of the 𝑥-variable
𝜋 = 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 6
=𝑒−1
= −[ ]
4 0
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2 ( ) 4
= − ([ 6 ] − [𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(0)])
4 4

1 𝜋 1
= − ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 ( ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (0))
4 3 4

21
INTEGRATION BY RECOGNITION EXAMPLE 1
Integrate the following with respect to 𝑥.
This is a techniques similar to substitution by the only
cos 𝑥 3𝑥 2
difference is that this technique is straightforward. It 𝑎) (4𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5)7 𝑏) 𝑐)
sin 𝑥 √𝑥 3 + 7
does not involve al the processes and steps of
6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1 2
𝑑) 𝑒) 2𝑥𝑒𝑥
differentiation and substitution involved in 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
Integration by substitution. 𝑓) (2𝑥 − 1) sin(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3) 𝑔) 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑒 2𝑥 )

In using the recognition technique, you must have 1

ℎ) tan 𝑥 𝑖)
𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥
a product of two functions , say 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥), and
Solution
the function 𝑔(𝑥) must be the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥).
In all these expressions given above, all we need to
Integration by recognition is used in scenarios like
do is to identify 𝑓(𝑥) and its derivative 𝑓′(𝑥). Do not
2
3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
න 2𝑥(𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 ; න sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; න 2 𝑑𝑥 mind about the squareroots and powers outside
𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 7
Note that in the above examples, we have a brackets.

product of two functions , that is a function 𝑓(𝑥) and

its derivative 𝑓 ′ (𝑥). When you have a situation like a)

this , then the technique of recognition can be න(4𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5)7 𝑑𝑥

employed. This is the same as ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥

The table below can help you on using the Note that 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5
Recognition technique 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 3
Form Answer So here we can use integration by
1 [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1 recognition
න 𝑓′(𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 +𝑐
𝑛+1 [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
For 𝑛 ≠ −1 Since න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1
2 𝑓′(𝑥) ln 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 Then
න 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)
(2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5)7+1
3 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥)
+𝑐 න(4𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5)7 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 7+1
1
= (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5)8 + 𝑐
4 න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) sin[𝑓(𝑥)]
− cos 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 8

5 sin 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 cos 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) cos[𝑓(𝑥)] b) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 is similar to ∫
sin 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

6 tan 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 Where 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥

න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 [𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑓′(𝑥)
Since න 𝑑𝑥 = ln[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑐
This method is more similar to the method of 𝑓(𝑥)
substitution. Note that if you use the method of Then
substitution, those derivatives will be cancelled out. cos 𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln[sin 𝑥] + 𝑐
sin 𝑥
The main idea behind this method is the ability to
3𝑥 2
recognise 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓′(𝑥) on the integrand. c) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ 𝑥 3 +7

22
 The idea here is to find 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥). Usually the And we know that ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) sin 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐.
numerator is the derivative of the denominator. So
So 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 7 (ignore the square root) and
3
න(2𝑥 − 1) sin(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 = cos(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3) + 𝑐
′ (𝑥) 2
𝑓 = 3𝑥
Now note that g) Here we want to find ∫ 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑒 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 2 1
Note that 2𝑒 2𝑥 is the derivative of 𝑒 2𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 7)−2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 3 +7
So in this case 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
And this is analogous to ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑛
∙ [𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
So in this question we are dealing with
Hence
1 න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 7)−2+1
න 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
√𝑥 3 + 7 1
− +1 And from the table we know that
2
න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
= 2√ 𝑥 3 + 7 + 𝑐
Hence
d)
න 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑒 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = tan(𝑒 2𝑥 ) + 𝑐
6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1 𝑓′(𝑥)
න 3 2
dx ≡ න 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑓(𝑥)
where 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 and h) To integrate tan 𝑥 we use the identity
sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 1
sin 𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥) න tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
Since න 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑓(𝑥)
Now note that the numerator is almost close to
Then
the derivative of the denominator except that it
6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1
න 3 𝑑𝑥 = ln(2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐 needs to be multiplied by −1 to become the
2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
derivative of the denominator.

2 Also note that when using integration by

e) ∫ 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is similar to ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
recognition, the derivative must be on the
′ (𝑥)𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
Since න𝑓 =𝑒 +𝑐 𝑔(𝑥)
numerator when given expression of the form .
ℎ(𝑥)
2 2
Then න 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 Now here we are manipulating the numerator so
that it becomes the derivative of the
f) ∫(2𝑥 − 1) sin(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 denominator
The idea here is to identify a function and its sin 𝑥
න tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥
derivative cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 −1
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 and 𝑓′(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 =න × 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 −1
Therefore
1 − sin 𝑥
= න 𝑑𝑥
න(2𝑥 − 1) sin(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 ≡ න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) sin 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 −1 cos 𝑥

23
 The thing we want to integrate is now of the 𝑒𝑥 [ln 𝑥]2
𝑐) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑑) න 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′(𝑥) √1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
form ∫ 𝑑𝑥 , and
𝑓(𝑥) cos 3𝑥
𝑒) න cot 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓) න 𝑑𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥) (4 + sin 3𝑥)2
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) Solution
Hence 1
𝑎) න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 √tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 (tan 𝑥) 2 𝑑𝑥
1 − sin 𝑥 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
−1 cos 𝑥 −1 By recognition this is
= − ln cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
−1 න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
= ln(cos 𝑥) +𝑐 𝑛+1
1 with 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
But (cos 𝑥)−1 = = sec 𝑥
cos 𝑥 3
1 (tan 𝑥)2
Hence we have So න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 2
(tan 𝑥) 2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
3
= ln sec 𝑥 + 𝑐 2
2 3
∴ න tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sec 𝑥 + 𝑐 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐
3
1 3
i) ∫ 𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 + 𝑐
2
Here we need to do some algebra so that we 2 1
𝑏) න cos(ln 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 න cos(ln 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
see what ∫
1
𝑑𝑥 looks like 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥
1
Note that, by recognition, is the derivative
Note that 𝑥
1
1 of ln 𝑥 . So 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
1 𝑥
= 𝑥 1
𝑥 ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥 න cos(ln 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 ≡ න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) cos 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
1
Hence න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Since න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) cos 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑥 ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥
1
Note that the derivative of ln 𝑥 is . 1
𝑥 2 න cos(ln 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∙ sin(ln 𝑥) + 𝑐
1 𝑥
Then it follows that 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = .
𝑥 2
1 ∴ න cos(ln 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin(ln 𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≡ න 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
ln 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑒𝑥 1
1 𝑐) න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )−2 𝑑𝑥
√1 + 𝑒𝑥
Therefore න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln(ln 𝑥) + 𝑐
ln 𝑥 Note that this is similar to ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥
1 where 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥
Hence න 𝑑𝑥 = ln(ln 𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑥 ln 𝑥
Like we said earlier on, we ignore the power
1
− when choosing 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥).
EXAMPLE 2 2

Find [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
Since න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
2 𝑛+1
𝑎) න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥√tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) න cos(ln 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

24
 1 1 5 cos 5𝑥 1
𝑥 (1
1
𝑥 )−2
(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )−2+1 න 𝑑𝑥 = ln (sin 5𝑥) + 𝑐
Hence න𝑒 +𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 5 sin 5𝑥 5
1
− +1 1
2
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 න cot 5𝑥 = ln(sin 5𝑥) + 𝑐
1 5
= 2(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )2 +𝑐
= 2√1 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 cos 3𝑥
𝑓) න 𝑑𝑥 = න cos 3𝑥 (4 + sin 3𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥
(4 + sin 3𝑥)2
[ln 𝑥]2 1 Like we said earlier, for us to use the technique of
𝑑) න 𝑑𝑥 = න ∙ [ln 𝑥]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
1
recognition, first we ignore the power -2 and then
By recognition, is the derivative of ln 𝑥.
𝑥 look at the two function cos 3𝑥 and 4 + sin 3𝑥. One of
1
So 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= these two functions must be a derivative of the other
𝑥
𝑛+1
[𝑓(𝑥)] or it must be close to the derivative of the other.
But න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1 Note that if 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 + sin 3𝑥 then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 cos 3𝑥 and
2+1
1 [ln 𝑥]
So න ∙ [ln 𝑥]2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 this is pretty close to our numerator except for the
𝑥 2+1
multiplicative constant 3.
[ln 𝑥]2 1
Hence න 𝑑𝑥 = [ln 𝑥]3 + 𝑐
𝑥 3 To make the numerator be the derivative of the
denominator we multiply the integrand with a
cos 5𝑥
𝑒) න cot 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 3
special 1 which is in this case
sin 5𝑥 3

Now note that the derivative of sin 5𝑥 is 5 cos 5𝑥. So Multiplying with a special 1 we get
we need to make the numerator be the derivative cos 3𝑥 3
න 𝑑𝑥 = න cos 3𝑥 (4 + sin 3𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥 ×
(4 + sin 3𝑥)2 3
of the numerator, hence we are going to multiply
5 3
both the numerator and the denominator by . This = න cos 3𝑥 (4 + sin 3𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥
5 3
5
is called a special 1. It is special in the sense that it 1
5 = න 3 cos 3𝑥 (4 + sin 3𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥
3
makes our calculations simpler.
Now the integrand is in the form 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛
5
Multiplying our integrand by a special 1 which is we
5 Since we know that
have [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
cos 5𝑥 5 𝑛+1
=න 𝑑𝑥 ∙
sin 5𝑥 5 Then it follows that
5 cos 5𝑥
=න 𝑑𝑥 (4 + sin 3𝑥)−2+1
5 sin 5𝑥 න 3 cos 3𝑥 (4 + sin 3𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
−2 + 1
1 5 cos 5𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 Hence
5 sin 5𝑥
1 1 (4 + sin 3𝑥)−2+1
Note that the numerator s now a derivative of the න 3 cos 3𝑥 (4 + sin 3𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥 = ∙ +𝑐
3 3 −2 + 1
denominator
(4 + sin 3𝑥)−1
𝑓 , (𝑥) = +𝑐
This is now in the form ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3(−1)
𝑓(𝑥)
1
𝑓 , (𝑥) =− +𝑐
And we know that ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 3(4 + sin 3𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥)
Thus
Therefore
25
 cos 3𝑥 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑐 INTEGRATION BY PARTS
(4 + sin 3𝑥) 2 3(4 + sin 3𝑥)
This technique of integration is used when we want
EXERCISE to integrate a product of two function , say 𝑢 and
𝑑𝑣
another function which is a derivative of some
1) Integrate, w.r.t.x 𝑑𝑥

𝑎) 2𝑥(3 + 𝑥 2 )5 𝑏) 3𝑥 2 cos(𝑥 3 ) unknown function.

2𝑥 + 1 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
𝑐) 𝑑) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 න𝒖 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒖𝒗 − න 𝒗 𝒅𝒙
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 1 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 This formula was derived from the product rule in
𝑒) 𝑥𝑒 5𝑥 𝑓)
(sec 𝑥)4
differentiation.
𝑒𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥
𝑔) ℎ)
√𝑒 𝑥 + 2 1 − sin 2𝑥
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 EXAMPLE 1
𝑖) 3 𝑗) sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −4 𝑥
√1 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 Find න 5𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2) Find Solution
𝑥 1 + √𝑥 Here we have two function 5𝑥 and 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑎) න sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑐) න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 5 √𝑥 First let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 and the other function we call it
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 2
4 −1
𝑑) න 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑒) න cos 2𝑥 √1 − 5 sin 2𝑥 𝑓) න 2 𝑒 1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 So
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑒 3𝑥 .
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑥 tan 3𝑥 Now for use to use the formula for integrating by
𝑔) න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 √1 + tan 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ℎ) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑖) න 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
parts we need 𝑢; 𝑣; 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Since 𝑢 = 5𝑥
3) Evaluate
𝜋 𝑑𝑢
4 1 3 3 =5
3 𝑑𝑥
𝑎) න 𝑥2 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
1 0
and again = 𝑒 3𝑥 (integrating this thing will give
𝑑𝑥

us 𝑣)
𝑑𝑣
න = න 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥
𝑣=
3
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑒 3𝑥
Now that we have 𝑢 = 5𝑥; = 5; = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3

Let us put these into the formula

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
න 5𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (5𝑥) ( )−න (5)𝑑𝑥
3 3
5𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 5𝑒 3𝑥
= −න 𝑑𝑥
3 3
5𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 5
= − න 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3
26
 5𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 5 𝑒 3𝑥 2
(1 − 4𝑥)3
2
= − ∙ +𝑐 5𝑥 5𝑥(1 − 4𝑥)3
3 3 3 න3 𝑑𝑥 = − −න− ∙ 5 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 4𝑥 6 6
5𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 5𝑒 3𝑥 2 5
= − +𝑐
3 9 5𝑥(1 − 4𝑥)3 5 3(1 − 4𝑥)3
=− + ∙ +𝑐
6 6 5(−4)
2 5
EXAMPLE 2 5𝑥(1 − 4𝑥)3 3(1 − 4𝑥)3
=− − +𝑐
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦 න(1 − 3𝑥) cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6 8

Solution EXERCISE
𝑑𝑣
Let 𝑢 = 1 − 3𝑥 and = cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1) Integrate the following with respect to the
𝑑𝑢
= −3 and taking integrals both side gives variable 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 3
𝑣=
2 𝑎) 4𝑥(2𝑥 + 5)3 𝑏) 3𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐) 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
4
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Since න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 − 3) 𝑥
𝑑) 𝑥√𝑥 − 1 𝑒) 𝑓)
Then √4𝑥 + 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
න(1 − 3𝑥) cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (1 − 3𝑥) −න ∙ (−3) 2) Find the value of
2 2 𝜋
1
3
(1 − 3𝑥) sin 2𝑥 −3 sin 2𝑥 𝑎) න 3𝑥(𝑥 + 1)4 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) න 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −න 𝑑𝑥 0 0
2 2
(1 − 3𝑥) sin 2𝑥 3
= + න sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
REPE ATED INTEGRATION BY PARTS
(1 − 3𝑥) sin 2𝑥 3 cos 2𝑥
= + (− )+𝑐
2 2 2 There are some questions in which you have to use
(1 − 3𝑥) sin 2𝑥 3
= − cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐 integration by part more than once. Look at the
2 4
following examples

EXAMPLE
5𝑥 EXAMPLE 3
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 3 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 4𝑥 Find න 𝑥 2 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution
Solution
5𝑥 1
න3 𝑑𝑥 = න 5𝑥(1 − 4𝑥)−3 𝑑𝑥 Note that there is a trick used when choosing 𝑢.
√1 − 4𝑥
𝑢 must be a function that gets smaller/vanishes
Here 𝑢 should be the function that reduces to zero
when differentiated several times. Note that if 𝑥 2 is
when differentiated several times. So we let
differentiated several times it vanishes to 0 and
𝑑𝑣 1
𝑢 = 5𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = (1 − 4𝑥)−3 when cos 4𝑥 is differentiated several times, it
𝑑𝑥
2
(1 −
2
alternates around cos 4𝑥 and sin 4𝑥 and it does not
𝑑𝑢 2(1 − 4𝑥)3 4𝑥)3
⟹ =5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣= =−
𝑑𝑥 3(−4) 6 vanishes.
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 So we let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and then = cos 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 sin 4𝑥
⟹ = 2𝑥 and integrating gives 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4

27
Now we substitute these into the formula Now we need to integrate ∫ 12𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by parts
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 again.
න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
sin 4𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑢 = 12𝑥 2 ; = 𝑒 −𝑥
න 𝑥 2 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 ∙ −න ∙ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4 𝑑𝑢
⟹ = 24𝑥 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
= − න 𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 2 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
1
න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
Note that ∫ 𝑥 sin 4𝑥 still needs to be integrated by 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

parts since it is a product of two functions. න 12𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 12𝑥 2 (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) − න −𝑒 −𝑥 (24𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1
Integrating 𝑥 sin 4𝑥 by parts separately we have
2 = −12𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 + න 24𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⋇⋇
1 𝑑𝑣
𝑢= 𝑥 and = sin 4𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥 Note that we need to integrate ∫ 24𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by parts
𝑑𝑢 1 cos 4𝑥
⟹ = and 𝑣=− AGAIN since this cannot be integrated by
𝑑𝑥 2 4

1 1 cos 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥 1 recognition or substitution.

න 𝑥 sin 4𝑥 = 𝑥 (− )−න− ∙ 𝑑𝑥
2 2 4 4 2 𝑑𝑣
𝑢 = 24𝑥; = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥 cos 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=− +න 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
8 8 ⟹ = 24; 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 cos 4𝑥 sin 4𝑥
=− + න 24𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 24𝑥(−𝑒 −𝑥 ) − න −𝑒 −𝑥 (24) 𝑑𝑥
8 32
Now going back to our question
= −24𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + න 24𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 1
න 𝑥 2 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − න 𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 2 Now note that ∫ 24𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is now easier to find and
𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 𝑥 cos 4𝑥 sin 4𝑥 we do not use by part
= − [− + ]
4 8 32
= −24𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + (−24𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 𝑥 cos 4𝑥 sin 4𝑥
= + − +𝑐 Hence
4 8 32
න 24𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −24𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 24𝑒 −𝑥
EXAMPLE 4
Substituting this into ⋇⋇
Find න 4𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
න 12𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −12𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 + න 24𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution And we get

𝑑𝑣
Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 3 and = 𝑒 −𝑥 න 12𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −12𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 24𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 24𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥

This implies that

𝑑𝑢
= 12𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥 Substituting this result into ⋇⋇⋇
𝑑𝑥
න 4𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −4𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 + න 12𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 We get

න 4𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) − න −𝑒 −𝑥 (12𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 න 4𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −4𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 + [−12𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 24𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 24𝑒 −𝑥 ]

= −4𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 − 12𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 24𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 24𝑒 −𝑥

= −4𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 + න 12𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⋇⋇⋇
Hence

28
න 4𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −4𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 − 12𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 24𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 24𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐 5 න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥

Dividing both sides by 5 gives

Note that in this example we had several instances 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥
න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
5
where we had to integrate by part. After completing
1
this, we have to substitute these obtained න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐
5
expressions until we reach the answer

𝒅𝒗
EXAMPLE 5 TIPS FOR CHOOSING 𝒖 AND
𝒅𝒙
𝑥
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 𝑒 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 When integrating by part, the trick is on selecting 𝑢
𝑑𝑣
Solution and
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
Let 𝑢 = sin 2𝑥 ; = 𝑒𝑥 Suppose you want to compute ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 using
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 integration by parts. Like we said earlier, 𝑢 must be a

⇒ = 2 cos 2𝑥 ; 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
function which is such that it becomes zero or it
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 vanishes when differentiated several times.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 If you have a product of a polynomial
න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) − න 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
function (linear, quadratic or cubic) and a
න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − න 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 trig function, then the polynomial function

Integrating ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by parts again we have becomes your 𝑢 and the trig function
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑣 becomes the your .
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = cos 2𝑥 = 2𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 If you have a product of an exponential
𝑑𝑢
⇒ = −2 sin 2𝑥 ; 𝑣 = 2𝑒 𝑥 function and a polynomial, then the
𝑑𝑥
polynomial function is your 𝑢 and the
න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑣
exponential function is your .
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
− [cos 2𝑥 ∙ 2𝑒 − න 2𝑒 (−2 sin 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
 If you have a product of an exponential and

න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − න 4𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 a trig function, then any of the two can be a
𝑑𝑣
𝑢. In most cases make sure that be the
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
න 𝑒 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 cos 2𝑥 − 4 න 𝑒 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
function which is easier to integrate. In this
Now note that , we cannot keep repeating this case we let 𝑢 be the trig and
𝑑𝑣
be the
𝑑𝑥
integration by parts process on 4 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
exponential because exponential functions
because 4 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is similar to the thing in our
are easier to integrate like we did on
question i.e. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
example 5
So 4 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 we take them as
like terms and group them to one side that is
The following is an Acronym used by
න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 4𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 Mathematicians when choosing for 𝑢
29
 I. L. A. T. E. = 2−
32
3
+2+
4
3
I=Inverse Functions 16
=−
L=Logarithmic Function 3

A=Algebraic Functions (Linear, Quadratic,

EXERCISE
Cubic…Polynomials in general)
1) Integrate the following, with respect
T=Trigonometric Functions
to 𝑥.
E=Exponential Functions
𝑎) 3𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑏) 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥
This acronym gives use the order to follow when
𝑐) 𝑥 2 √𝑥 + 3
choosing for 𝑢.
2) Find the exact value of
For example if we have a product of logarithmic 3
2𝑥 2 1
𝑎) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) න 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
and an algebraic function (quadratic) e.g. 0 √𝑥 + 1 0

∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , from the acronym ILATE , L for

2
3) Evaluate
logarithms comes first before A for Algebraic , so we ln 2 2𝜋

𝑑𝑣
𝑎) න 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) න 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 and = 𝑥2. 0
2
𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLE 6:
3
𝑥−2 INTEGRATION OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Evaluate න 𝑑𝑥
0 √𝑥 + 1
Solution: Logarithmic functions are integrated by parts.
3
𝑥−2 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = න(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑥
0 √𝑥 + 1 EXAMPLE 1
Integrating by Parts Evalaute න ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑣
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 2 and = (𝑥 + 1) −
2 Solution
𝑑𝑥
1
ln 𝑥 is integrated by parts as follows.
𝑑𝑢
=1 and 𝑣 = 2(𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑥 = 1 ∙ ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 Now let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 and =1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
3
𝑥−2 1 1 = and 𝑣=𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
න = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)2 − න 2(𝑥 + 1)2 ∙ 1 𝑑𝑥
0 √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
3 න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2 ∙ 2(𝑥 + 1)2
= (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)2 − 1
3 = (ln 𝑥) ∙ 𝑥 − න 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
3 3
𝑥
1 4(𝑥 + 1)2
= [(𝑥 − 2)2(𝑥 + 1)2 − ] = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − න 1 𝑑𝑥
3
0
3 3
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
1 1
4(3+1)2 4(0+1)2
= [(3 − 2)(3 + 1) − 2 ] − [(0 − 2)(0 + 1) − 2 ]
3 3

32 4
= [1(2) − ] − [−2(1) − ]
3 3

30
EXAMPLE 2 න [ln 𝑥]2 𝑑𝑥 = න 1 ∙ [ln 𝑥]2 𝑑𝑥
Evalaute න ln(2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
Now let 𝑢 = [ln 𝑥]2 and =1
𝑑𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑢 2
= ln 𝑥 and 𝑣=𝑥
න ln(2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 = න 1 ∙ ln(2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑣 න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
Now let 𝑢 = ln(2 𝑥 + 3) and =1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 2
= and 𝑣=𝑥 = 𝑥 [ln 𝑥]2 − න 𝑥 ∙ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 [ln 𝑥]2 − න 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 To integrate 2 ln 𝑥 we are going to use integration by
න ln(2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 = [ln(2 𝑥 + 3)] ∙ 𝑥 − න 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
parts
= 𝑥 ln(2𝑥 + 3) − න 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
Now let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 and =2
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 ln(2𝑥 + 3) − 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑢 1
= and 𝑣 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
EXAMPLE 3 න𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3
Evalaute න ln √5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
න 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (ln 𝑥) ∙ 2𝑥 − න 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
Solution 𝑥
Using laws of logarithms i.e. ln 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑐 ln 𝐴 we have = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − න 2 𝑑𝑥
3 1 1
ln √5𝑥 = ln(5𝑥)3
= ln 5𝑥 = 2𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 2𝑥
3
3 1 = 2𝑥(ln 𝑥 − 1)
𝑠𝑜 න ln √5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න ln 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 Hence න 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 (ln 𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑣 1
Now let 𝑢 = ln 5𝑥 and =
𝑑𝑥 3 Now that
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑥
= and 𝑣= න [ln 𝑥]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 [ln 𝑥]2 − න 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 Then න [ln 𝑥]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 [ln 𝑥]2 − 2𝑥(ln 𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 1
= (ln 5𝑥) ∙ − න ∙ 𝑑𝑥
3 3 𝑥 EXAMPLE 5
𝑥 1
= ln 5𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥 Find න 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3
𝑥 ln 5𝑥 𝑥 Solution
= − +𝑐
3 3
Using the acronym ILATE on choosing 𝑢
𝑑𝑣
Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 and = 𝑥2
EXAMPLE 4 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑥3
Evalaute න [ln 𝑥]2 𝑑𝑥 = and 𝑣=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3

Solution 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Note that [ln 𝑥]2 ≠ ln 𝑥 2
This is how we integrate [ln 𝑥]2
31
 𝑥3 𝑥3 1
= (ln 𝑥) ∙ − න ∙ 𝑑𝑥
3 3 𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥2
= ln 𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥
3 3
𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 𝑥 3
= − +𝑐
3 9

EXERCISE
1) Integrate, with respect to 𝑥
𝑎) ln 4𝑥 𝑏) ln(1 − 𝑥) 𝑐) ln √𝑥
𝑑) 4𝑥 ln(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑒) (3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥) ln 𝑥
2) Evaluate
𝑒
න (ln 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
1

3) Evaluate the exact value of

2
න 𝑡 3 ln 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1

32
 PAST EXAM
8) a) On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 and 𝑥 = 1. [3]

QUESTIONS ON c) Calculate
i) the exact area of the region R bounded by

INTEGRATION the two curves and the line 𝑥 = 1.

ii) the exact value of the volume, V,
generated when the region R is rotated
6−𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝑐
1) Express in the form + 𝑥 2 +3 where
(2𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +3) (2𝑥+1) through 2𝜋 radians about the 𝑥 − axis.
A, B and C are numerical constants to be found. [6]
[3] ZIMSEC June 2011 Paper 1
Hence show that 9) a) Express
1
6−𝑥 3√3 4𝑥 + 5
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln . [3] 𝑓(𝑥) =
0 (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 3) 2 (𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 1)2
2) Bu using the substitution 𝑥 2 = 𝑢 + 1, or otherwise, in partial fractions. [5]
find b) Hence find the exact value of
3
𝑥 2
න 𝑑𝑥 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 [4]
√𝑥 2 −1
giving you’re your answer in terms of 𝑥. [5] ZIMSEC Nov 2019 Paper 1
3) Use a suitable substitution to show that 10) By using the substitution 𝑢 = sin 𝑥, show that
0 3𝜋
1
න 𝑥(2𝑥 + 1)7 𝑑𝑥 = [6] 2 cos 𝑥 1 1
−1 18 න 2
𝑑𝑥 = ln [8]
0 3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 4 3
4) Find ∫ ln 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [3]
11) a) Find ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥. [3]
5) Use the substitution 𝑥 = asin 𝜃 to evaluate
𝑎 a) The area enclosed by the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 +
න √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 [6]
0 𝑒 −2𝑥 , the 𝑥 −axis and the lines 𝑥 = 0 and
ZIMSEC June 2010 Paper1 𝑥 = 1 is rotated completely about the
6) Evaluate exactly 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
𝜋
6
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [4]
Find the volume generated, giving your
0
answer correct to three significant
7) i) By using the substation 𝑦 = √𝑥 , or otherwise,
figures. ZIMSEC Nov 2018 Paper 1
find the exact value of
4
12) The function
1
න 𝑑𝑥 [7] 15𝑥 2 + 40𝑥 + 2
0 √𝑥 + 1 𝑓(𝑥) =
(4 + 𝑥)(2 + 5𝑥 2 )
i) Using integration by parts, show that
1 1 a) Express 𝑓(𝑥) in partial fractions [5]
ln(√𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = [2√𝑥 ln(√𝑥 + 1)]10 − න
0 √𝑥 0 √𝑥 + 1

[5] ZIMSEC June 2011 Parer 1

33
b) Hence or otherwise, evaluate ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ,
2 17)

giving your answer as an exact single term.

[4]
ZIMSEC Nov 2018 Paper1
1
13) Find the exact value of ∫0 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [5]

ZIMSEC Nov 2017 Paper 1

14) It is given that The diagram shows the region R, bounded by

𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 −1 , the 𝑥 − axes and

𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2 + 𝑥 the lines 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 5.
𝐴 𝐵 a) Calculate the exact area of the region R.
a) Express 𝑓(𝑥) in the form 𝑃(𝑥) + +
𝑥 𝑥+1
[4]
where A and B are constants and 𝑃(𝑥) is a
b) Calculate the volume generated when
function of 𝑥. [4]
the region R is rotated completely about
2
b) Hence find the exact value of ∫1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 the 𝑥-axis. [5]
[4] ZIMSEC June 2017 P1 18)
𝑥−3
15) i) Express in partial fractions. [2]
𝑥 2 −1
3 𝑥−3
ii) Hence from i) find ∫2 𝑥 2 −1
𝑑𝑥 , giving your

answer in terms of a single logarithm. [4]

ZIMSECNov 2016 Paper1 R
16)

R The diagram shows the graph of the curve

2
𝑦 = 1 + √3𝑥 − 2 for ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.
3

The region R is bounded by the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 − The region R is enclosed between the curve,
𝑥 , and the axes (see diagram).
2 2
the 𝑥-axis and the lines𝑥 = and 𝑥 = 2.
3
a) Given that the area of R is 18, find the value of
Calculate the
𝑎. [4]
i) the area of the region R. [3]
b) Calculate the exact volume of revolution
ii) the volume generated when the region R is
when R is rotated completely about the x-axis.
rotated completely about the 𝑥 − axis.
[5] ZIMSEC Nov 2013 Paper 1
[6]

34
19)
a) Express 9𝑥 − 𝑥 2 in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏(𝑥 + 𝑐)2 .Hence Evaluate
or otherwise, sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 9𝑥 − 𝑥 , 2 2
8−𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥
stating the coordinates of the turning point. 1 (3 − 𝑥)(𝑥 + 2)

[4] Giving your answer in the form ln 𝑎 , where 𝑎 is a

b) The region R is bounded by the curve 9𝑥 − 𝑥 2 rational number. [4] June 2007 Paper 2

and the 𝑥-axis. Calculate 25) Use the substitution 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑥 to evaluate

1
𝑒𝑥
i) the area of region R න 𝑑𝑥
0 9 − 𝑒 2𝑥
ii) the volume generated when the region R is
leaving your answer in a form involving logarithms.
rotated through four right angles about the
26)
𝑥 −axis . [8]
𝑦
ZIMSEC June 2012 Paper 1
𝑦=2
𝑥
20) i) Sketch the graph of function 𝑦 = in the 𝑎
𝑥−1
𝑦=
𝑥
first quadrant.
ii) The area A in the first quadrant bounded by 𝑅
𝑥
the curve 𝑦 = , 𝑥 = 1 and the 𝑥 -axis is 𝑦=
1
𝑥−1
2
rotated completely about the 𝑥-axis to form
a solid of volume V. Find in exact form 𝑥

1) The area R The diagram above shows a region R enclosed by

2) The volume V [9] 𝑎
the curve 𝑦 = , where 𝑎 is a positive integer, the
𝑥
ZIMSEC June 2013 Paper 1 1
lines 𝑦 = , 𝑦-axis and 𝑦 = 2.
2
21) Show that
1 i) Find exactly the area of R, giving your answer in a
5 1
න 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 4 −
2 4𝑥
form involving a single logarithm. [3]
0 32 32
22) Use the substitution 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 to show that ii) Hence find the minimum value of 𝑎 such that this
1
𝑎
area exceed 100. [2] ZIMSEC Nov 2008 Paper 2
2 1 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = 27) Show that
0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎√3
4
23) Show that 1 4 27
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln ( ) [6]
2 6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 13 7
𝑑 𝑥3 𝑥 2 (3 − 𝑥 4 )
( ) = ZIMSEC June 2011 Paper 2
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 4 (1 + 𝑥 4 )2
Hence find 28) a) Find ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. [3]
1
𝑥 2 (3 − 𝑥 4 ) b) Show that
න ( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 (1 + 𝑥 4 )2 2
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7 75𝑒
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln ( ) [5]
8−𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) 64
24) Express 𝑓(𝑥) = in partial fractions. 1
(3−𝑥)(𝑥+2)
ZIMSEC June 2013 Paper 2
[3]
𝑥 2 +4
29) Express in partial fraction [2]
𝑥 2 −4

35
 Hence find the exact value of 35) Using partial fractions, find
4
𝑥2 + 4 1
න 𝑑𝑥 [3] න 𝑑𝑦 [4]
3 𝑥2 − 4 𝑦(4 − 𝑦)

ZIMSEC June 2014 Paper 2 Cambridge June 2005 Paper 3

𝜋 1
30) i) Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 in terms of 𝜋. [6] 36) Find the exact value of ∫0 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

ii) Show that Cambridge June 2003 Paper 3

8
2 2 7 37) i) Prove the identity
න = ln ( ) [5]
5 𝑥2 −𝑥−6 5 4 cot 𝑥 − cot 2𝑥 ≡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 [3]
31) a) Show that ii) Show that
𝑑 1
[0.4𝑥 5 (0.2 − ln 5𝑥] = 𝑘𝑥 4 ln 5𝑥 4
𝜋
1
𝑑𝑥 න cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 2 [3]
1
𝜋 2
where 𝑘 is an integer to be found. [2] 6

b) Express ln 125𝑥 3 in terms of ln 5𝑥. [1] iii) Find the exact value of
1
c) Hence find ∫ 𝑥 4 ln 125𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 4
𝜋
න 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥,
1
Cambridge Additional Maths J2017 P2 6
𝜋

32) i) By expandcos(2𝑥 + 𝑥), show that giving your answer in the form 𝑎 ln 𝑏
cos 3𝑥 ≡ 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 Cambridge June 2003 Paper 3
ii) Hence, or otherwise, show that
1
𝜋
2 2
න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 =
0 3
Cambridge June 2004 Paper 2
33) i) Prove the identity
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ≡ (1 − cos 4𝜃)
8
ii) Hence find the exact value of
1
𝜋
3
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0

Cambridge June 2004 Paper 3

34) i) Use the substitution 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 to show that
1 − 𝑥2
න 𝑑𝑥 = න cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 [4]
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2
ii) hence find the value of
1
1 − 𝑥2
න 𝑑𝑥 [3]
0 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
Cambridge June 2005 Paper 3

36
ADVANCED
If the denominator is factorisable then , given
1
∫ 𝑎𝑥 2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥,

INTEGRATION You factorise the denominator first then express the

integrand in partial fractions.
In this chapter we are now looking at problems that If the denominator is not factorisable then you can
require strong mathematical background in try employing this method.
trigonometry, geometry and algebra. Most of the
questions in this section are meant for personal
enrichment. Questions in this segment require EXAMPLE 1
reader familiar with integration techniques 1 5 1
𝑎) න 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑐) න 𝑑𝑥
discussed earlier 𝑥 +9 𝑥2 + 36 𝑥2 +3
1 7 1
Most of the problems in this section will require the 𝑑) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑒) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑓) න 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2 + 5 3𝑥 2 + 7 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5
reader to recognise this: 1
𝑔) න 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2 +𝑥+7
[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 Solution
𝑛+1
1 1 𝑥
Most of the manipulation are aimed at creating this Using the result ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑥 +𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
creature 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 and this creature is easier to a) In this case 𝑎2 = 9, implying 𝑎 = 3
integrate. 1 1 𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑥2 + 9 3 3
1
INTEGRATION OF
𝑋 2 +𝐴2
1 1 𝑥
Since integration is the reverse of differentiation, b) Using the result ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑥 +𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

then the following results from differentiation can be 5 1

න 𝑑𝑥 = 5 න 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 + 36 𝑥 + 36
useful:
1 𝑥
𝑑 1 = 5 ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = 2 6 6
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1
𝑑 𝑥 𝑎
[𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )] = 2 1 1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎2 c) Using the result ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑥 +𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Hence 1 1
1 න 𝑑𝑥 ≡ න 2 𝑑𝑥
න 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥2 + 3 𝑥 + 𝑎2
𝑥 +1
Hence 𝑎2 = 3 giving us 𝑎 = √3
𝑎 𝑥
න 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐 1 1 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑎 Since න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑥2 +𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑎
These results lead us to the following generalisations
1 1 𝑥
1 1 𝑥 Then න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
න 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( ) + 𝑐 𝑥2 +3 √3 √3
𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 𝑥+𝑎
න = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐 d) Note that from the result
(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + 𝑏 √𝑏 √𝑏
1 1 𝑥
Note that this is not the only way to find∫
1
𝑑𝑥 න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑥2 +𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑎

37
 The coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 1 , so in this problem 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + (1)2 − (1)2 + 5
we have to make the coefficient of 𝑥 2 be = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 4
equal to 1. 1 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 5 (𝑥 + 1)2 + 4
Factoring 2 on the denominator we get
Note that the Right Hand side is now similar to
1 1
න 2 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 1
2𝑥 + 5 5 ∫ 𝑋 2 +𝐴2 𝑑𝑥
2 (𝑥 2 + )
2
1 1 where 𝑋 2 = (𝑥 + 1)2 and 𝐴2 = 4
= න 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2 + 5 1 1 𝑋
2 Since ∫
𝑋 2 +𝐴2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝐴) + 𝑐
1
Note that this is now similar to ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 Hence
𝑥 +𝑎

5 5 √5 1 1 𝑥+1
with 𝑎2 = and this leads to 𝑎 = √ = , So න 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
2 2 √2 (𝑥 + 1) + 4 2 2
Hence
1 1 1 1 𝑥 1 1 𝑥+1
න 𝑑𝑥 = ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝑐 න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
2 𝑥2 + 5 2 √5 √5 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 5 2 2
2
( √2 ) ( √2 )
√2 √2𝑥 g)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
2√5 √5 1
න 𝑑𝑥
e) Factoring 7 on the numerator and 3 on the 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7
Completing the square on the denominator
denominator we get
7 7 1 we get
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥
2
3𝑥 + 7 3 𝑥2 + 7 1 7
3 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7 ≡ 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + )
2 2
1 2 1 2 7
7 1 𝑥 = 2 [(𝑥 + ) − ( ) + ]
= ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝑐 4 4 2
3 √7 √7
( ) 1 2 55
√3 ( √3 ) = 2 [(𝑥 + ) + ]
4 16
7√3 √3 𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐 Therefore
3√7 √7
1 1
Using laws of indices න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2 +𝑥+7 1 2 55
2 [(𝑥 + ) + ]
√7 √3 𝑥 4 16
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
√3 √7 1 1
= න 𝑑𝑥
2 1 2 55
f) (𝑥 + ) +
4 16
1
න 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 1 1 𝑥+
= ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 4 +𝑐
Here we need to express the integrand as 2 55
√ √55
1 16 ( 16 )
𝑋 2 +𝐴2 1
1 √16 √16 (𝑥 + 4)
Completing the square on the denominator = ∙ −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )+𝑐
2 √55 √55
gives

38
 2 4𝑥 + 1 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐 = [ln(𝑥 − 2) − ln(𝑥 + 2)] + 𝑐
√55 √55 4
𝐴
1
Using the law ln 𝐴 − ln 𝐵 = ln ( ) we have
INTEGRATION OF 𝐵
𝑋 2 −𝐴2
1 𝑥−2
When integrating expressions of the form
1
we = ln ( )+𝑐
𝑋 2 −𝐴2 4 𝑥+2
1
start by expressing in partial fraction, then after
𝑋 2 −𝐴2
1
this, it becomes easier to integrate. 𝒃) න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 25
First express the integrand as partial fractions
EXAMPLE 1 𝐴 𝐵
Find ≡ +
𝑥2 − 25 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 + 5
1 1 1 Multiplying both sides by 𝑥 2 − 25 gives
𝑎) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑐) න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 −4 𝑥2 − 25 𝑥2 −7
1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 5) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 5)
5 1 1
𝑑) න
3 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑒) න
(𝑥 + 2)2 − 16
𝑑𝑥 𝑓) න 2
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 1 Letting 𝑥 = 5 Letting 𝑥 = −5

Solution gives 1 = 10𝐴 + 0𝐵 gives 1 = 0𝐴 − 10𝐵

1 1 1
𝒂) න 𝑑𝑥 =𝐴 − =𝐵
𝑥2 − 4 10 10
1 1 1
Expressing in partial fractions we have 1 10 10
𝑥 2 −4 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ≡ −
𝑥 2 − 25 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 + 5
1 1
2
= Factoring out
1
reduces to
𝑥 − 4 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) 10
𝐴 𝐵 1 1 1 1
≡ + ≡ ( − )
𝑥−2 𝑥+2 𝑥 2 − 25 10 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 + 5
Multiplying both sides by (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) we get Now let us integrate
1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2) 1 1 1 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = න ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
Letting 𝑥 = 2 Letting 𝑥 = −2 𝑥2 − 25 10 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 + 5
1 1 1
gives 1 = 4𝐴 + 0𝐵 gives 1 = 0𝐴 − 4𝐵 = න( − ) 𝑑𝑥
10 𝑥−5 𝑥+5
1 1
=𝐴 =𝐵 − 1 1 1
4 4 = (න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥)
10 𝑥−5 𝑥+5
1 1
1 4 1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ≡ − 4 = [ln(𝑥 − 5) − ln(𝑥 + 5)] + 𝑐
𝑥2 − 4 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 2 10
1 𝐴
Factoring out reduces to Using the law ln 𝐴 − ln 𝐵 = ln ( ) we have
4 𝐵

1 1 1 1 1 𝑥−5
≡ ( − ) = ln ( )+𝑐
𝑥2 − 4 4 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 2 10 𝑥+5
Now let us integrate
1 1 1 1 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = න ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝒄) න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 4 4 𝑥−2 𝑥+2 𝑥2 − 7
1 1 1 Partial fractions first.
= න( − ) 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥−2 𝑥+2
Factorising 𝑥 2 − 7 using difference of two squares
1 1 1
= (න
4 𝑥−2
𝑑𝑥 − න
𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥) gives 𝑥 2 − 7 = (𝑥 − √7)(𝑥 + √7)

39
 1 1 5 5
∴ = 𝐴= 𝐵=−
𝑥2 −7 (𝑥 − √7)(𝑥 + √7) 2√3 2√3
1 𝐴 𝐵 5 5
≡ + 5 2√3 2√3
(𝑥 − √7)(𝑥 + √7) (𝑥 − √7) (𝑥 + √7) ≡ −
3 − 𝑥 2 (√3 − 𝑥) (√3 + 𝑥)
Multiplying both sides by (𝑥 − √7)(𝑥 + √7) gives
5 5 1 1
≡ ( − )
1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + √7) + 𝐵(𝑥 − √7) 3−𝑥 2
2√3 √3 − 𝑥 √3 + 𝑥
Let 𝑥 = √7 Let 𝑥 = −√7 5 5 1 1
න 2
𝑑𝑥 = න ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
3−𝑥 2√3 √3 − 𝑥 √3 + 𝑥
1 = 2√7𝐴 + 0𝐵 1 = 0𝐴 − 2√7𝐵
5 1 1
1 1 = න( − ) 𝑑𝑥
=𝐴 =𝐵 − 2√3 √3 − 𝑥 √3 + 𝑥
2√7 2√7
5 1 1
1 1 = (න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥)
1 2√7 2√7 2√3 √3 − 𝑥 √3 + 𝑥
≡ −
(𝑥 − √7)(𝑥 + √7) (𝑥 − √7) (𝑥 + √7) 5
= ൣ− ln(√3 − 𝑥) + ln(√3 + 𝑥)൧ + 𝑐
2√3
1 1 1 1
≡ ( − ) 5
(𝑥 − √7)(𝑥 + √7) 2√7 (𝑥 − √7) (𝑥 + √7) = ൣln(√3 + 𝑥) − ln(√3 − 𝑥)൧ + 𝑐
2√3
Hence
5 √3 + 𝑥
1 1 1 1 = ln ( )+𝑐
≡ ( − ) 2√3 √3 − 𝑥
𝑥 2 − 7 2√7 (𝑥 − √7) (𝑥 + √7)

Now back to integration 1

𝒆) න 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1 (𝑥 + 2)2 − 16
න 2 𝑑𝑥 = න ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −7 2√7 (𝑥 − √7) (𝑥 + √7) 1
Partialising (𝑥+2)2 gives
−16
1 1 1
= න( − ) 𝑑𝑥 1 1
2√7 (𝑥 − √7) (𝑥 + √7) 2
=
(𝑥 + 2) − 16 [(𝑥 + 2) − 4][(𝑥 + 2) + 4]
1 1 1 1
= (න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥) =
2√7 (𝑥 − √7) (𝑥 + √7) (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 6)
1 1 𝐴 𝐵
= ൣln(𝑥 − √7) − ln(𝑥 + √7)൧ + 𝑐 ≡ +
2√7 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 6) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 6
1 𝑥 − √7 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 6) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)
= ln ( )+𝑐
2√7 𝑥 + √7 Let 𝑥 = 2 Let 𝑥 = −6
1 = 8𝐴 + 0𝐵 1 = 0𝐴 − 8𝐵
5
𝒅) න 𝑑𝑥 1 1
3 − 𝑥2 𝐴= 𝐵=−
8 8
5 5
= 1 1
3 − 𝑥 2 (√3 − 𝑥)(√3 + 𝑥) 1 8
∴ ≡ − 8
5 𝐴 𝐵 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 6) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 6
≡ +
3 − 𝑥 2 (√3 − 𝑥) (√3 + 𝑥) 1 1 1 1
≡ ( − )
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 6) 8 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 6
5 = 𝐴(√3 + 𝑥) + 𝐵(√3 − 𝑥)
1 1 1 1
Let 𝑥 = √3 Let 𝑥 = −√3 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ≡ ( − )
(𝑥 + 2)2 − 16 8 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 6
5 = √3𝐴 + 0𝐵 5 = 0𝐴 − 2√3𝐵

40
 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑆𝑜 න 𝑑𝑥 = න ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 −
2
(𝑥 + 2) − 16 8 𝑥−2 𝑥+6 1 2√8 2√8
= +
1 1 1 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 3) − √8 (𝑥 − 3) + √8
= න( − ) 𝑑𝑥 1 1 1 1
8 𝑥−2 𝑥+6
= ( − )
1 𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 1 2√8 𝑥 − 3 − √8 𝑥 − 3 + √8
= [ln(𝑥 − 2) − ln(𝑥 + 6)] + 𝑐
8 Now integrating
1 𝑥−2 1 1 1 1
= ln ( )+𝑐 න 𝑑𝑥 = න ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
8 𝑥+6 𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 1 2√8 𝑥 − 3 − √8 𝑥 − 3 + √8
1 1 1 1
𝒇) න 𝑑𝑥 = න( − ) 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 1 2√8 𝑥 − 3 − √8 𝑥 − 3 + √8
1 1 1 1
Here to partialise we either factorise the = (න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥)
𝑥 2 −6𝑥+1 2√8 𝑥 − 3 − √8 𝑥 − 3 + √8
denominator or express it in the form (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 + 𝑐 1
= ൣln(𝑥 − 3 − √8) − ln(𝑥 − 3 + √8)൧ + 𝑐
(completing the square). 2√8
1 𝑥 − 3 − √8
Since the denominator cannot be factorised, let us = ln ( )+𝑐
2√8 𝑥 − 3 + √8
start by completing the square
In general, from the above calculation we come to
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + (−3)2 − (−3)2 + 1
conclude that
= (𝑥 − 3)2 − 9 + 1
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙−𝒂
= (𝑥 − 3)2 − 8 න = 𝐥𝐧 ( )+𝒄
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟐𝒂 𝒙+𝒂
Now that
1 1
=
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 3)2 − 8
EXERCISE
Using difference of two square to factorise 1) Find
(𝑥 − 3)2 − 8 we have 1 1 1
𝑎) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑐) න 𝑑𝑥
2
(𝑥 − 3) − 8 = ൣ(𝑥 − 3) − √8൧ ൣ(𝑥 − 3) + √8൧ 𝑥2 − 9 𝑥2 − 1 𝑥2 − 5
3 1 𝑑𝑥
So 𝑑) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑒) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑓) න 2
2 − 𝑥2 2
(𝑥 − 4) − 1 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 5
1 1
= 𝑑𝑥 7 −3
𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 1 ൣ(𝑥 − 3) − √8 ൧ ൣ(𝑥 − 3) + √8 ൧ 𝑔) න ℎ) න 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑖) න 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 5 3𝑥 − 5 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 1
Now let us partilise this as follows
1 𝐴 𝐵
= + 2) Show that, for a constant 𝑎
𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 3) − √8 (𝑥 − 3) + √8
1 1 𝑥 − √𝑎
Giving us න 𝑑𝑥 = ln ( )+𝑐
𝑥2 −𝑎 2√ 𝑎 𝑥 + √𝑎
1 = 𝐴ൣ(𝑥 − 3) + √8൧ + 𝐵ൣ(𝑥 − 3) − √8൧
Let (𝑥 − 3) = √8 Let (𝑥 − 3) = −√8
𝑝𝑥+𝑞
INTEGRATION OF
1 = 2√8𝐴 + 0𝐵 1 = 0𝐴 − 2√8𝐵 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
𝑝𝑥+𝑞
1 1 When integrating the expression , we either
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
∴ 𝐴= ∴ 𝐵=−
2√8 2√8 play with the numerator and the integrate by
recognition or either factorise the denominator and

41
 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 2𝑥 + 4 11
then express the in partial fractions. The idea = 2න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 7 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 3
here is to use the following facts:
2𝑥 + 4 1
1 1 𝑥+𝑎 = 2න 𝑑𝑥 − 11 න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 7 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 3
1) න 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
(𝑥 + 𝑎) + 𝑏 √𝑏 √𝑏 Now note that
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂 − √𝒃 𝑓 , (𝑥)
2) න 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 ൭ ൱+𝒄 න 𝑑𝑥 = ln[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑐
(𝒙 + 𝒂) − 𝒃 𝟐√𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒂 + √𝒃 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 , (𝑥) and
3) න 𝑑𝑥 = lnൣ𝑓(𝑥)൧ + 𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑞 𝑞 𝑥+𝑎
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + 𝑏 √𝑏 √𝑏

EXAMPLE 2 Hence
4𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 + 4
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 2 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑑𝑥 = ln( 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 7) + 𝑐
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 7 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 7
Solution 1 1 𝑥+2
න 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
(𝑥 + 2) + 3 √3 √3
Since the denominator cannot be factorised then
Therefore
we cannot use the technique of partial fraction.
4𝑥 − 3
Hence we employ techniques of integration by න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 7
recognition as well as completing the square on the
2𝑥 + 4 1
denominator = 2න 𝑑𝑥 − 11 න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 7 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 3
Now let’s play with the numerator such that we have
1
𝑥+2
ℎ𝑓 , (𝑥)+𝑘 = 2 ln( 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 7) − 11 ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
∫ 𝑑𝑥 where ℎ and 𝑘 are constants. √3 √3
𝑓(𝑥)

Note that the derivative of the denominator is 2𝑥 + 11 𝑥+2

= 2 ln( 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 7) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
√3 √3
4. Since we have 4𝑥 on the numerator then lets play
around with the numerator so that we have 4𝑥 + 8 EXERCISE
which is a multiple of 2𝑥 + [Link] the numerator Integrate the following rational functions, with

can be manipulated as follows respect to 𝑥.

4𝑥 − 3 4𝑥 + (0) − 3 3 3−𝑥
= 2 𝑎) 𝑏)
2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 7 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 7 𝑥2
− 5𝑥 𝑥2 + 6𝑥 + 8
4𝑥 + 8 − 8 − 3 1 1
= 𝑐) 2 𝑑)
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 7 𝑥 + 25 9𝑥 2 + 4
4𝑥 + 8 − 11 5 2
= 2 𝑒) 2 𝑓)
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 7 𝑥 +7 3𝑥 2 + 3
4𝑥 + 8 11 1 5
= 2 − 2 𝑔) 2 ℎ) 2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 7 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 7 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 34
Now let us integrate 1 2𝑥 + 11
𝑖) 2
𝑗) 2
2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 15 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8
4𝑥 − 3
න 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 − 1 𝑥+2
𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 7 𝑘) 𝑙)
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 4) 4𝑥 2 + 5
4𝑥 + 8 11
=න 𝑑𝑥 − න 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 7 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 7
Factoring 2 on the numerator gives
42
 1 1 𝑥
INTEGRATION OF 𝑏) න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
√𝐴2 −𝑋 2
√5 − 𝑥 2 √5
From differentiation we know that Note that here 𝐴2 = 5 leading us to 𝐴 = √5
𝑑 1
(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑐) න =න 𝑑𝑥
Then it follows that √16 − 3𝑥 2 √𝐴2 − 𝑋2
1 Note that
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
√1 − 𝑥2 𝐴2 = 16 & 𝑋 2 = 3𝑥 2
In general, Hence 𝐴=4 & 𝑋 = √3𝑥
1 𝑋 Since
න = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
√𝐴2 − 𝑋 2 𝐴
1 𝑋
by using the substitution 𝑋 = Asin 𝜃 න = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 ( ) + 𝑐
√𝐴2 − 𝑋2 𝐴
Then
EXAMPLE 𝑑𝑥 √3𝑥
Find න = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 ( )+𝑐
√16 − 3𝑥 2 4
1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑎) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) න 𝑑𝑥 𝑐) න
√9 − 𝑥 2 √5 − 𝑥 2 √16 − 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 7 𝑑) න =න 𝑑𝑥
𝑑) න 𝑒) න 𝑑𝑥 √9 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥2 √𝐴2 − 𝑋2
√9 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥2 √5 − 𝑥 − 𝑥2
Here we need to express 9 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 in the form
Solution
𝐴2 − 𝑋 2 .
1
𝑎) න 𝑑𝑥
√9 − 𝑥 2 How ? By completing the square.
1 𝑋 9 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 9
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 න = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 ( ) + 𝑐
2
√𝐴 − 𝑋 2 𝐴 = −[(𝑥 − 2)2 − (−2)2 − 9]
Then = −(𝑥 − 2)2 + 13
1 𝑥 = 13 − (𝑥 − 2)2
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
√9 − 𝑥 2 3
Back to integration
So if you can memorise
𝑑𝑥 1
1 1 𝑋 න =න 𝑑𝑥
න = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 ( ) + 𝑐 √9 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥2 √13 − (𝑥 − 2)2
√𝐴2 − 𝑋 2 𝐴 𝐴
𝑥−2
Then it makes your life easier, but if you have = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 ( )+𝑐
√13
forgotten this then you will have do some algebra so
7
that you have 𝑒) න 𝑑𝑥
√5 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
1
න 𝑑𝑋 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑋 + 𝑐 Completing the square first we have
√1 − 𝑋 2
In the following examples we will be using the easier 5 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5
= −[𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5]
way, which is
1 1 𝑋 1 2 1 2
න = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 ( ) + 𝑐 = − [(𝑥 + ) − (− ) − 5]
2 2 𝐴 𝐴 2 2
√𝐴 − 𝑋

43
 1 2 21 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTI ONS
= − (𝑥 + ) +
2 4
21 1 2 In this section we are going to look some of the
= − (𝑥 + )
4 2 problems involving trigonometric functions. You will
7 7 see that some of the problems in this section will
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥
√5 − 𝑥 − 𝑥2 2 require you to use Pythagorean identities such as
√21 − (𝑥 + 1)
4 2
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
= 7න 𝑑𝑥
2
√21 − (𝑥 + 1) 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥,
4 2
1 and other identities.
= 7න 𝑑𝑥
2
√21 − (𝑥 + 1)
4 2 Integration of Odd Powers of Sine and
1 Cosine
𝑥+
= 7 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 2 +𝑐
21
√
( 4 ) When integrating cosine or sine functions we use

1 1 integration by Recognition or by Substitution

𝑥+ 𝑥+
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 2= 2
21 √21
√
4 √4 EXAMPLE
1 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+
= 2
√21 Solution
2 When given sine or cosine functions raised to an odd
1
2 (𝑥 + ) power we express them in terms of sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 or
= 2
√21 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥.
2𝑥 + 1 Note that 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
=
√21
But 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
Hence, we arrive at the solution
Hence 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) = sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
2𝑥 + 1
= 7𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
√21 𝑆𝑜 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න(sin 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥
= − cos 𝑥 + +𝑐
3
1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
3

Note that we used integration by recognition to

integrate sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥. By recognition
[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 = +𝑐
𝑛+1

44
EXAMPLE 2 Now that

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥

Replacing 𝑥 with 4𝑥 we get
Solution
𝑠𝑖𝑛5 4𝑥 = sin 4𝑥 − 2 sin 4𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 4𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 4𝑥
Note that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥
Then it follows that
= cos 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)2
= cos 𝑥 [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥]2 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න (sin 4𝑥 − 2 sin 4𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 4𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= cos 𝑥[ 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝑥] By Recognition, note that

2 4
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 + cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛+1 𝑓(𝑥)
න sin[𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 [𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑐
So 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)(𝑛 + 1)
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥; 𝑛 = 2 and 𝑛 = 4
න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 4𝑥
න sin 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑
= න cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 න cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + න cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 4𝑥
න sin 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −
By recognition 4
[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1 Since
න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)}𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑛+1 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න (sin 4𝑥 − 2 sin 4𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 4𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

This implies that cos 4𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 4𝑥

𝑛+1 =− − + +𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 4 4∙3 4∙5
න cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 3
cos 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥3
𝑛+1
=− − + +𝑐
4 6 20
Hence
𝑠𝑖𝑛2+1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 EXERCISE
න cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑
2+1 3 Find
4+1 5
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑎) න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) න 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
න cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = =
4+1 5
So using these results we have 1
𝑐) න 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑) න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 2
= sin 𝑥 − 2 ( )+ +𝑐
3 5
𝑒) න 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓) න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 1
= sin 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 + 𝑥
3 5

EXAMPLE Even Powers of Trigonometric Functions

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
When given 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 functions raised to even
Solution powers , say 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥; 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 3𝑥 etc, we use the
Note that 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 trigonometric identity for cos 2𝑥.
= sin 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)2
From trigonometry, we know that
= sin 𝑥 [1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥]2 2
2 4 cos 2𝑥 = { 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −2 1
= sin x[ 1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥] 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥

45
From these identities for cos 2𝑥 , making which is
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 subjects of the formula 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (3𝑥) = [1 + cos 6𝑥]
2
separately, we can deduce that
1 1
Therefore
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 2 (1 + cos 2𝑥) and 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 2 (1 − cos 2𝑥)
1
න cos 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න (1 + cos 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
So instead of integrating 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 we then 2 2
1 1
integrate 2
(1 + cos 2𝑥) ; and the same for = න(1 + cos 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥, instead of integrating 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 we then 1 1
1
= න 1 𝑑𝑥 + න cos 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
integrate (1 − cos 2𝑥) 2 2
2
1 1 sin 6𝑥
= (𝑥) + ( )+𝑐
2 2 6
EXAMPLE 𝑥 sin 6𝑥
= + +𝑐
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 12

Solution
EXAMPLE
Since cos 2𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Then 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 =
2
(1 − cos 2𝑥)
2 Solution
1
Therefore Note that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝑥 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)2 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = (1 −
2
1
න sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න (1 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 cos 2𝑥)
2 2
1
1 Then 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝑥 = [ (1 − cos 2𝑥)]
2
= න(1 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 1 2

1 1 𝑆𝑜 න sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න [ (1 − cos 2𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

2
= න 1 𝑑𝑥 − න cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 1 2
But expanding [2 (1 − cos 2𝑥)] gives
1 1 sin 2𝑥
= (𝑥) − ( )+𝑐 2
2 2 2 1 1
[ (1 − cos 2𝑥)] = (1 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥)
2 4
𝑥 sin 2𝑥
= − +𝑐 So
2 4
1
න sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න (1 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4
EXAMPLE
1
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න(1 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4
Solution 1 1 1
= න 1 𝑑𝑥 − න 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Since cos 2𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1 4 4 4
1
1
Then 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥) Note that ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 + cos 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
2
1 1 2 sin 2𝑥 1 1
Replacing 𝑥 with 3𝑥 we get = (𝑥) − ( ) + න (1 + cos 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 4 2 4 2
1 1 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (3𝑥) = [1 + cos 2(3𝑥)] = 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + න(1 + cos 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 4 4 8
46
 1 1 1 sin 4𝑥 1
= 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + (𝑥 + )+𝑐 න 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 න (1 + cos 8𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4 4 8 4 2
1 1 1 1 3𝑥 3 sin 8𝑥
= 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 + 𝑐 = +
4 4 8 32 2 16
Grouping like terms and simplifying gives For the odd power
1 1 1 1
= 𝑥 + 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 4𝑥 = න cos 4𝑥 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 8 2 16
3 1 sin 4𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 4𝑥
= 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + +𝑐 = −
8 4 32 4 12
Now that
EXAMPLE 1
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න(1 − 3 cos 4𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 4𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Find 6
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8
1 3 sin 4𝑥 3𝑥 3 sin 8𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 4𝑥
Solution = [𝑥 − + + −( − )]
8 4 2 16 4 12
Since this is an even power of the trig sin 2𝑥, then 1 3 sin 4𝑥 3 3 sin 8𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 4𝑥
𝑥− + 𝑥+ − +
somewhere somehow we need to use 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥. 8 32 16 128 32 96
This is how we got about it Grouping like terms and simplifying
𝑠𝑖𝑛6 2𝑥 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥]3 5 sin 4𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 4𝑥 3 sin 8𝑥
= 𝑥− − +
1 16 8 96 128
But 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥)
2
1
Replacing 𝑥 with 2𝑥 gives 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (2𝑥) = 2 [1 −
EXERCISE
cos 2(2𝑥)] Integrate, w.r.t.x.
1
Giving us 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 =2
2
[1 − cos 4𝑥] a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 b) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥
𝑥
1 3 c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 d) 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥
Therefore 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 2𝑥 = [2 [1 − cos 4𝑥]] 2

3
e) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 4𝑥 f) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝑥
1
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න [ [1 − cos 4𝑥]] 𝑑𝑥 g) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝑥 h) 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥
2
𝑥
Using the binomial expansion or the Pascal triangle i) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 ( )
2

we have
3
1 1 3
[ [1 − cos 4𝑥]] = ( ) [1 − cos 4𝑥]3 Integration of Even Powers of the Seca nt
2 2
Function
1
= ( ) (1 − 3 cos 4𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 4𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 4𝑥) Remember that
8
1
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න ( ) (1 − 3 cos 4𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 4𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 4𝑥) න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
8
1 Then when integrating 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥; 𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 𝑥; 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 3𝑥;
= න(1 − 3 cos 4𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 4𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥
8 𝑠𝑒𝑐 8 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏); 𝑒𝑡𝑐 we use the following identities
Note that here we have an even and odd power of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)
cos 4x that we want to integrate.
For the even power of cos 4𝑥

47
 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛+1 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑛 ( 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑎(𝑛 + 1)

EXAMPLE Hence
tan 5𝜃 2𝑡𝑎𝑛3 5𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 5𝜃
න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + + +𝑐
5 5(3) 5(5)
Solution 1 2 1
= tan 5𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 5𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 5𝜃 + 𝑐
Since 5 15 25

𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)

Then The idea behind integrating even powers of a
secant function is to bring 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛 together so
න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
that we can use Integration by recognition or
= න(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Substitution. Make sure you take out 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃, then the
other bracket must be expressed in terms of tan 𝜃
= න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
using the identity 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
Note that ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 and ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = For example given 𝑠𝑒𝑐 8 𝜃 we say
𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 8 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 𝜃
by recognition (or substitution)
3
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃)3
𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
= tan 𝑥 + +𝑐 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)3
3
1 Then we expand (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)3 using the Pascal
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 + 𝑐
3
triangle/ binomial expansion.
All this effort is done so that we have terms of the
EXAMPLE
form 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝜃
6
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Solution EXERCISE
Note that 6 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 4 Integrate , with respect to 𝑥

But 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)2 = (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)2 a) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 b) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 2𝑥

= 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥
c) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 𝑥 d) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 8 𝑥
So 6 2 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ∙ (1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) 4

𝑥
Therefore replacing 𝑥 by 5𝜃 we get e) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 4𝑥 f) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 ( )
3
6 2 2 4
𝑠𝑒𝑐 5𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5𝜃 ∙ (1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 5𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 5𝜃 )
g) 𝑠𝑒𝑐10 𝑥 h) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 7𝑥
The idea here is to bring 𝑠𝑒𝑐 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛 together so
2

i) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 3𝑥 j ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 3𝑥
that we can use Integration by recognition.

න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 5𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 5𝜃 ∙ (1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2 5𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 5𝜃 )𝑑𝜃

= න(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 5𝜃 + 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 5𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2 5𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 5𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛4 5𝜃 )𝑑𝜃

Note that by recognition

48
 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
INTEGRATION OF HIGHE R POWERS OF 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝑥 න 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = න (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 − 1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
When integrating higher powers of tan x, we use the = න (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
identity 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑑𝑥 − න (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 − 1)
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 2 2 2
We also use integration by recognition. 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛3
= 2 − 2 tan 𝑥 + 𝑥
1 2
3( )
2
EXAMPLE
2 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 − 2tan + 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 2 2

EXERCISE
Solution
Note that 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 1) Integrate the following with respect to 𝑥.
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) tan 𝑥
a) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 3𝑥 b) 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 2𝑥
න 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
d) 𝑡𝑎𝑛6 𝑥 e) 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥
= න(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 INTEGRATION OF INVER SE TRIGS
න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ∙ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
By recognition Before attempting questions in this section, make
[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
න 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 sure you are familiar with the following results
𝑛+1
𝑓′(𝑥) obtained from the differentiation of inverse
𝐴𝑛𝑑 න 𝑑𝑥 = ln[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) trigonometric functions
So 𝑑 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 [𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥] =
න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ∙ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
2
𝑑 1
And [𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥] = −
sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
න 𝑑𝑥 = − න 𝑑𝑥 = − ln[cos 𝑥]
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑 1
[𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥] =
Since 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
න 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ln[cos 𝑥] + 𝑐
2
EXAMPLE
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLE
𝑥 Solution
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 1
Always remember that 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ≠
Solution sin 𝑥

Here we use Integration by parts as follows

From 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Then replacing 𝑥 with we get 𝑑𝑣
2 Let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑥 and =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛4 ( ) = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 − 1)𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑑𝑢 1
2 2 2 = and 𝑣=𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

49
 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 EXERCISE
න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 b) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2𝑥
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) ∙ 𝑥 − න 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥2
𝑥 c) 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 d) 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥
= 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥2
1
= 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 − න 𝑥 ∙ (1 − 𝑥 2 )−2 𝑑𝑥 e) 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3𝑥 f) 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

Here we need to use integration by recognition on

PRODUCT OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1
−
∫ 𝑥 ∙ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝐴 ≥ 𝐵
−2
Multiplying by special 1 which is so that we have Remember the following results, from the sums of trigs
−2

∫ 𝑓′(𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

1 1 sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
= 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑥 − න −2𝑥 ∙ (1 − 𝑥 2 )−2 𝑑𝑥
−2 Adding these two equations will give us
1
1 (1 − 𝑥 2 )−2+1 sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵
= 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑥 + +𝑐
2 −1 +1 Which reduces to
2
1
1 1
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
= 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + ∙ 2(1 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑐 2
2
1 Also note that subtracting those equations will lead
= 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑐
us to
1
EXAMPLE cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Now let us look at equations on cosine

Solution cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
න 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 1 ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Adding these equations will give us
𝑑𝑣
And by parts, let 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝑥 −1
and =1 cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
=
3
=
3
and 𝑣=𝑥 And this leads us to
𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥)2 +1 9𝑥 2 +1
1
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
න𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Subtracting these two equations will lead us to
3
න 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3𝑥)𝑥 − න 𝑥 ∙ 2
𝑑𝑥 1
9𝑥 + 1 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = − [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
3𝑥 2
= 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥
9𝑥 2 + 1 These results are used when integrating
Note that ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 is evaluated by
3𝑥
trigonometric expressions of the form
9𝑥 +1

recognition or substitution sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ; sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 and cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵.

1
= 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3𝑥 − ln( 9𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝑐
6

50
EXAMPLE 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න sin 3𝑥 sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න sin 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution
Solution sin 3𝑥 sin 5𝑥 = sin 5𝑥 sin 3𝑥
From the result 1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = − [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
1 2
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2 Then

Then it follows that 1

sin 5𝑥 sin 3𝑥 = − [cos(5𝑥 + 3𝑥) − cos(5𝑥 − 3𝑥)]
2
1
sin 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 = [sin(3𝑥 + 2𝑥) + sin(3𝑥 − 2𝑥)] 1
2 = [cos 8𝑥 − cos 2𝑥]
1 2
= [sin 5𝑥 + sin 𝑥]
2 Therefore
1 1
𝑠𝑜 න sin 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න [sin 5𝑥 + sin 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 න sin 3𝑥 sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න − [cos 8𝑥 − cos 2x ]
2 2
1 1
= න[sin 5𝑥 + sin 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = − න(cos 8𝑥 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 cos 5𝑥
= (− − cos 𝑥) + 𝑐 1 sin 8𝑥 sin 2𝑥
2 5 =− ( − )
2 8 2
cos 5𝑥 cos 𝑥
− − +𝑐 sin 2𝑥 sin 8𝑥
10 2 = − +𝑐
4 16

EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න cos 7𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න cos 6𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution Solution
1 1
cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2 2
1 1
cos 7𝑥 sin 4𝑥 = [sin(7𝑥 + 4𝑥) − sin(7𝑥 − 4𝑥)] cos 6𝑥 cos 2𝑥 = [cos(6𝑥 + 2𝑥) + cos(6𝑥 − 2𝑥)]
2 2
1 1
= [sin 11𝑥 − sin 3𝑥] = [cos 8𝑥 + cos 4𝑥 ]
2 2
Therefore Then
1 1
න cos 7𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න [sin 11𝑥 − sin 3𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 න cos 6𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න [cos 8𝑥 + cos 4𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= න(sin 11𝑥 − sin 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = න[cos 8𝑥 + cos 4𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 cos 11 𝑥 sin 3𝑥 1 sin 8𝑥 cos 4𝑥
= (− + )+𝑐 = ( + )
2 11 3 2 8 4
sin 3𝑥 cos 11𝑥 cos 8𝑥 sin 4𝑥
= − +𝑐 = + +𝑐
3 22 16 8

EXAMPLE EXERCISE

51
Integrate the following, with respect to 𝑥 𝑥
Since tan ( ) = 𝑡 then using the triangle above
2

a) sin 5𝑥 cos 2𝑥 b) cos 3𝑥 cos 𝑥 we see that

𝑥 𝑡 𝑥 1
c)sin 6𝑥 sin 𝑥 d) cos 4𝑥 sin 2𝑥 sin ( ) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos ( ) =
2 √1 + 𝑡 2 2 √1 + 𝑡 2

e) sin 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 f) cos 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 But sin 𝑥 = sin 2 ( )

𝑥
2

5𝑥 3𝑥 𝑥
g) cos ( ) sin ( ) h) sin 𝑥 cos And from the double angle identity sin 2𝜃 =
2 2 2
2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑥
The 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) Substitution We have
2

𝑥
sin 𝑥 = sin 2 ( )
When integrating trigonometric function of the form 2

𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1 1 1 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
; ; ; 𝑜𝑟 2 2
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) asin 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑡 𝑥 1
𝑥
Substituting sin ( ) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos ( ) =
2 √1+𝑡 2 2 √1+𝑡 2
we use the substitution 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
2
we get
This is used when sin or cos is on the denominator 𝑡 1
sin 𝑥 = 2 ( )( )
√1+𝑡 2 √1+𝑡 2

EXAMPLE =
2𝑡
1 1+𝑡 2
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
But since we are using the substitution to
Solution
𝑥
integrate (integration by substitution)
Let 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
2
𝑥
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 2
Remember that tan 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡 1 𝑥
𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( )
Now basing on 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) and using the 𝑑𝑥 2 2
2
triangle below we see that 1 𝑥
= (1 + tan2 ( )
2 2
𝑥
tan ( ) = 𝑡
2 1
= (1 + 𝑡 2 )
𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 2
= =
1 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
∴ 𝑑𝑥 =
1 + 𝑡2
1 1 2𝑑𝑡
𝑁𝑜𝑤 න 𝑑𝑥 = න ∙
𝑡 sin 𝑥 2𝑡 1 + 𝑡2
𝑥 1 + 𝑡2
2
1 2(1 + 𝑡 2 )
=න 𝑑𝑡
2𝑡(1 + 𝑡 2 )
By Pythagoras theorem , the hypotenuse of the
triangle above is √1 + 𝑡 2 1
= න 𝑑𝑡
𝑡

52
 = ln 𝑡 + 𝑐 3 3 2 𝑑𝑡
න 𝑑𝑥 = න ∙
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 2𝑡 1 − 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
𝑥 ( )+( )
But 𝑡 = tan ( ) then 1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
2
3 2
𝑥 =න ∙ 𝑑𝑡
= ln [tan ( )] + 𝑐 2𝑡 + 1 − 𝑡 2 1 + 𝑡 2
2 1+𝑡 2

3(1 + 𝑡 2 ) 2
=න ∙ 𝑑𝑡
EXAMPLE 1 + 2𝑡 − 𝑡 1 + 𝑡 2
2

3 6
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 𝑑𝑥 =න 𝑑𝑡
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 1 + 2𝑡 − 𝑡 2
Solution Completing the square on the denominator we get
1 + 2𝑡 − 𝑡 2 = −𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1
𝑥
Using the substitution 𝑡 = tan ( )
2 = −[𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 − 1]

Then = −[(𝑡 − 1)2 − (−1)2 − 1]

= −[𝑡 − 1)2 − 2]
6
=න 𝑑𝑡
−[(𝑡 − 1)2 − 2]
−6
𝑥 𝑥 =න 𝑑𝑡
sin 𝑥 = sin 2 ( ) cos 𝑥 = cos 2 ( ) (𝑡 − 1)2 − 2
2 2
1
𝑥
= 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
𝑥
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( ) − 1
𝑥 = −6 න 𝑑𝑡
2 2 2 (𝑡 − 1)2 − 2

2 Partialising the denominator. Note that the

𝑡 1 1
= 2( )( ) = 2( ) −1
√1+𝑡 2 √1+𝑡 2 √1+𝑡 2 denominator is a difference of two square since 2 =
2
2𝑡 1 (√2) , so
= = 2( )−1
1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2
1 1
2(1)−(1+𝑡 2 ) =
= (𝑡 − 1)2 − 2 ൣ(𝑡 − 1) + √2൧[(𝑡 − 1) − √2]
1+𝑡 2
1−𝑡 2 𝐴 𝐵
= = +
1+𝑡 2
ൣ(𝑡 − 1) + √2൧ ൣ(𝑡 − 1) − √2൧
Now on the substitution
1 = 𝐴ൣ(𝑡 − 1) − √2൧ + 𝐵ൣ(𝑡 − 1) + √2൧
𝑥
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
2 Letting (𝑡 − 1) = √2 and (𝑡 − 1) = −√2

𝑑𝑡 1 𝑥 1 = 0𝐴 + 2√2𝐵 1 = −2√2𝐴 + 0𝐵
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 2 1 1
⇒ 𝐵= =−
1 𝑥 2√2 2√2
= (1 + tan2 ( ) 1 1
2 2 −
1 2√2 2√2
1 ∴ = +
= (1 + 𝑡 2 ) (𝑡 − 1)2 − 2 (𝑡 − 1) + √2 (𝑡 − 1) − √2
2
1 1 1
= [− + ]
2 𝑑𝑡 2√2 (𝑡 − 1) + √2 (𝑡 − 1) − √2
∴ 𝑑𝑥 =
1 + 𝑡2
1 1 1
Here we have expressed sin 𝑥, cos 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 in terms = [ − ]
2√2 (𝑡 − 1) − √2 (𝑡 − 1) + √2
of the variable 𝑡, now let us integrate So
53
 1 Note that the hypotenuse of a right angled
−6 න 𝑑𝑡
(𝑡 − 1)2 − 2 triangle 𝑡 and 1 is obtained by the
1 1 1 Pythagoras theorem and is given by √1 + 𝑡 2 .
= −6 න [ − ]
2√2 (𝑡 − 1) − √2 (𝑡 − 1) + √2 Hence we have the triangle
−6 1 1
= න[ − ] 𝑑𝑡
2√2 (𝑡 − 1) − √2 (𝑡 − 1) + √2
−3
= (ln[(𝑡 − 1) − √2] − lnൣ(𝑡 − 1) + √2൧)
√2
3
= (− lnൣ(𝑡 − 1) − √2൧ + lnൣ(𝑡 − 1) + √2൧)
√2
3 Now to find the values of sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃 we
= (lnൣ(𝑡 − 1) + √2൧ − lnൣ(𝑡 − 1) − √2൧)
√2 use double angles as follows

3 (𝑡 − 1) + √2 𝜃 𝜃
= ln [ ]+𝑐 sin 𝜃 = sin 2 ( ) cos 𝑥 = cos 2 ( )
2 2
√2 (𝑡 − 1) − √2

But 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝑥
then But sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 and cos 2𝐴 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 1
2
𝑥 𝜃 𝜃
3 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) − 1) + √2 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 sin 𝜃 = sin 2 ( ) cos 𝑥 = cos 2 ( )
= ln [ 2 ]+𝑐 2 2
√2 𝑥
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) − 1) − √2
2 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
Hence = 2 sin ( ) cos ( ) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( ) − 1
2 2 2
𝑥
3 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) − 1 + √2 𝑡 1 1 2
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln [ 2 ]+𝑐
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑥 = 2( )( ) = 2( ) −1
√2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) − 1 − √2 √1 + 𝑡 2 √1 + 𝑡 2 √1 + 𝑡 2
2
2𝑡 1
= = 2( )−1
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
Also note that the above problem can be solved in
2(1) − (1 + 𝑡 2 )
a different way, by first expressing the denominator =
1 + 𝑡2
in the form 𝑅 sin(𝜃 + 𝛼) or 𝑅 cos(𝜃 + 𝛼). 1 − 𝑡2
=
𝜃 1 + 𝑡2
Note that using the substitution 𝑡 = tan ( )
2
Now on the substitution
Using trig ratios and the Pythagoras 𝜃
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) , differentiating this w.r.t.𝜃
Theorem we know that 2
gives
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝛼 = 𝑑𝑡 1 𝜃
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( )
𝑑𝜃 2 2
𝜃 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
Hence tan ( ) = 1 𝜃
2 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
= (1 + tan2 ( )
2 2
𝜃 𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
But tan ( ) = 𝑡 = = 1
2 1 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (1 + 𝑡 2 )
2

Therefore on a right angled triangle with an 2 𝑑𝑡

𝜃 ∴ 𝑑𝜃 =
angle of then 𝑡 goes to the opposite of 1+𝑡 2
2
𝜃
the angle and 1 goes on the adjacent as Now from the substitution 𝑡 = tan we have
𝜃
2 2
shown in the diagram below.
54
 2
2𝑡 1 − 𝑡2 2 𝑑𝑡 =න 𝑑𝑡
sin 𝜃 = , cos 𝜃 = & 𝑑𝜃 = 1(1 + 𝑡 2) + 3(1 − 𝑡)2
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
2
Then when using the variable 𝑥 we have 𝑡 = =න 𝑑𝑡
4 − 2𝑡 2
𝑥
tan 1
2
=න 𝑑𝑡
2𝑡 1−𝑡 2
2 𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑡2
sin 𝑥 = , cos 𝑥 = & 𝑑𝑥 =
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2 Partialising the integrand
1 1 𝐴 𝐵
Note that these results can be used when = = +
2 − 𝑡 2 (√2 − 𝑡)(√2 + 𝑡) √2 − 𝑡 √2 + 𝑡
integrating expressions of the form
1 = 𝐴(√2 + 𝑡) + 𝐵(√2 − 𝑡)
1
𝑎 sin 𝜃 + 𝑏 cos 𝜃 + 𝑐 Putting 𝑡 = √2 Putting 𝑡 = −√2
1 = 2√2𝐴 + 0𝐵1 1 = 0𝐴 + 2√2𝐵
Using these results will save time and limit
1 1
computational errors. 𝐴= 𝐵=
2√2 2√2

Revisiting the previous example Therefore

1 1
1 2√2 2√2
EXAMPLE = +
2 − 𝑡 2 √2 − 𝑡 √2 + 𝑡
Show that
1 1 1
𝜃 = ( + )
𝑑𝜃 1 √2 + tan 2 2√2 √2 − 𝑡 √2 + 𝑡
න = ln ( )+𝑐
1 + 3 cos 𝜃 2√2 𝜃 1 1 1 1
√2 − tan 2 𝑆𝑜 න 𝑑𝑡 = න ( + ) 𝑑𝑡
2 − 𝑡2 2√2 √2 − 𝑡 √2 + 𝑡
Solution
1 1 1
2𝑡 1−𝑡 2 = න( + ) 𝑑𝑡
Since sin 𝜃 = and cos 𝜃 = , form the triangle 2√2 √2 − 𝑡 √2 + 𝑡
1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2
1 1 1
explained above. = (න 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑑𝑡)
𝜃
2√2 √2 − 𝑡 √2 + 𝑡
Since 𝑡 = tan , 1
2
= ൣ−ln(√2 − 𝑡) + ln(√2 − 𝑡)൧
𝑑𝑡 1 𝜃 2√2
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑑𝜃 2 2 1
= ൣln(√2 + 𝑡) −ln(√2 − 𝑡)൧
1 𝜃 2√2
= (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 )
2 2
1 √2 + 𝑡
1 = ln ( )+𝑐
= (1 + 𝑡 2 ) 2√2 √2 − 𝑡
2
𝜃
1 + 𝑡2 But 𝑡 = tan , hence
2
=
2 𝜃
2𝑑𝑡 2 1 √2 + tan 2
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝜃 = = 𝑑𝑡 = ln ( )+𝑐
1+𝑡 2 1 + 𝑡2 2√2 𝜃
√2 − tan 2
2
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑡
න =න 1 + 𝑡2
1 + 3 cos 𝜃 1 − 𝑡2
1 + 3( )
1 + 𝑡2
2
=න 1 + 𝑡2 𝑑𝑡
1(1 + 𝑡 2 ) + 3(1 − 𝑡)2
1 + 𝑡2
55
 𝐴 𝐵
EXAMPLE ≡ +
1 (𝑡 − 4) − √11 (𝑡 − 4) + √11
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 න 𝑑𝑥
3 − 4sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥
1 = 𝐴ൣ(𝑡 − 4) + √11൧ + 𝐵[(𝑡 − 4) − √11]
Solution
Letting (𝑡 − 4) = √11 and (𝑡 − 4) = −√11
𝑥
Using the substitution 𝑡 = tan
2
1 = 2√11𝐴 + 𝐵(0) 1 = 𝐴(0) − 2√11𝐵
2
2𝑡 1−𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
sin 𝑥 = , cos 𝑥 = & 𝑑𝑥 = 1 1
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2 𝐴= 𝐵=−
2√11 2√11
1
න 𝑑𝑥 1 1
3 − 4sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 1 2√11 2√11
≡ −
(𝑡 − 4)2 − 11 (𝑡 − 4) − √11 (𝑡 − 4) + √11
3 2 𝑑𝑡
=න ∙( )
2𝑡 1− 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
3 − 4( ) + 2( ) 1 1 1
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2 = ( + )
2√11 (𝑡 − 4) − √11 (𝑡 − 4) + √11
2 𝑑𝑡
( )
=න 1 + 𝑡2 ∙ Back to our integration
2𝑡 1 − 𝑡2
3 − 4( ) + 2 ( )
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2 1
=න 𝑑𝑡
(𝑡 − 4)2 − 11
2
=න 1 + 𝑡2 𝑑𝑡 1 1 1
8𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 2 =න ( + ) 𝑑𝑡
3−( )+( ) 2√11 (𝑡 − 4) − √11 (𝑡 − 4) + √11
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2

2 1 1 1
1 + 𝑡2 = න( + ) 𝑑𝑡
=න 𝑑𝑡 2√11 (𝑡 − 4) − √11 (𝑡 − 4) + √11
3(1 + 𝑡 2 ) − 8𝑡 + 2 − 2𝑡 2
1+𝑡 2
1 1 1
= න( + ) 𝑑𝑡
2 2√11 𝑡 − 4 − √11 𝑡 − 4 + √11
=න 2 1 + 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 − 8𝑡 + 5 1
= [ln(𝑡 − 4 + √11) − ln(𝑡 − 4 + √11)]
1 + 𝑡2 2√11
2
=න 𝑑𝑡 1 1 𝑡 − 4 + √11
𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 5 ∴න 2
𝑑𝑡 = ln ( )
(𝑡 − 4) − 11 2√11 𝑡 − 4 − √11
1
= 2න
𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 5
𝑑𝑡 Hence
2 2 𝑡 − 4 + √11
Completing the square on 𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 5 න 𝑑𝑡 = ln ( )+𝑐
(𝑡 − 4)2 − 11 2√11 𝑡 − 4 − √11
We get 𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 5 = (𝑡 − 4)2 − 16 + 5
= (𝑡 − 4)2 − 11 2 1 𝑡 − 4 + √11
න 𝑑𝑡 = ln ( )+𝑐
1 (𝑡 − 4)2 − 11 √11 𝑡 − 4 − √11
=න 𝑑𝑡
(𝑡 − 4)2 − 11
𝑥
Partialising the integrand gives But 𝑡 = tan ( ), then substituting for 𝑡 gives
2

1 1 𝑥
= 1 tan − 4 + √11
(𝑡 − 4)2 − 11 ൣ(𝑡 − 4) − √11൧(𝑡 − 4) + √11] = ln ( 2 )+𝑐
2√11 𝑥
tan − 4 − √11
2
56
EXERCISE
1) Integrate the following, with respect to 𝑥.
2 1
𝑎) 𝑏) 𝑐) sec 𝑥
cos 𝑥 3 + sin 𝑥
4
𝑑) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑒)
1 − cos 𝑥
2) Evaluate
𝜋
2 𝑑𝑥
න
𝜋 3 − 2 sin 𝑥
3

3) Show that
𝜋/3
3
𝑎) න 𝑑𝜃 = 3.95
0 cos 𝜃
𝜋/2
𝑑𝑥 𝜋
𝑏) න =
0 2 + cos 𝑥 3√3

57
58