MODULE VIII: INTEGRATING FACTOR FOUND BY INSPECTION.
OBJECTIVE: At the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
a) Determine an integrating factor by inspection
b) Solve problem using an integrating factor
INTRODUCTION:
If when a differential equation is multiplied through by an expression, the result is
an exact differential equation, the expression is called an integrating factor of the
equation.
Note that integrating factor of many differential equations may be found by
recognizing certain groups as differentials of known expressions.
Integrating factor found by inspection:
1) d ( xy ) = xdy + ydx
2) d ( x./y ) = ydx – xdy
y²
3) d ( y/x ) = xdy – ydx
x²
4) d ( Arctan y/x ) = xdy – ydx
x² + y²
5) pydx + qxdy Use the untegrating factor x p-1 yq-1
Let z = xpyq
Example:1
Solve the equation xdy + ydx = 3x²dx using integrating factor.
Solution:
From the given equation note that xdy + ydx = d ( xy )
Therefore:
xdy + ydx + 3x²dx
d( xy ) = 3x²dx
Integrating:
∫ d(xy) = ∫ 3x²dx
xy = 3x3 + c
3
xy = x3 + c this is the required general solution of the equation
Example no. 2
Solve the equation using integrating factor.
ydx + ( x + x3 y² ) dy = 0 ; distribute dy
Solution:
ydx + xdy + x3y²dy = 0 note that d ( xy ) = xdy + ydx
d ( xy ) + x3y²dy = 0 ; divide the whole equation by x3y3
( x3y3 ) x3y3
d ( xy ) + dy = 0
( xy )3 + y
also:
( xy )-3 d (xy) + dy = 0
y
Integrating
∫ ( xy )-3 d( xy ) + ∫ dy = 0
y
( xy )-2 + lny = c
-2
– 1 + lny = c this is the required solution of the equation
2( xy )²
Example no. 3
Solve the equation using integrating factor
xdy – ydx = ( y² – 3 ) dy
Solution:
xdy – ydx = y²dy – 3dy ; divide by x²
x² x² x²
you will get
d ( y/x ) = ( y/x )² – 3 ( dy ) / x² ; divide by ( y )²
( y/x )² ( y/x )² ( y/x )² x
you will have
d ( y/x ) = dy – 3dy
( y/x )² y²
Intgrate:
∫ d ( y/x ) = ∫ dy – 3 ∫ y-2dy
( y/x )²
then:
( y/x )-1 = y + 3y -1 + c
–1
– 1 = y + 3 + c
y/x y
– x = y + 3 + c this is the required general solution
y y
Example no. 4
Solve the equation using integrating factor
x ( x² – y² – x ) dx – y ( x² – y² ) dy = 0 when x = 2, y = 0
Solution:
From the original equation
x ( x² – y² ) dx – x²dx – y ( x² – y²) dy = 0 factoring out x² – y²
( x² – y² ) ( xdx – ydy ) – x²dx = 0
Integrating:
∫ ( x² – y² ) ( xdx – ydy ) – ∫ x²dx = 0
Let u = x² – y²
du = 2xdx – 2ydy
du = 2 ( xdx – ydy )
therefore:
1 • ( x² – y² )² – x3 = c
2 2 3
or
( x² – y² )² – x3 = c find the least common denominator.
4 3
3 ( x² – y²)² – 4x3 = c multiply by 12
12
c1
3 ( x² – y² )² – 4x3 = 12c but 12c = c1
3 ( x² – y² )² – 4x3 = c1
Substitute the value of x & y to solve for c1
3 ( ( 2 )² – 0 )² – 4 ( 2 )3 = c1
3 ( 4 )² – 4 ( 8 ) = c1
3 ( 16 ) – 32 = c1
48 – 32 = c1
16 = c1
Therefore:
3 ( x² – y² )² – 4x3 = 16
3 ( x² – y² )² = 16 + 43
or
3 ( x² – y² )² = 4x3 + 16
3 ( x² – y² )² = 4 ( x3 + 4 ) this is the required particular solution
of the equation.
Example no. 5
Solve the equation using integrating factor
x4 y1 = – x3 y – csc ( xy )
Solution:
From the original equation
x4dy = – x3 y dx – csc ( xy ) dx ; simplifying
x4dy + x3 y dx = – csc ( xy ) dx ; dividing the equation by x3
x3 x3 x3
xdy + ydx = – csc ( xy ) dx
x3
d ( xy ) = – csc ( xy ) dx ; divide the equation by csc ( xy )
csc ( xy ) x3 csc ( xy )
d ( xy ) = – dx ; but 1 = sin ( xy )
csc ( xy ) x3 csc ( xy )
sin ( xy ) d ( xy ) = – dx
x3
Integrate
∫ Sin (xy ) d ( xy ) = – ∫ dx
x3
u = xy
du = d (xy)
Cos xy = x–2 + c
–2
Cos (xy) = x –2 ÷ C
∂
Cos (xy) = 1 ÷ C
∂x2
or Cos (xy) = 1 – ∂x2 C ; multiply whole equation by x2
∂x2
∂x2 Cos (xy) 1 – ∂x2 C1 ; but ∂C = C1
∂x2 Cos (xy) = 1 – x2 C1
or ∂x2 Cos (xy) = x2 C1 – 1 this is the required general solution of the equation
Example no. 6
Solve the differential equation 2ydx + 3 x dy = 3x-1 dy
Solution:
From the equation let
P = 2 and Q = 3
Then let u the integrating factor
u = x p – 1 y q – 1 = x2 – 1 y 3 – 1 = xy2
From the integrating factor
u = x y2
x = u y –2
Taking the derivative
dx = y – 2 du + (– 2y– 3 u dy )
dx = y – 2 du – 2y – 3 u dy
Substitute to the original equation
∂y ( y – 2 du – 2y– 3 u dy ) + 3 (u y – 2 ) dy = 3 (u y – 2 ) – 1
∂y – 1 du – 4 y – 2 u dy + 3 ( u y – 2 ) dy = 3 u – 1 y 2 dy
∂y – 1 du – u y – 2 dy = 3 u – 1 y 2 dy
∂du – u dy = 3y2 dy multiply the whole equation by u
y y2
∂u du – u2 dy = 3y2 dy
y y2
∂y u du – u2 dy
y2
but
∂y u du – u2 dy = d ( u2 )
y2 y
therefore :
d (u2 ) = 3y2 dy
y
integrating
∫ d (u2 ) = ∫ 3y2 dy
y
u2 = 3 y3 + C
y 3
but u = x
y –2
( x ) 2 = y3 + C
( y2 )
x3 = y3 + C
y– 3
y3 ( x2 ) – y3 = C
y3 ( x2 – 1 ) = C this is the desired general solution
TAKE IT EASY
Solve the following differential equation and when initial condition are given
solve for the constant of integration.
(1) ( x3 y3 + 1 ) dx + x 4 y2 dy = 0
(2) x dy – y dx = ( xy ) y2 dy = 0
(3) x dy – y dx = ( x2 + xy – 2y2 ) dx
(4) y ( y2 + 1) dx – x dy = 0
(5) y ( y2 + 1) dx + x ( y2 – 1 ) dy = 0
(6) y ( x2 + y2 – 1) dx + x ( x2 + y2 + 1 ) dy = 0
(7) x dy – y dx = y2 ( x2 + y2 ) dy
(8) x dy + y dx = xy3 dx
(9) y ( x2 y2 – 1) dx + x ( x2 y2 + 1) dy = 0
(10) y ( x3 – y5) dx – x ( x3 + y3 ) dy = 0
Do not proceed to the next page unless you were able to solve at least 8 problems.
PUSH YOURSELF:
Solve the following differential equation and when initial condition are given
solve for the constant of integration.
(1) y ( y3 – x) dx + x ( y3 + x) dy = 0
(2) ( 1 + y2 ) dx = ( x + x2 ) dy
(3) y dx – x dy + l n x dx = 0
(4) xdx + ydy = ( x2 + y2 ) dx
(5) ( x + y ) dx – ( x – y) dy = 0
(6) ( y + x3 y + 2 x2 ) dx + ( x + 4 xy4 + 8y3 ) dy = 0
(7) ( 3y3 – xy ) dx – ( x2 + 6xy2 ) dy = 0
(8) ( 2y + 3x y2 ) dx + ( x + 2x2 y) dy = 0
(9) x dy – y dx = 3x2 ( x2 + y2 ) dx
(10) y dy – y dx = x2 dy = 0
Do not proceed to the next page unless you were able to solve at least six (6)
problems:
TAKE THE CHALLENGE:
Solve the following differential equation and when initial condition are given
solve the constant of integration.
(1) ( x3 + xy2 + y ) dx + ( y3 + x2 y + x ) dy = 0
(2) y2 ( 1 – x2 ) dx + x ( x2 y + 2x + y ) dy = 0
(3) y ( x2 y2 – m ) dx + x ( x2 y2 + n ) dy = 0
(4) [ 1 + y tan ( xy ) ] dx + x tan ( xy ) dy = 0
(5) y ( x3 y3 + 2x2 – y ) dx + ( x n + 1 yn + bx ) dy = 0 when x = 1 & y = 1
(6) ( xn yn +1 + ay ) dx + ( x n +1 yn + bx ) dy = 0 if n ≠ 0
(7) x dy + 2y dx = x3 y3 dy
(8) y ( x3 ℮xy – y ) dx + ( y + x3 ℮xy ) dy = 0
(9) ( x3 + xy2 – y ) dx + ( y3 + x2 y + x ) dy = 0
(10) ( xn+1 yn + ay ) dx + ( xn yn+1 + ax ) dy = 0 if n ≠ 0