DAA (Unit-5)

Solving problems using

Backtracking

By
Dr. Ratnesh Litoriya
Medi-Caps University, Indore (M.P.)
5/6/2023
 Backtracking
Backtracking is a technique used to solve
problems with a large search space, by
systematically trying and eliminating
possibilities.
 It uses recursive calling to find the solution
by building a solution step by step increasing
values with time. It removes the solutions that
doesn't give rise to the solution of the
problem based on the constraints given to
solve the problem.
2
 Backtracking
Suppose you have to make a series of
decisions, among various choices, where
– You don’t have enough information to know what
to choose
– Each decision leads to a new set of choices
– Some sequence of choices (possibly more than
one) may be a solution to your problem
Backtracking is a methodical way of trying
out various sequences of decisions, until you
find the correct one that “works”.
 Backtracking
Start
Success!

Success!

Failure
Problem space consists of states (nodes) and actions
(paths that lead to new states). When in a node can
can only see paths to connected nodes

If a node only leads to failure go back to its "parent"

node. Try other alternatives. If these all lead to failure
then more backtracking may be necessary.
 Improving Backtracking
Search pruning will help us to reduce the
search space and hence get a solution
faster.

The idea is to avoid those paths that may not

lead to a solutions as early as possible by
finding contradictions so that we can
backtrack immediately without the need to
build a hopeless solution vector.
 Backtracking examples
The backtracking can be used in this cases:
Solving a maze
Graph Coloring problem
Solving a puzzle
Hamiltonian cycle
N queens problem etc.,
 A More Concrete Example
Sudoku
9 by 9 matrix with some
numbers filled in
all numbers must be between
1 and 9
Goal: Each row, each column,
and each mini matrix must
contain the numbers between
1 and 9 once each
– no duplicates in rows, columns,
or mini matrices
 Solving Sudoku – Brute Force
A brute force algorithm is a
simple but general
approach
Try all combinations until
you find one that works
This approach isn’t clever,
but computers are fast
Then try and improve on
the brute force results
 Solving Sudoku
Brute force Sudoku Soluton
– if not open cells, solved 1
– scan cells from left to right,
top to bottom for first open
cell
– When an open cell is found
start cycling through digits 1
to 9.
– When a digit is placed check
that the set up is legal
– now solve the board
Solving Sudoku – Later Steps
1 1 2 1 2 4

1 2 4 8 1 2 4 8 9

uh oh!
 Sudoku – A Dead End
We have reached a dead end in our search
1 2 4 8 9

With the current set up none of the nine

digits work in the top right corner
 Backing Up
When the search reaches a dead 1 2 4 8 9
end in backs up to the previous
cell it was trying to fill and goes
onto to the next digit
We would back up to the cell with
a 9 and that turns out to be a dead
end as well so we back up again
1 2 4 9
– so the algorithm needs to remember
what digit to try next
Now in the cell with the 8. We try
and 9 and move forward again.
 Characteristics of Brute Force
and Backtracking
Brute force algorithms are slow
The don't employ a lot of logic
– For example we know a 6 can't go in the last 3
columns of the first row, but the brute force
algorithm will plow ahead any way
But, brute force algorithms are fairly easy to
implement as a first pass solution
– backtracking is a form of a brute force algorithm
 Key Insights
After trying placing a digit in a cell we want to solve
the new sudoku board
– Isn't that a smaller (or simpler version) of the same
problem we started with?!?!?!?
After placing a number in a cell the we need to
remember the next number to try in case things
don't work out.
We need to know if things worked out (found a
solution) or they didn't, and if they didn't try the next
number
If we try all numbers and none of them work in our
cell we need to report back that things didn't work
 Recursive Backtracking
Problems such as Suduko can be solved
using recursive backtracking
recursive because later versions of the
problem are just slightly simpler versions of
the original
backtracking because we may have to try
different alternatives
 Recursive Backtracking
Pseudo code for recursive backtracking
algorithms

If at a solution, report success

for( every possible choice from current state / node)
Make that choice and take one step along path
Use recursion to solve the problem for the new node / state
If the recursive call succeeds, report the success to the next
high level
Back out of the current choice to restore the state at the
beginning of the loop.
Report failure
 Goals of Backtracking
Possible goals
– Find a path to success
– Find all paths to success
– Find the best path to success
Not all problems are exactly alike, and
finding one success node may not be the
end of the search
Start
Success!

Success!
The 8 Queens Problem
 The 8 Queens Problem
A classic chess puzzle (combinatorial
problem)
– Place 8 queen pieces on a chess board so that
none of them can attack one another
 The N Queens Problem
Place N Queens on an N by N chessboard so that
none of them can attack each other
Number of possible placements?
In 8 x 8
64 * 63 * 62 * 61 * 60 * 59 * 58 * 57
= 178,462, 987, 637, 760 / 8!
= 4,426,165,368

n choose k
– How many ways can you choose k things from a
set of n items?
– In this case there are 64 squares and we want to choose
8 of them to put queens on
 Question 2
For valid solutions how many queens can be
placed in a given column?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 4
F. Any number
 Reducing the Search Space
The previous calculation includes set ups like this
one Q
Q

Includes lots of set ups with Q

Q
multiple queens in the same Q
column Q
How many queens can there be Q
in one column? Q

Number of set ups

8 * 8 * 8 * 8 * 8 * 8 * 8 * 8 = 16,777,216
We have reduced search space by two orders of
magnitude by applying some logic
 8 Queens Problem(cont…)
This problem can be solved by trying to
place the first queen, then the second queen
so that it cannot attack the first, and then the
third so that it is not conflicting with
previously placed queens.
8 Queens Problem
Solving approach
8 Queens Problem(cont…)

It is an empty 8 x 8
chess board. We have
to place the queens in
this board.
8 Queens Problem(cont…)

We have placed the

first queen on the
chess board
8 Queens Problem(cont…)
Then we have placed
the second queen on
the board.
The darken place
should not have the
queens because they
are horizontal, vertical,
diagonal to the placed
queens.
8 Queens Problem(cont…)

We have placed the

third queen on board.
8 Queens Problem(cont…)

We have placed the

4th queen on the
board.
We have placed that
in the wrong spot, so
we backtrack and
change the place of
that one.
 8 Queens Problem(cont…)

In this way, we have to

continue the process
untill our is reached ie.,
we must place 8
queens on the board.
 8 Queens Problem(cont…)
– Backtracking provides the hope to solve some problem
instances of nontrivial sizes by pruning non-promising
branches of the state-space tree.

– The success of backtracking varies from problem to

problem and from instance to instance.

– Backtracking possibly generates all possible candidates

in an exponentially growing state-space tree.
 Algorithm to 8 Queens
 If number of queens is fixed and I realize there can't be
more than one queen per column I can iterate through the
rows for each column
for(int c0 = 0; c0 < 8; c0++){
board[c0][0] = 'q';
for(int c1 = 0; c1 < 8; c1++){
board[c1][1] = 'q';
for(int c2 = 0; c2 < 8; c2++){
board[c2][2] = 'q';
// a little later
for(int c7 = 0; c7 < 8; c7++){
board[c7][7] = 'q';
if( queensAreSafe(board) )
printSolution(board);
board[c7][7] = ' '; //pick up queen
}
board[c6][6] = ' '; // pick up queen
 N Queens
The problem with N queens is you don't
know how many for loops to write.
Do the problem recursively
Write recursive code with class and demo
– show backtracking with breakpoint and
debugging option
 Recursive Backtracking
You must practice!!!
Learn to recognize problems that fit the
pattern
Is a kickoff method needed?
All solutions or a solution?
Reporting results and acting on results
Another Backtracking Problem
A Simple Maze
Search maze until way
out is found. If no way
out possible report that.
 The Local View
Which way do
I go to get
out?
North
West
East

Behind me, to the South

is a door leading South
 Modified Backtracking
Algorithm for Maze
 If the current square is outside, return TRUE to indicate that a solution has been
found.
If the current square is marked, return FALSE to indicate that this path has been
tried.
Mark the current square.
for (each of the four compass directions)
{ if ( this direction is not blocked by a wall )
{ Move one step in the indicated direction from the current square.
Try to solve the maze from there by making a recursive call.
If this call shows the maze to be solvable, return TRUE to indicate that
fact.
}
}
Unmark the current square.
Return FALSE to indicate that none of the four directions led to a solution.
 Backtracking in Action
The crucial part of the
algorithm is the for loop
that takes us through the
alternatives from the current
square. Here we have moved
to the North.

for (dir = North; dir <= West; dir++)

{ if (!WallExists(pt, dir))
{if (SolveMaze(AdjacentPoint(pt, dir)))
return(TRUE);
}
Backtracking in Action

Here we have moved

North again, but there is
a wall to the North .
East is also
blocked, so we try South.
That call discovers that
the square is marked, so
it just returns.
So the next move we
can make is West.

Where is this leading?

This path reaches
a dead end.

Time to backtrack!

Remember the
program stack!
The recursive calls
end and return until
we find
ourselves back here.
And now we try
South
Path Eventually Found
More Backtracking Problems
 Other Backtracking Problems
Knight's Tour
Regular Expressions
Knapsack problem / Exhaustive Search
– Filling a knapsack. Given a choice of items with
various weights and a limited carrying capacity
find the optimal load out. 50 lb. knapsack. items
are 1 40 lb, 1 32 lb. 2 22 lbs, 1 15 lb, 1 5 lb. A
greedy algorithm would choose the 40 lb item
first. Then the 5 lb. Load out = 45lb. Exhaustive
search 22 + 22 + 5 = 49.
 The CD problem
We want to put songs on a Compact Disc.
650MB CD and a bunch of songs of various
sizes.
If there are no more songs to consider return result
else{
Consider the next song in the list.
Try not adding it to the CD so far and use recursion to evaluate best
without it.
Try adding it to the CD, and use recursion to evaluate best with it
Whichever is better is returned as absolute best from here
}
 Another Backtracking Problem
Airlines give out frequent flier miles as a way to get
people to always fly on their airline.
Airlines also have partner airlines. Assume if you
have miles on one airline you can redeem those
miles on any of its partners.
Further assume if you can redeem miles on a
partner airline you can redeem miles on any of its
partners and so forth...
– Airlines don't usually allow this sort of thing.
Given a list of airlines and each airlines partners
determine if it is possible to redeem miles on a
given airline A on another airline B.
 Airline List – Part 1
 Delta
– partners: Air Canada, Aero Mexico, OceanAir
 United
– partners: Aria, Lufthansa, OceanAir, Quantas, British Airways
 Northwest
– partners: Air Alaska, BMI, Avolar, EVA Air
 Canjet
– partners: Girjet
 Air Canda
– partners: Areo Mexico, Delta, Air Alaska
 Aero Mexico
– partners: Delta, Air Canda, British Airways
 Airline List - Part 2
 Ocean Air
– partners: Delta, United, Quantas, Avolar
 AlohaAir
– partners: Quantas
 Aria
– partners: United, Lufthansa
 Lufthansa
– partners: United, Aria, EVA Air
 Quantas
– partners: United, OceanAir, AlohaAir
 BMI
– partners: Northwest, Avolar
 Maxair
– partners: Southwest, Girjet
 Airline List - Part 3
Girjet
– partners: Southwest, Canjet, Maxair
British Airways
– partners: United, Aero Mexico
Air Alaska
– partners: Northwest, Air Canada
Avolar
– partners: Northwest, Ocean Air, BMI
EVA Air
– partners: Northwest, Luftansa
Southwest
– partners: Girjet, Maxair
 Problem Example
 If I have miles on Northwest can I redeem them on Aria?
 Partial graph:

Ocean Air

BMI Avolar

Northwest

Air Alaska
EVA Air