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INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
Velammal
Vidyalaya
Annexure
TEJESHWARAN.S
XII-C
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PHYSICS
Table of Contents:
Acknowledgement………………………………
…………..3
Overview……………………………………………………
…………….4
Aim of the
Project……………………………………………5
Apparatus and material
required…………………..6
Theory…………………………………………………
……………7
Procedure……………………………………………
……………9
Observations and
Graphs………………………………11
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To determine the horizontal component
of Earth’s Magnetic Field(H)
……………………………12
From
Graph…………………………………………………
…12
Result…………………………………………………
……………13
Precautions…………………………………………
………….13
Sources of
Error……………………………………………14
Facts……………………………………………………
…………14
Applications…………………………………………
………15
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Acknowledgement
“I would like to express my
sincere gratitude to my Physics
teacher,[Link] Reena for giving
us the wonderful opportunity to
do a case study and providing
vital support,guidance and
encouragement throughout the
project. Without her motivation
and help, the successful
completion of this project would
not be possible. Secondly i
would also like to
thank my friends
who helped me
a lot in finalizing
this project
within the limited
time frame.”
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Albert Einstein
Overview
The tangent galvanometer was first
described in an 1837 by Claude-
Servais- Mathias Pouillet, who later
employed this sensitive form of
galvanometer to verify Ohm’s law. To
use the galvanometer, it is first set up
on a level surface and the coil aligned
with the magnetic north-south
direction. This means that the compass
needle at the middle of the coil is
parallel with the plane of the coil when
it carries no current. The current to be
measured is now sent through the coil,
and produces a magnetic field,
perpendicular to the plane of the coil
and is directly proportional to the
current.
The magnitude of the magnetic
field produced by the coil is B; the
magnitude of the horizontal component
the Earth’s magnetic field is B’.The
compass needle aligns itself along the
vector sum of B and B’ after rotating
through an angle Ø from its original
orientation. The vector diagram shows
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that tan Ø = B/B’. Since the magnetic
field of the Earth is constant, and B
depends directly on the current, the
current is thus proportional to the
tangent of the angle through which the
needle has turned.
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AIM OF THE PROJECT
The aim of the project is to study the Earth’s
magnetic field and find its value (BH) using
a tangent galvanometer.
An 1850 Pouillet Tangent
Galvanometer on display at a
French Musuem
Tangent Galvanometer made by
J.H. Bunnell Co. around 1890
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Apparatus and Materials Required
Tangent Galvanometer (TG),
Commutator (C),
Rheostat (R),
Battery (E),
Ammeter (A),
Key (K), etc
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Theory
Tangent galvanometer is an early measuring
instrument for small electric currents. It consists
of a coil of insulated copper wire wound on a
circular non-magnetic frame. Its working is based
on the principle of the tangent law of magnetism.
When a current is passed through the circular
coil, a magnetic field (B) is produced at the
center of the coil in a direction perpendicular to
the plane of the coil.
The working of tangent galvanometer is based
on the tangent law. It is stated as when a
magnet is suspended freely in magnetic field F
and H, the magnet comes to rest making an
angle θ with the direction H such that,
F = H tan θ
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When a bar magnet is suspended in two Magnetic fields B and
Bh, it comes to rest making an angle θ with the direction of Bh.
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Let a current I be passed through the coil of
radius R, having turns N. Then magnetic field
produced at the centre of coil is,
Let H is the horizontal component of earth’s
magnetic field and the magnetic needle comes to
rest at angle with the direction of H, then
by substituting the value of current I,
radius of coil of galvanometer R, deflection and
N, the value of H can be calculated.
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Procedure
Connections are made as shown in the figure given
below, where K is the key, E the battery, A the
ammeter, R the rheostat, C the commutator, and T.G
the tangent galvanometer. The commutator can
reverse the current through the T.G coil without
changing the current in the rest of the circuit. Taking
the average of the resulting two readings for deflection
averages out, any small error in positioning the TG coil
relative to the earth’s magnetic field H .
PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMING THE
EXPERIMENT:
1) Make the circuit connections in
accordance with the circuit diagram.
2) Using spirit level, level the base and the
compass needle in compass box of tangent
galvanometer by adjusting the levelling
screw.
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3) Now rotate the coil of the galvanometer
about its vertical axis, till the magnetic
needle, its image in the plane mirror fixed at
the base of the compass box and the coil, i.e.
all these three lie in the same vertical plane
4) In this setting, the ends of the aluminium
pointer should read zero-zero. If this is not
so, rotate the box without disturbing the
position of the coil till at least one of the ends
of the pointer stands at the zero marks.
5) By closing the key K, the current flow in
the galvanometer. Read the both ends of the
pointer. Now reverse the direction of current
by using the reversing key. When the mean
values of both deflections shown by the
pointer in the two cases (i.e. before and after
reversing the current) differ by more than 1 , o
then turn slightly the vertical coil until the
two values agree. This will set the plane of
the coil exactly in the magnetic meridian.
6) By adjusting the rheostat, bring the
deflection in galvanometer around 45 . The o
deflection should not be outside the range
(30 -60 ).o o
7) Record the reading of the ammeter and
the deflection of the compass needle in the
box shown by two ends of pointer on the
scale.
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8) Reverse the current in the coil of
galvanometer and again record the current
and deflection of needle.
9) By changing the value of current, take
four or more set of readings and plot the
graph between I and tan. The graph will be a
straight line
10) Measure the inner and the outer
diameter of the coil with a half metre scale at
least three times.
Observations
1) Range of the Ammeter –
2) Least count of Ammeter –
3) Zero error in Ammeter –
4) Number of turns used (N) –
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Table 1. For variation of θ with I
Table 2. For radius of tangent
Galvanometer
Mean radius of coil R = 8.04 × 10-2
GRAPH :
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RESULT
The value of earth’s magnetic field by using
a tangent galvanometer is
H = 7.6867 × 10-8 T
PRECAUTIONS:
1) The battery should be freshly
charged.
2) The magnetic needle should swing
freely in the horizontal plane
3) The plane of coil must be set in
magnetic meridian.
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4) There should be no parallax in
noting down the readings of ammeter
and deflection.
5) All the readings should be adjusted
between 30 and 60 . o o
SOURCES OF ERROR
[Link] may a magnetic material around
apparatus.
[Link] plane of coil will not be exactly in the
magnetic meridian.
FACTS
The tangent galvanometer is an early
measuring instrument for Current
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The magnetic field produced by a circular
coil carrying current I is Proportional to
I.
The S.I unit of magnetic field is Tesla .
The magnitude of horizontal intensity of
earth’s magnetic field is3.5x10⁻⁵ T .
For better result while doing tangent
galvanometer experiment, the deflection
should be in between 30 -60 .
o o
The value of μ₀ is 4πx10⁻⁷ NA⁻²
APPLICATIONS
T.G. can be used to measure the magnitude
of the horizontal component of the
geomagnetic field.
The principle can be used to compare the
galvanometer constants.
For calibration of secondary instruments.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Tangent Galvanometer
(Procedure) :Comprehensive Physics
Activities Volume I : Laxmi Publications
Pvt Ltd.
Tangent Galvanometer (Theory) :
Comprehensive Physics Activities Volume
I : Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.
Tangent Galvanometer (Precautions
and Sources of error) : Comprehensive
Physics Activities Volume I : Laxmi
Publications Pvt Ltd
Galvanometer: Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia
[Link]/wiki/Galvanometer
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