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Complete SQL Interview Questions Answers

The document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL concepts, including types of commands, SELECT queries, joins, aggregate functions, subqueries, constraints, indexes, normalization, transactions, views, procedures, functions, NULL handling, and interview scenario questions. It emphasizes the importance of performance optimization and the ACID properties of transactions. Key SQL elements such as primary and foreign keys, as well as various SQL functions and operations, are also discussed.

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Avani G
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5 views2 pages

Complete SQL Interview Questions Answers

The document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL concepts, including types of commands, SELECT queries, joins, aggregate functions, subqueries, constraints, indexes, normalization, transactions, views, procedures, functions, NULL handling, and interview scenario questions. It emphasizes the importance of performance optimization and the ACID properties of transactions. Key SQL elements such as primary and foreign keys, as well as various SQL functions and operations, are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Avani G
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Complete SQL Interview Questions & Answers

1. SQL Basics
• SQL stands for Structured Query Language and is used to manage relational databases.

• Types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DQL, DCL, TCL.

• Primary Key uniquely identifies a record and cannot be NULL.

• Foreign Key establishes a relationship between two tables.

2. SELECT Queries
• SELECT retrieves data from database tables.

• WHERE filters rows, HAVING filters grouped data.

• DISTINCT removes duplicate records.

• ORDER BY sorts result set, GROUP BY groups rows.

3. Joins
• INNER JOIN returns matching rows from both tables.

• LEFT JOIN returns all rows from left table and matched rows from right.

• RIGHT JOIN returns all rows from right table.

• SELF JOIN joins a table with itself.

4. Aggregate Functions
• COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX() are aggregate functions.

• COUNT(*) counts all rows including NULLs.

• COUNT(column) ignores NULL values.

5. Subqueries
• A subquery is a query within another query.

• Single-row, multi-row and correlated subqueries are types.

• Used to fetch data based on conditions.

6. Constraints
• PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, NOT NULL, CHECK, DEFAULT.

• UNIQUE allows NULL, PRIMARY KEY does not.


7. Indexes & Performance
• Indexes improve query performance.

• Avoid indexes on frequently updated columns.

8. Normalization
• Normalization reduces redundancy.

• 1NF: atomic values, 2NF: no partial dependency, 3NF: no transitive dependency.

9. Transactions
• Transaction is a logical unit of work.

• ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.

• COMMIT saves changes, ROLLBACK undoes changes.

10. Views, Procedures & Functions


• View is a virtual table.

• Stored procedure is precompiled SQL block.

• Functions return values, procedures may not.

11. NULL Handling


• NULL represents missing value.

• Use IS NULL instead of = NULL.

• COALESCE replaces NULL with value.

12. Interview Scenario Questions


• Second highest salary using subquery.

• Find and delete duplicate records.

• Difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE and DROP.

13. Performance & Optimization


• Use indexes, avoid SELECT *, analyze execution plan.

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