Religious Movements & European Colonization Importance of Jamestown – First successful Treaty of Paris (1763) – Ended French &

nded French & Indian

Protestant Reformation – A religious movement English colony, introduction of representative War, Britain gained territory.
in the 16th century led by Martin Luther that government. Virtual & Direct Representation – Colonial
challenged the Catholic Church and led to Puritans & New England Colonies debates over representation in Parliament.
Protestantism. The Puritans – Religious group wanting to Proclamation of 1763 – British law restricting
Martin Luther – German monk who initiated "purify" the Church of England. colonial expansion.
the Reformation by publishing the 95 Theses, King James I of England – Opposed Puritanism, Tension in the Colonies (1763) – Rising
criticizing Catholic practices. leading some to flee to America. dissatisfaction with British rule.
Justification by Faith – Luther’s belief that Pilgrims (Puritan Separatists) – Religious group Sugar & Stamp Acts – British taxes that angered
salvation comes from faith alone, not church that settled in Plymouth for religious freedom. colonists.
rituals. The Mayflower Compact – Early self- Stamp Act Crisis & Crowd Actions – Protests
Government & Religion – The relationship government agreement in Plymouth. against British taxation.
between church and state, often debated in Plymouth Colony – Established by the Pilgrims Declaratory Act, Townshend Duties – Further
colonial America. in 1620. British taxation policies.
John Calvin - Calvinism – A Protestant Massachusetts Bay Colony – A Puritan Boston Massacre & Tea Party – Key events
movement emphasizing predestination and settlement led by John Winthrop. leading to revolution.
strict moral behavior. John Winthrop – Puritan leader who envisioned Intolerable Acts – British response to colonial
Predestination – Calvinist belief that God has the colony as a “City Upon a Hill.” rebellion.
already determined who will be saved. Great Migration of Puritans – Mass Puritan First & Second Continental Congress – Meetings
Presbyteries – Governing bodies in Calvinist migration to New England (1630s). to coordinate resistance.
churches. New England in the New World – Religious and Common Sense by Thomas Paine – Pamphlet
Anglicanism – The Church of England, family-centered society. advocating independence.
established by Henry VIII, which influenced English Civil War (1642-49) – Conflict between Declaration of Independence – 1776 document
religion in the American colonies. monarchy and Parliament affecting the declaring U.S. independence.
Native American Civilization & European colonies. Battles of Lexington, Concord, Saratoga,
Colonization English Commonwealth – Short-lived republican Yorktown – Key Revolutionary War battles.
Aztec Civilization – A powerful Mesoamerican government in England under Oliver Cromwell. Valley Forge – Winter camp where
empire conquered by the Spanish in 1521. Lord Protector – Title held by Cromwell as ruler Washington’s army endured hardships.
Tenochtitlán – Capital of the Aztec Empire, later of England. Franco-American Alliance – French support for
Mexico City. Stuart Restoration – Return of monarchy under the revolution.
Aztec Religious Beliefs – Polytheistic beliefs Charles II in 1660. Treaty of Paris (1783) – Ended the American
including human sacrifice to appease gods. Colonial Economy & Society Revolution.
Quetzalcoatl – A major deity in Aztec Corporate, Royal, and Proprietary Colonies – Formation of the U.S. Government
mythology. Different types of British colonial governance. Republic vs. Confederation – Debate over the
Hernán Cortés – Spanish conquistador who led New Amsterdam & New Netherlands – Dutch structure of government.
the conquest of the Aztecs. colony, later New York. Articles of Confederation – Weak early
Montezuma – Aztec emperor defeated by Pennsylvania Colony & William Penn – Founded government.
Cortés. as a Quaker refuge. Shays’ Rebellion – Uprising showing
Spanish Conquest of America – Spain’s Indentured Servants – Workers bound by weaknesses of the Articles.
colonization of the Americas, including the contract for passage to America. Constitutional Convention – Meeting to create a
defeat of Native civilizations. Yeoman Farmer – Independent farmers owning new government.
Colonial America & Native Relations small land plots. James Madison & Alexander Hamilton – Key
Native American Religious Beliefs – Animism, Immigration & Accepted Immigrant Groups – figures in drafting the Constitution.
polytheism, and a deep connection to nature. Scots-Irish, Pennsylvania Dutch, and other Virginia Plan – Proposal for representation
Native American Politics & Society – Varied European settlers. based on population.
tribal governance, some democratic, others Massachusetts Witches – Salem Witch Trials Congressional Representation & 3/5
ruled by chiefs. (1692), hysteria over witchcraft. Compromise – Compromise on counting
Britain’s Reason for Colonizing – Economic gain Slavery & Economy enslaved people.
(mercantilism), religious freedom, and Salutary Neglect – British policy of lax colonial Separation of Powers (Executive, Legislative,
competition with Spain. oversight. Judicial) – Three branches of government.
Jamestown Colony – First permanent English Mercantilism – Economic system where Ratification of Constitution – Federalist vs. Anti-
settlement (1607). colonies benefited the mother country. Federalist debate.
Powhatan People – Native American tribe near Navigation Acts – Laws regulating colonial trade Federalist Papers – Essays supporting the
Jamestown. to favor England. Constitution.
Captain John Smith – Leader of Jamestown, Slavery in Colonial America – Growth of slavery, Bill of Rights – First 10 amendments protecting
known for his relationship with Pocahontas. especially in the South. individual freedoms
John Rolfe – Introduced tobacco cultivation, Slavery in the North, Chesapeake, & Carolinas –
which became a cash crop. Varied dependence on slavery.
Headright System – Land grants to settlers to Plantation System & Slavery – Large-scale
encourage colonization. farming, particularly for tobacco and rice.
House of Burgesses – First representative The American Revolution
assembly in the colonies (Virginia, 1619). French & Indian War (1754-1763) – Conflict
War with the Powhatan – Conflicts between between Britain and France over North
Jamestown settlers and Powhatan Confederacy. America.