KINETIC
THEORY OF
GASES
presented by Kaashvi Arora and Hridhaan Sharma
What is an ideal gas?
A gas which obeys the ideal gas equation:
PV=nRT
at alltemperaturesand pressureiscalled
an ideal gas or a perfect gas.
Characteristics:
[Link] size of the gas molecule is
neglegibally small.
[Link] is no force of attraction amongst
the molecules of gas
Real gas vs. Ideal gas
Basis of Comparison Ideal Gas Real Gas
Definition Actual gases found in nature
A hypothetical gas that perfectly obeys
gas laws under all conditions
Obeys Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, and
Obeys gas laws only at low pressure and
Obedience to gas laws Ideal Gas Equation at all temperatures
high temperature
Intermolecular forces No intermolecular attraction or repulsion Intermolecular forces are present
Volume of molecules Molecules have zero volume Molecules have finite volume
Molecular collisions Perfectly elastic collisions Collisions are nearly elastic but not perfect
Examples No real example (only theoretical) O₂, N₂, CO₂, H₂, etc.
Aspect Similarity
Particle nature Both consist of a large number of molecules
Random motion Molecules move randomly in all directions
Both exert pressure due to molecular collisions with container
Pressure
walls
Low pressure behavior Real gases behave like ideal gases at low pressure
High temperature behavior Real gases behave nearly ideally at high temperature
pressure exerted by a gas
Derivation of pressure exerted by a gas
Consider,
A cubical container of side l.
Volume of the gas:
V = l³
Mass of one molecule = m
Total number of molecules = N
Let the velocity of a molecule be resolved into components:
vₓ, vᵧ, v𝓏
Change in momentum:
Consider a molecule colliding normally with the wall perpendicular to the x-axis.
Initial momentum = mvₓ
Final momentum = −mvₓ
Change in momentum,
Δp = (−mvₓ) − (mvₓ)
Δp = −2mvₓ
Magnitude of change in momentum = 2mvₓ
Time between two successive collisions:
The distance travelled by a molecule between two successive collisions with the same wall is 2l.
Time taken,
Δt = 2l / vₓ
Force exerted by one molecule: Since l³ = V,
Final expression:
Force = change in momentum / time P = (m / V) Σvₓ² P = (Nm / V) × (1/3)v̅̅²
F = 2mvₓ / (2l / vₓ)
F = mvₓ² / l Using isotropy of molecular motion: Since density of gas,
ρ = Nm / V
Force due to all molecules: Due to random motion of molecules, Therefore,
v̅̅ₓ² = v̅̅ᵧ² = v̅̅ 𝓏²
Also, P = (1/3)ρv̅̅²
Total force on the wall, v̅̅² = v̅̅ₓ² + v̅̅ ᵧ² + v̅̅ 𝓏²
F=(m/l) Σvₓ²
v̅̅² = 3v̅̅ₓ²
Therefore,
Pressure exerted by the gas:
v̅̅ₓ² = (1/3)v̅̅ ² Final result
Pressure = force / area P = (1/3)ρv̅̅²
Area of the wall,
A = l²
P=F/A
P = (m / l³) Σvₓ²
Relation between pressure and kinetic energy of a gas
From kinetictheoryofgases,thepressureexerted Themean kinetic energyofonegas
by a gas is given by: molecule is given by
P = (1/3) ρ v̄̄²
where ρ is the density of the gas and v̄̄² is the mean square Mean kinetic energy = (1/2) m v̄̄²
speed of the gas molecules. Therefore,
m v̄̄² = 2 × mean kinetic energy
Substituting this value in the above equation,
The density of a gas is
ρ = Nm / V
PV = (2/3) N × mean kinetic energy
Substituting this value of density in the pressure equation,
Rearranging the equation,
P = (1/3) (Nm / V) v̄̄²
Multiplying both sides by V, Mean kinetic energy = (3/2) (PV / N)
PV = (1/3) Nm v̄̄²
1
Thank
You