CLASS-X

STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL

2023-24

SUB: SCIENCE

Content Team
1. Sashi Bhusana Mahapatra, PGT-Chemistry, OAV, Tarabhatta, Borigumma (Team Leader)
2. Falguni Majhi, PGT-Chemistry, OAV, Gumma, Baipariguda
3. Atulya Kumar Sahu, PGT-Chemistry, OAV, Nilabadi, Bandhugaon
 Chapter-1: Chemical Reactions and Equations
MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (1 MARK EACH)
1. Electrolysis of water is a decomposition reaction. The mole ratio of hydrogen and oxygen gases
liberated during electrolysis of water is:
(a) 1: 1 (b) 2:1 (c) 4:1 (d) 1:2
2. A substance ‘X’ is used in white-washing and is obtained by heating limestone in the absence of air.
Identify ‘X’.
(a) CaOCl2 (b) Ca(OH)2 (c) CaO (d) CaCO3
3. Which of the following gases is used to store fat and oil-containing foods for a long time?
(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Oxygen (c) Nitrogen (d)Neon
4. A substance which oxidizes itself and reduces other is known as
(a) Oxidising agent (b) Reducing agent (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
5. Which of the following is an endothermic process?
(a) Dilution of sulphuric acid (b) Respiration in human beings
(c) Condensation of water vapours (d) Sublimation of dry ice
6. The following reaction is used for preparation of oxygen gas in the laboratory.
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
2KClO3(s) →2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about the reaction?
(a) It is a decomposition reaction and endothermic in nature.
(b) It is a combination reaction.
(c) It is a decomposition reaction and is accompanied by release of heat.
(d) It is a photochemical decomposition reaction and exothermic in nature.
7. Assertion: White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight.
Reason: Decomposition of silver chloride in presence of sunlight takes place to form silver metal and
chlorine gas.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
Ans: 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a)
SHORT ANSWER TYPE-I QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (2 MARKS EACH)
8. Identify the type of reactions taking place in each of the following cases and write the
balanced chemical equation for the reactions.
(a) Zinc reacts with silver nitrate to produce zinc nitrate and silver.
(b) Potassium iodide reacts with lead nitrate to produce potassium nitrate and lead iodide.
Ans: (a) It is a displacement reaction. Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3 )2 + 2Ag
(b) It is a double displacement or precipitation reaction.
Pb(NO3 )2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) → PbI2 (s)↓ + 2KNO3 (aq)
9. What is observed when carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water?
(a) For a short duration
(b) For long duration?
Also, write the chemical equations for the reaction involved.
Ans: (a) For short duration: Limewater turns milky due to the formation of CaCO3, which is
insoluble in water.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2 O
(b) For Long duration: A clear solution is obtained due to the formation of calcium bicarbonate
Ca(HCO3 )2, which is soluble in water.
CaCO3 + H2 O → Ca(HCO3)2

pg. 1
10.(a) A solution of potassium chloride when mixed with silver nitrate solution, an insoluble
white substance is formed. Write the chemical reaction involved and also mention the type of
the chemical reaction.
(b) Ferrous sulphate when heated, decomposes with the evolution of a gas having a
characteristic odour of burning sulphur. Write the chemical reaction involved and identify the
type of reaction.
Ans: (a) It is a double displacement reaction. AgNO 3 (aq) + KCl (aq) → AgCl (s)↓ + KNO3 (aq)
(b) It is a thermal decomposition reaction. 2FeSO 4 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 → Fe2 O3 + SO2 + SO3
SHORT ANSWER TYPE-II QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (3 MARKS EACH)
11. Write the meaning and one example each of
(a) Thermal decomposition (b) Electrolytic decomposition (c)Photochemical decomposition
Ans: (a) Decomposition reactions which require heat are called thermal decompositions.
Example: 2Pb(NO3 )2 (s) 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2 (g)
(b) Decomposition reactions which require electricity are called electrolytic decompositions.

Example: 2H2 O(l) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

(c)Decomposition reactions which require light are called photochemical decompositions.
Example: 2AgCl(s) (white) 2Ag(s) (grey) + Cl 2(g)
12. Account for the followings.
(a) Magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air.
(b) Silver does not evolve hydrogen on reacting with dil. H 2SO 4.
(c) Food particles are preferably packed in aluminum foil.
(a) To remove the protective layer of basic magnesium carbonate from the surface of magnesium
ribbon.
(b) As silver is less reactive metal than hydrogen.
(c) Aluminium foil do not corrode in atmosphere even if kept for a long time because a protective
coating of aluminium oxide (Al 2 O3 ) is formed on the surface of the foil and stops any further
reaction of the metal with air and water thus food particles do not get spoiled.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (5 MARKS EACH)
13. Explain the following terms with suitable examples?
(a) Oxidation (b) Reduction (c) Precipitation reaction (d) Corrosion (e) Rancidity
Ans: (a) Oxidation: Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen in a chemical reaction is called
oxidation reaction.
Example: 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2 O3
(b) Reduction: Addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen in a chemical reaction is called
oxidation reaction.
Example: CuO +H2 → Cu +H2 O
(c) Precipitation reaction: A chemical reaction in which an insoluble substance (precipitate) is
formed is called precipitation reaction.
Example: AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl↓+ NaNO3
(d) Corrosion: The process of slow conversion of metals into their undesirable compounds due to
their reaction with oxygen, water, acids, gases etc. present in the atmosphere is called corrosion.
Example-1: Rusting of iron: Iron when reacts with oxygen and moisture forms red substance
which is called Rust.
4Fe(s) + 3O2 (from air) + xH2 O(moisture) → 2Fe 2 O3. xH2 O (rust)
Methods to Prevent Rusting:
•By painting •By greasing and oiling •By galvanisation.
Example-2: Corrosion of Copper: Copper objects lose their luster and shine after some time
because the surface of these objects acquires a green coating of basic copper carbonate,
[Link](OH)2 when exposed to air.
Cu(s) + H 2 O(moisture) + CO 2(from air) +O 2(g) → CuCO3. Cu(OH)2(green)

pg. 2
Example-3: Corrosion of Silver: The surface of silver metal gets tarnished (becomes dull) on
exposure to air, due to the formation of a coating of black silver sulphide (Ag 2 S) on its surface by
the action of H2 S gas present in the air.
Ag(s) + H2 S(from air) → Ag2 S(black) + H2 (g)
(e) Rancidity: The taste and odour of food materials containing fat and oil changes when they are
left exposed to air for a long time due to the oxidation of fat and oil present in food materials.
Methods to prevent rancidity:
 Use of air-tight containers
 Packaging with nitrogen
 Refrigeration
 Addition of antioxidants or preservatives
14. Explain the following reactions with an example.
(a) Combination reaction (b) Decomposition reaction
(c) Displacement reaction (d) Double displacement reaction
(e) Exothermic reaction
Ans: (a) In combination reaction, two or more substances react to produce one substance.
Example: CaO (s) + CO 2 (g) → CaCO3 (s)
(b) In decomposition reaction, a single substance breaks down into two or more substance.
Example: NH 4 Cl (s) → HCl (g) + NH3 (g)
(c) In displacement reaction, more reactive element displaces the less reactive element from its
compound.
Example: Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
(d) In double displacement reaction, the exchange of ions between two reactants takes place to
create two new molecules.
Example: HCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → AgCl (s) + HNO 3 (aq)
(e) In exothermic reaction, heat energy is released.
Example: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2 O + heat
CASE-BASED QUESTION WITH ANSWER [4 (1 + 1 + 1 + 1) MARKS]
15. Chemical equation is a method of representing a chemical reaction with the help of symbols and
formulae of the substances involved in it. In a chemical equation, the substances which combine or
react are called reactants and new substances produced are called products. A chemical equation is
a shorthand method of representing a chemical reaction. A balanced chemical equation has an equal
number of atoms of different elements in the reactants and products side. An unbalanced chemical
equation has an unequal number of atoms of one or more elements in reactants and products.
Formulae of elements and compounds are not changed to balance an equation.
(a) Consider the reaction: p Mg3N2 + q H2O → r Mg(OH)2 + s NH3
When the equation is balanced, the coefficients p, q, r, s respectively are:
(i) 1,3,3,2 (ii) 1,6,3,2 (iii) 1,2,3,2 (iii) 2,3,6,2
(b) State two informations that are conveyed by a balanced chemical equation.
(c) State the law that is followed while balancing a chemical equation.
[OR]
(c) State any two observations that help us to determine whether a chemical reaction has taken
place.
Ans: (a) (ii) 1,6,3,2
(b) (i) Physical states of reactants and products
(ii) Number of atoms/molecules of the reactants and products.
(c) Law of conservation of mass. It states that, “the mass of the products in a chemical reaction must
equal the mass of the reactants”.
[OR]
(c) Change in state, evolution of gas, change in temperature etc.
Prepared by-Sashi Bhusana Mahapatra, PGT-Chemistry, OAV, Tarabhatta, Borigumma

pg. 3
 Chapter-2: Acids, Bases and Salts

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (1 MARK EACH)

1. Litmus, a purple coloured natural acid-base indicator is extracted from_________.
(a) China rose (b) Onion (c) Lichen (d) Clove
2. A visually challenged student has to perform a lab test to detect the presence of acid in a given
solution. The acid-base indicator preferred by him will be:-
(a) Litmus paper (b) Clove oil (c) Methyl orange (d) Turmeric
3. Which acid is present in ant sting and nettle sting?
(a) Acetic acid (b) Methanoic acid (c) Hydrochloric acid (d) Oxalic acid
4. Study the experiment set up shown in the given figure and choose the correct option from the
following.

P Q Change observed in Calcium hydroxide solution

(a) K2CO3 Cl2 gas No change
(b) KHCO3 CO2 gas No change
(c) KHCO3 H2 gas Turns milky
(d) K2CO3 CO2 gas Turns milky
5. The aqueous solution of which of the following compound do not conduct electricity?
(a) Glucose (b) Hydrochloric acid (c) Sodium Chloride (d) Sodium Hydroxide
6. Select from the following statement which is true for bases.
(a) Bases are bitter and turn blue litmus red.
(b) Bases have a pH less than 7.
(c) Bases are sour and change red litmus to blue.
(d) Bases turn pink when a drop of phenolphthalein is added to them.
7. Which of the following compound is used for making borax?
(a) Bleaching Powder (b) Washing Soda (c) Plaster of Paris (d) Caustic soda
8. Under what condition of soil, do you think farmer would treat the soil of his fields with quick lime
or slaked lime or chalk?
(a) Basic (b) Acidic (c) Neutral (d) None of these
9. Assertion (A): Sodium hydrogen carbonates is used as an ingredient in antacids.
Reason(R): NaHCO3 is a mild non-corrosive basic salt.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
10. Assertion (A): Fresh milk in which baking soda is added, takes a longer time to set as curd.
Reason (R): Baking soda decreases the pH value of fresh milk to below 6.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
ANSWERS: 1.(c) 2.(b) 3.(b) 4.(d) 5.(a) 6.(d) 7.(b) 8.(b) 9.(a). 10.(c)

pg. 4
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE-I QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (2 MARKS EACH)
11. Blue litmus solution is added to two test tubes ‘A’ and ‘B’ containing dilute HCl and NaOH
solution respectively. In which test tube a colour change will be observed? State the colour change
and give its reason.
Ans: In tube ‘A’ colour of blue litmus solution will changes to red, because it contains an acid.
12. On heating ‘X’ at 370K, it loses water molecules and becomes ‘Y’, which doctors use for
supporting fractured bones in the right position.
(i) Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’.
(ii) How can ‘X’ be re-obtained from ‘Y’?
Ans: (i) X is Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) and Y is Plaster of Paris ( CaSO4.1/2 H2O)
(ii) X (Gypsum) can be re- obtained by mixing water with Y (Plaster of Paris)
13. On adding a few drops of in universal indicator in three colourless solutions X, Y and Z taken
separately in three test tubes, a student observed the changes in colour as green in X, red in Y and
blue in Z.
(i) Arrange X,Y and Z in the increasing of their pH values.
(ii) Which one of the three X, Y and Z will change the colour of phenolphthalein and why?
Ans: (i) Y < X < Z
(ii) (a) Z will change the colour of phenolphthalein to pink from colourless because Z is a base.
14. Write the chemical formula of bleaching powder? How is bleaching powder prepared? For
what purpose it is used in drinking water?
Ans: CaOCl2. It is prepared by the action of chlorine and slaked lime [Ca (OH)2]
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 -----------CaOCl2+H2O
It is used to make drinking water germ free.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE-II QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (3 MARKS EACH)
15. Identify the gases evolved at the anode and cathode in the above experimental set up.

(a) Name the process that occurs. Why is it called so?

(b) Illustrate the reaction of the process with the help of a chemical equation.
Ans: (a) Chlorine at anode and hydrogen at cathode
(b) Chlor-alkali process as the products are chlorine and alkali (NaOH).
(c) 2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l) ----electricity------ 2NaOH(aq)+ Cl2(g) + H2(g)
16. What is water of crystallisation? Write the common name and chemical formula of a
commercially important compound which has ten water molecules as water of crystallisation.
Write one use of this compound.
Ans: Water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a
salt. Common name of the compound is washing soda and its chemical formula is Na2CO3.10H2O.
Use: For washing purposes in home and laundry.
17. A compound ‘P’ forms the enamel of teeth. It is the hardest substance of the body. It doesn’t
dissolve in water but get corroded when the pH is lowered below 5.5.
(a) Identify the compound ‘P’.
(b) Why does it get damage due to eating of sweets?
(c) What should we do to prevent tooth decay?

pg. 5
Ans: (a) Calcium phosphate
(b) Bacteria produce acid by degradation of sweet particles in mouth that lowers the pH of
mouth below 5.5.
(c) Mouth should be cleaned after eating and use tooth paste.
18. For making cake, baking powder is taken. If your mother uses baking soda instead of baking
powder in cake at home,
(a) How will it affect the taste of the cake and why?
(b) How can baking soda be converted into baking powder?
(c) What is the role of tartaric acid added to baking soda?
Ans: (a) If we use baking soda instead of baking powder, the taste of the cake will be bitter. On
heating baking soda, sodium carbonate will be formed, which will make the cake taste bitter.
2NaHCO3 + Heat → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
(b) Baking soda can be converted to baking powder by adding an edible weak acid like tartaric acid in
the baking soda.
(c) When tartaric acid is dissolved in water, it liberates hydrogen ions. Hydrogen ions react with
sodium carbonate to release carbon dioxide gas, which will make the cake fluffy.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION WITH ANSWER (5 MARKS)
19. A chemical compound X is used in soap and class industry. It is prepared from brine.
(a) Write the chemical name, Common name and formula of compound X.
(b) Write the equation involved in its preparation.
(c) What happens when it is treated with water containing Ca or Mg salt?
Ans: (a) Chemical name is sodium carbonate, common name is washing soda and formula is
Na2CO3.10H2O.
(b) NaCl + H2O + CO2+ NH3---- NaHCO3+ NH4Cl
2 NaHCO3 ----heat—-- Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + 10 H2O ---------- Na2CO3.10H2O
(c) When it is treated with water containing Ca or Mg salts, it removes the hardness of water.
20. Explain why
(a) Dry ammonia has no action on litmus paper but a solution of ammonia in water turns red
litmus paper blue.
(b) Bleaching powder forms a milky solution in water.
(c) Curd and sour substance should not be kept in brass and copper vessels
(d) Distilled water does not conduct electricity, whereas rain water does.
(e) Plaster of Paris should be stored in moisture-proof container.
Ans. (a) In dry state ammonia contains no hydroxyl ions. On dissolving in water, it forms NH4OH
which dissociates to give NH4+ and OH- ions. Thus, solution becomes basic and turns red litmus paper
blue.
NH3 (g) + H2O (l) →NH4OH (aq)
NH4OH (aq) → NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
(b) When bleaching powder gets dissolved in water, the solution turns milky due to the formation of
Ca(OH)2. CaOCl2 + H2O →Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl
(c) Brass and copper vessels contain copper and zinc metal that reacts with acids present in curd and
sour substance forming soluble salts. These salts are poisonous in nature and make curd unfit for
consumption.
(d) Rain water contains small amount of acid because of which it conducts electricity. Distilled water
is pure water. It does not contain ions. Therefore, it does not conduct electricity.
(e) Plaster of Paris reacts with moisture to form gypsum and sets to a hard mass. Therefore, it should
be stored in moisture-proof container.
3
CaSO4. ½H2O + 2 H2O → CaSO4. 2H2O
Prepared By: Falguni Majhi, PGT- Chemistry, OAV Gumma, Boipariguda

pg. 6
 Chapter-3: Metals and Non-metals

KEY POINTS:

pg. 7
pg. 8
 MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (1 MARK EACH)

1. The given diagram represents a __________ reaction.

(a) photo decomposition (b) electrolysis

(c) displacement (d) thermal decomposition
2. Observe the given figure and answer the question that follows:

Bulb glows when _________ wire is placed between the terminals A and B.
(i) Copper (ii) Aluminium (iii) Iron (iv) Silver
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii) (c) Only (iv) (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)

3. Among Na, Al, Zn and Cu,

(a) Al is more reactive than Na (b) Zn is more reactive than Al
(c) Zn is more reactive than Cu (d) Al is less reactive than Cu.
4. Generally, non-metals are bad conductors of electricity. Which of the following is a good
conductor of electricity?
(a) Diamond (b) Graphite (c) Sulphur (d) Fullerene
5. Which of the following property is generally not shown by metals?
(a) Electrical conduction (b) Sonorous (c) Dullness (d) Ductility
6. Bauxite is an ore of
(a) Iron (b) Aluminium (c) Mercury (d) Copper
7. Which of the following pairs will give displacement reactions?
(a) NaCl solution and copper metal (b) MgCl2 solution and aluminium metal
(c) FeSO4 solution and silver metal (d) AgNO3 solution and copper metal
8. Which of the following alloys contains a non-metal as one of its constituents?
(a) Steel (b) Brass (c) Amalgam (d) Bronze
9. The composition of aqua-regia is:
(a) [Link] : Conc. HNO₃ = 3 : 1 (b) [Link] : Dil. HNO₃ = 3 : 1
(c) [Link] : Conc. HNO₃ = 3 : 1 (d) [Link] : Dil. HNO₃ = 3 : 1
10. Assertion: Non-metals are electronegative in nature.
Reason: They have tendency to lose electrons.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
Ans: 1.(d) 2.(d) 3.c) 4.(b) 5.(c) 6.((b) 7.(d) 8.(a) 9.(c) 10.(c)

pg. 9
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE-I QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (2 MARKS EACH)
[Link] electronic configurations of two elements A and B are 2, 8, 1 and 2, 8, 7 respectively. Which
one of them is a metal and which is a non-metal?
Ans: Based on the atomic number, the electronic configurations of the two elements X and Y are

Metals usually have 1 to 3 electrons in their outermost shell (when all inner shells are complete).
Therefore, element X is a metal. Y is a non-metal as it has tendency to accept an electron to
complete its octet.
12. Name the following:
(a) A metal which is preserved in kerosene.
(b) A lustrous coloured nonmetal.
(c) A metal which can melt while kept on palm.
(d) A metal, which is a poor conductor of heat.
Ans: (a) Sodium (b) Diamond/Iodine
(c) Gallium/Cesium (d) Lead
13. Write the difference between roasting and calcination.
Ans: Roasting: Sulphide ores are converted into oxides by heating them strongly in excess of air.
Example: 2PbS + 3O2 → 2PbO + 2SO2
Calcination: Hydroxide and carbonate ores are converted into their oxides by heating them in
absence of air.
Example: MgCO3 + heat → MgO+CO2
14. Define amphoteric oxides? Give two examples of such oxides.
Ans: Some metal oxides show both acidic as well as basic behaviour. Those metal oxides which react
with both acids as well as bases to produce salts and water are known as amphoteric oxides.
For example: Aluminium oxide, Zinc oxide

SHORT ANSWER TYPE-II QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (3 MARKS EACH)

15. In an industrial process used for the manufacture of sodium hydroxide, a gas ‘A’ is formed as a
by-product. The gas ‘A’ reacts with lime water to give a compound ‘B’ which is used as a bleaching
agent in the chemical industry. Identify ‘A’ and ‘B’. Also give the chemical equations of the
reactions involved.
Ans: A: Cl2 (Chlorine gas)
B: CaOCl2 (Calcium oxychloride)
2NaCl + 2H2O → 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
16. Give reasons for the followings:
(a)Aluminium is more reactive than iron yet there is less corrosion of aluminium as compared to
iron when both are exposed to air.
(b)Calcium floats in water.
(c)Metal sulphides occur mainly in rocks but metal halides occur mostly in sea and lake waters.
Ans: (a) Aluminium forms oxide layer on its surface which does not further react with air.
(b) It is because hydrogen gas is formed which sticks to surface of calcium, therefore it floats.
(c) It is because sea water contains sodium chloride due to which metal halides are formed, whereas
sulphur is found below rocks. Therefore, metal sulphides are formed in rocks.

pg. 10
17. A metal ‘A’, which is used in thermite process, when heated with oxygen gives an oxide ‘B’,
which is amphoteric in nature. Identify ‘A’ and ‘B’. Write down the reactions of ‘B’ with HCl and
NaOH.
Ans: A is aluminium (Al). It reacts with oxygen to form aluminium oxide, Al2O3.
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
So, B is Al2O3.
Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O
18. Give reason for the following:
(a) A metal does not releases H2 gas on reacting with dilute nitric acid.
(b) Copper is used to make hot water tanks whereas steel is not.
(c) Non-metals do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
Ans: (a) As nitric acid acts as a strong oxidising agent and oxidises the released H2 gas to H2O and
itself is reduced to either of these gases – N2O, NO2 or NO.
(b) Copper is a better conductor of heat as compared to steel. Therefore, hot water tanks are made
of copper.
(c) Non-metals being acceptor of electrons, cannot give electrons to the hydrogen ions of acid to
reduce them to hydrogen gas.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (5 MARKS EACH)
19. (a) In the formation of compound between two atoms ‘A’ and ‘B’, ‘A’ loses two electrons and
‘B’ gains one electron.
(i) What is the nature of bond between ‘A’ and ‘B’?
(ii) Suggest the formula of the compound formed between ‘A’ and ‘B’.
(b) On similar lines explain the formation of MgCl2 molecule.
(c) Common salt conducts electricity only in the molten state. Why?
(d) Why is melting point of NaCl high?
ANS:

(c) Common salt (NaCl) is an ionic compound which conducts electricity only in molten state because
in molten state the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions (Na+ and Cl–)
are overcome due to heat. Thus the ions move freely and conduct electricity.
(d) NaCl is an ionic compound so there is a strong force of attraction between the positively charged
sodium ion and negatively charged chloride ion. Therefore a considerable amount of energy is
required to break the strong interionic attraction. Thus NaCl has high melting point.
20.(i)Compare in tabular form the reactivities of the following metals with cold and hot water:
(a) Sodium (b) Calcium (c) Magnesium
(ii) Complete and balance the following chemical equations:
(a) Al2O3 + HCl → (b) K2O + H2O → (c) Fe + H2O →

pg. 11
(iii) An element ‘X’ displaces iron from the aqueous solution of iron sulphate. List your
observations if the element ‘X’ is treated with the aqueous solutions of copper sulphate, zinc
sulphate and silver nitrate. Based on the observations arrange X, Zn, Cu and Ag in increasing order
of their reactivities.
Ans; (i)

(ii) (a) Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

(b) K2O + H2O → 2KOH
(c) 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
(iii) As X displaces iron from its salt solution hence X is more reactive than iron. It will also displace
copper from copper sulphate and silver from silver nitrate as both are less reactive than iron. As zinc
is more reactive than iron hence, X can be more or less reactive than zinc. Then the order of their
reactivities can be
Ag < Cu < Fe < Zn < X or Ag < Cu < Fe < X < Zn.
CASE-BASED QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS [4 (1 + 1 + 1 + 1) MARKS]
21. Non-metals are highly electronegative in nature. They have a tendency to gain electrons in
their valence shell to achieve nearest noble gas configuration. Thus, they form anions and act as
good oxidizing agents.

They react with air or oxygen on heating to form oxides which react with
water to form acids. Thus, nonmetal oxides are acidic in nature. Non-metals do not react with
dilute acids at all. This is because they are electronegative and therefore, cannot displace
hydrogen from acids but they form covalent hydrides when heated with hydrogen.

(a) Name the acid formed when sulphur trioxide reacts with water.
(b) An element ‘X’ forms an oxide XO2, which is a very useful gas for the process of photosynthesis.
Name the element ‘X’.
(c) Name any two non-metals which form covalent hydrides.
[OR]
An element ‘Y’ gains two electrons. What will it form, cation or anion? Write its formula.
Ans: (a) Sulphuric acid is produced on reaction of sulphur trioxide with water. The reaction is
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 + heat
(b) Carbon forms CO2 on reaction with oxygen. During photosynthesis, plants take in CO2. Hence,
element ‘X’ is C.
(c) Carbon and sulphur are non-metals that form covalent hydrides.
[OR]
Y + 2e– → Y2–. It will form an anion.

pg. 12
22. Compounds containing oxygen are of great interest in the field of chemistry. Because of
oxygen's high reactivity, it is most often found in compounds. Oxygen reacts rapidly with group-1
elements. All alkali metal oxides form basic solutions when dissolved in water. The principal
combustion product is the most stable product with respect to the reactants. For example, with
careful control of oxygen, the oxide M2O (where M represents any alkali metal) can be formed
with any of the alkali metals. When a metal reacts with oxygen to form a metal oxide, a redox
reaction occurs.
Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide
Different metals burn in oxygen with different rates depending on their
differing activeness. The more reactive metal towards oxygen, the brighter and faster the
combustion of the metal. Given figure below shows the experiment is conducted to build the
reactivity series of metals. Oxygen that is used in combustion of other metals is provided by
heating solid potassium manganate (VII). When heated, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and
cesium ignite through combustion reactions with oxygen.

(a) Which metals do not react with oxygen even at high temperature?
(b) What happens when copper metal is heated in air?
(c) Almost all metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxides. Is this statement true?
[OR]
(c) Which metal oxides are soluble in water? Explain.
Ans: (a) Metals such as silver and gold do not react with oxygen even at high temperatures as they
are relatively inert.
(b) When copper is heated in air, it is oxidised to copper (II) oxide and the reddish brown metal turns
black as the copper is oxidised to copper (II) ions.
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
(c) Almost all the metals react with oxygen and form their corresponding oxides depending on their
valency. There is an exception that noble metals do not react with oxygen and so they do not form
oxides while reacting with gaseous oxygen.
Metal + Oxygen →Metal oxide
[OR]
(c) Sodium oxide and potassium oxide dissolve in water to form alkalis as follows:
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq)
K2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2 KOH(aq)
Prepared by- Atulya Kumar Sahu, PGT-Chemistry, OAV, Nilabadi, Bandhugaon

pg. 13
 CHAPTER-04: CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (1 MARK EACH)
1. Which of the following is not observed in a homologous series?
(a) Change in chemical properties (b) Difference in -CH2- units or 14 u molar mass
(c) Gradation in physical properties (d) Same functional group
2. C3H8 belongs to the homologous series of:
(a) Alkyne (b) Alkene (c) Alkane (d) Cycloalkane
3. Who is the first member of the ketone series?
(a) Propanal (b) Propanone (c) Butanone (c) Methanol
4. While cooking, if the bottom of vessels is getting blackened on the outside, it means that
(a) The food is not cooked completely (b) The fuel is not burning completely
(c) The fuel is burning completely (d) The fuel is wet
5. The number of structural isomers of pentane is:
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
6. When sodium hydrogencarbonate is added to ethanoic acid, a gas evolves. Consider the following
statements about the gas evolved.
(i) It turns lime water milky (ii) It is evolved with a brisk effervescence
(iii) It has a smell of burning sulphur (iv) It is also by- product of respiration
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) (i) & (iii) (b) (i), (ii) & (iv) (c) (ii), (iii) & (iv) (d) (i), (ii) & (iv)
7. Which of the following is an isomeric pair?
(a) Ethane and propane (b) Ethane and ethene
(c) Propane and butane (d) Butane and 2-methylpropane
8. The formulae of four organic compounds are shown below. Choose the correct option.

(a) A and B are unsaturated hydrocarbons

(b) C and D are saturated hydrocarbons
(c) Addition of hydrogen in presence of catalyst changes A to C
(d) Addition of potassium permanganate changes B to D
9. When vegetable oil is treated with hydrogen in the presence of nickel or palladium as a catalyst, it
forms vegetable ghee. This process shows
(a) Anodising reaction (b) Substitution reaction
(c) Displacement reaction (d) Addition reaction
10. Assertion (A): Carbon has a strong tendency to either lose or gain electrons to attain noble gas
configuration.
Reason (R): Carbon has four electrons in its outermost shell and has the tendency to share electrons
with carbon or other elements.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
(b) Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true
ANSWERS
1.(a) 2.(c) 3.(b) 4.(b) 5.(b) 6.(d) 7.(d) 8.(c) 9.(d) 10.(d)

pg. 14
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE-I QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (2 MARKS EACH)
11. Give reasons for the following:
(a) Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.
(b) Covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity.
Ans: (a) Due to weak intermolecular forces of attraction.
(b) Because they do not form ions.
12. Molecular formulae of two alkynes, A and B are CxH2 and C3Hy respectively.
(a) Find the value of x and y.
(b) Write the names of A and B.
Ans: (a) x= 2 and y = 4
(b) A is Ethyne ( C2H2) and B is Propyne (C3H4).
13. What are the two properties of carbon which led to the huge number of carbon compounds we
see around us? Define them.
Ans: (i) Catenation: The ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon on a large scale.
(ii) Tetravalency: Property to make 4 covalent bonds.
[Link] the difference between soaps and detergents.
Ans:
Soaps Detergents
(i) These are sodium or potassium salts of long chain (i) These are sodium salts of sulphonic acids or
fatty acids. ammonium salts with chlorides or bromides.
(ii) They do not form lather with hard water. (ii) They form lather with hard water.
(iii) Soaps are fully biodegradable. (iiii) Some detergents having branched hydrocarbon
chain are non-biodegradable.
15. What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonates and sodium hydrogen
carbonates?
Ans: Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonates and sodium hydrogen carbonates to give rise to a
salt, carbon dioxide and water.

16. 1 ml glacial acetic acid and 1 ml of ethanol are mixed together in a test tube. Few drops of
concentrated sulphuric acid are added in the mixture are warmed in a water bath for 5 min.
(a) Name the resultant compound formed.
(b) Represent the above change by a chemical equation.
(c) What term is given to such a reaction?
(d) What is the special characteristic of the compound formed?
Ans: (a) It gives an ester called ethyl ethanoate.
(b) C2H5OH + CH3COOH ------Conc. H2SO4 -----> CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
(c) Esterification reaction
(d) It is sweet smelling. It is used in perfumes and as a flavouring agent.
17.(a) What are the three allotropes of carbon?
(b) Name the allotrope of carbon (i) which have the structure of C-60.
(ii) which is hardest in nature.
Ans: (a) Graphite, Diamond and Fullerene.
(b) (i) Fullerene
(ii) Diamond

pg. 15
18. What is meant by a functional group in an organic compound? Name the functional group
present in (a) CH3CH2OH (b) CH3COOH.
Ans: Functional group is an atom or group of atoms or reactive part of compound, which determines
chemical properties of compounds.
(a) —OH (Alcohol)
(b) —COOH (Carboxylic acid)
19. (a) What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
(b) Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Ans: (a) Since soap is basic in nature, it will turn red litmus blue. However, the colour of blue litmus
will remain blue.
(b) When soap is added to hard water, calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water displace
sodium or potassium ions from the soap molecules forming an insoluble substance called scum.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE-II QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (3 MARKS EACH)

20.(a) What will be the formula and electron dot structure for cyclopentane?
(b) Write the name and structure of an alcohol with three carbon atoms in its molecule.
(c) Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of butane C4H10.
Ans:
(a)Formula of cyclopentane is C5H10. The electron dot structure cyclcopente is:

(b)The name of alcohol with three carbon atoms in its molecule is Propanol.

(Structure of Propanol)
(c) Number of covalent bonds in butane is 13.
21. Give reasons for the following:
(a) Element carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent bonding.
(b) Diamond has high melting point.
(c) Graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
Ans: (a) As carbon has four valence electrons and it can neither lose nor gain four electrons thus, it
attains noble gas configuration only by sharing of electrons. Thus, it forms covalent compounds.
(b) In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms forming a perfect tetrahedron
structure and a three-dimensional solid network of strong covalent bonds. That's why diamond has
high melting and boiling point.
(c) In graphite, there are free electrons present between its layers. As a result, graphite is good
conductor of electricity.

pg. 16
 22. What is meant by isomers? Draw the structures of two isomers of butane, C4H10. Explain why we
cannot have isomers of first three members of alkane series.
Ans: The molecules having same molecular formula but different structures are called isomers.

In the first three members of alkane series CH4, C2H6 and C3H8, it is not possible to have different
arrangements of carbon atoms. Thus we cannot have isomers of first three members of alkane series.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (5 MARKS EACH)
23.(a) What do you mean by homologous series? Write its characteristics. Explain with an example.
(b) Write the next homologue of each of the following:
(i) C2H4 (ii) C4H6
Ans: (a) The series of organic compounds having same functional group and similar chemical
properties is called homologous series.
Characteristics:
 The members of the homologous series have same functional group.
 Members have the same general formula.
 Members have the almost same chemical properties due to same functional group.
 Members have common general method of preparation.
 Each member differs from successive member by —CH2 group.
 The difference in molecular weight between two successive members is 14 u.
Example: Homologous series in alkane: CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12, C6H14, etc.
(b) (i) C2H4 belongs to alkene series having general formula, CnH2n.
Thus, next homologue will be C3H2x3 = C3H6
(ii) C4H6 belongs to alkyne series having the general formula, C nH2n-2.
Thus, next homologue will be C5H2x5-2 = C5H8
24. (a) Write the equation for the reaction of ethanol with (i) Sodium and (ii) Conc. H2SO4.
(b) What happens when 5% alkaline KMnO 4 solution is added drop by drop to warm ethanol taken
in a test tube? State the role of alkaline KMnO4 solution in this reaction.
(c) Explain saponification reaction with a suitable example.
Ans: (a) (i) Reaction with sodium:

(ii) Reaction with concentrated H2SO4 (Dehydration Reaction):

Conc. H2SO4 is called dehydrating agent.

(b) When 5% alkaline KMnO4 solution is added drop by drop to warm ethanol then it get oxidised to
ethanoic acid.
CH3CH2OH 𝐴𝑙𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4→ CH3COOH
Here, alkaline KMnO4 acts as an oxidising agent.
(c) Reaction of esters with sodium hydroxide, gives alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic acid (soap).
This reaction is known as saponification reaction.

pg. 17
 CASE-BASED QUESTION WITH ANSWER [4 (1 + 1 + 1 + 1) MARKS]
25. A hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon found in crude oil,
natural gas, and coal. Hydrocarbons are highly combustible and the main energy source of the
world. Nineteenth-century chemists classified hydrocarbons as either aliphatic or aromatic on the
basis of their sources and properties. Aliphatic (from Greek aleiphar, “fat”) described hydrocarbons
derived by chemical degradation of fats or oils. Aromatic hydrocarbons constituted a group of
related substances obtained by chemical degradation of certain pleasant-smelling plant extracts.
The terms aliphatic and aromatic are retained in modern terminology, but the compounds they
describe are distinguished on the basis of structure rather than origin.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided into three main groups according to the types of bonds
they contain: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Alkanes have only carbon-carbon single
bonds, alkenes contain a carbon-carbon double bond and alkynes contain a carbon-carbon triple
bond. Aromatic hydrocarbons are those that are significantly more stable than their Lewis structures
would suggest; i.e., they possess “special stability.” They are classified as either arenes, which
contain a benzene ring as a structural unit or non-benzenoid aromatic hydrocarbons, which possess
special stability but lack a benzene ring as a structural unit.
(a) Name any one element other than carbon which show catenation property?
(b) Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
(c) Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
[OR]
(c) Draw the electron dot structure of O2 and N2 molecules.
Ans: (a) Sulphur i.e S8 molecule.
(b) Carbon and its compounds give a large amount of heat per unit weight and are therefore, used as
fuels for most applications.
(c)Saturated hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons having carbon-carbon single bonds only are called
saturated hydrocarbons or alkanes.
Example: Ethane (C2H6), Propane (C3H8) etc.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons having either a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) or a
carbon-carbon triple bond (C≡C) in their molecules are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Example: Ethene (C2H4), Propyne (C3H4) etc.
[OR]
(c)

Prepared By: Falguni Majhi, PGT- Chemistry, OAV Gumma, Boipariguda

pg. 18
 EXAMINATION TIPS FOR STUDENTS
1. Self-motivation‐ Honestly write down your aim and all the desires in your life. It will propel you
towards success.
2. Set up a routine‐ Prepare smart and successful studying programme.
3. Find a quiet place, away from distractions and figure out time of the day you can contribute best
and that fits into your schedule.
4. Make a good time table‐A schedule of every subject should be made with different priorities like
tough subjects and the one in which you are week should be given more hours. Study at the same
place & at the same time every day.
5. Sit in an alert posture.
6. Stay healthy mentally and physically get adequate rest, exercise and balanced nutrition.
7. Manage distractions like mobile phones, friends, social media, TV, video games, surfing etc. which
are biggest time drains.
8. Avoid doing “marathon” session (i.e. larger than 1 hour) as it is least productive. Our attention
span ranges from 30‐60 minute.
9. Unwind and relax‐ 10 to 15 minute break after every study session.
10. Study difficult topics first. When mentally fresh, brain can process information more quickly.
Short term planning is more achievable than long term plans.
11. Don't spend more than three days a week in coaching/tuition as self-study is the only real study.
Therefore, ensure at least four days in a week for uninterrupted self-study.
[Link] a competitive study group‐ share useful concepts and questions, your knowledge, skills
and resources, clarify doubts, take help of a friend who is an expert in that topic/unit.
13. Give yourself enough time to study. Don’t leave until the last minute. Use flow charts & mind
maps.
14. Test yourself before actual test –practice previous year's examination papers.
15. Review clear doubts revise‐ attempt questions of textbook and previous year CBSE papers.
16. NIGHT BEFORE THE EXAMINATION:
(i) Don't cram.
(ii) Reduce stress and anxiety, avoid stressful friends, relax, eat some brain snacks, sleep, and review
main points.
(iii) Prepare to be prepared: before going to bed before an exam make sure to collect everything
that you will need for exam – stationery, admit card, wrist watch etc.
(iv) Ensure location of exam centre.
17. ON THE EXAMINATION DAY:
Leave home in time and ensure your arrival at examination centre in time, so that you go into your
examination calmly rather than in a frantic rush sweaty.
18. DURING THE EXAMINATION:
(i) Focus on your exam and not on what other students are doing.
(ii) Start strategically, begin your exam by skimming through the question paper quickly and note
down any initial thoughts or related memorised facts beside each question.
(iii) Start with the question you know best. This will boost your confidence and give you a good
start.
(iv) Read the instructions carefully and follow.
(v) Answer as per marking scheme.
(vi) Write neat and present well.
(vii) Attempt the easiest part and the units you are most confident. Manage time so that time can be
allotted to difficult portion.
(viii) Attempt complete question paper.
(ix) Never cheat
(x) Review and make sure you have not left out any question unattempted.

•••Chase Your Goal••• All The Best…