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D & Differentiation
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4. Sequence & Series (Completed) 14. Permutations & Combinations
5. Circles (Completed) 15. Probability
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7. Ellipse & Hyperbola (P-1,Completed) 17. Complex Numbers
8. Limits, Continuity & 18. Indefinite Integration
Differentiability (Completed) 19. Definite Integration
9. Matrices & Determinants (Completed) 20. Areas
[Link], Relations & Functions 21. Differential Equations
Note: Trigonometry, I.T.F , Quadratic Equations….
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2025 PYQs with Solutions
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Sets & Relations
Topics to be Covered
❖ Introduction and representation of Sets
❖ Types of Sets
❖ Subset, Universal Set, Power set
❖ Intervals
❖ Operations on Sets
❖ Introduction to Relations
❖ Types of Relations
Introduction and Representation Sets
Definition
A set is a collection of well defined objects.
The objects in a set are called elements.
Sets are written by enclosing all its elements
between the brackets { }.
Introduction and Representation Sets
SOME WELL KNOWN SETS
N:
W:
Z OR I:
Introduction and Representation Sets
SOME WELL KNOWN SETS
Q:
R/Q:
R:
C:
Introduction and Representation Sets
Representation of Sets
Roster Form Set Builder Form
Each Element is listed individually Elements are written by the
separated by commas property or rule they follow
Example :
Example :
(i) A = {x : x = 2n, n is a natural number}
(i) A = {2, 4, 6, 8, . . . }
(ii) B = {x : x is multiple of 3 and x < 20}
(ii) B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
Introduction and Representation Sets
EX - 1 : Write the following in Set-builder form:
(i) {3, 6, 9, 12}
(ii) {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ….. 100}
(iii) {1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64}
Types of Sets
Empty / Void / Null Set
A set which does not contain any element is called
Empty set or Null set or Void set.
It is denoted by 𝜙 or { }.
Examples :
(i) A = {x : x is a natural number less than 1 }
(ii) B = {x : x2 + 1 = 0 and x ∈ R}
(iii) C = {x : 2x - 3 = 0 and x ∈ Z}
(iv) D = {x : x is a odd number divisible by 2}
Types of Sets
Empty/Void/Null Set
NOTE
𝜙 , {0}, {𝜙} are different sets.
{0} and {𝜙} both are sets containing
an element 0 and 𝜙 respectively.
while 𝜙 has no elements (null set).
Types of Sets
Singleton Set
A set containing a single element.
Examples :
(i) A = { 0 }
(ii) B = { 1 }
Types of Sets
Observe the following set :
A = {{2, 3}} is a singleton set where {2, 3} is an element.
Types of Sets
Finite Set
A set which is either empty or contains a finite
number of elements.
Types of Sets
Infinite Set
A set having an infinite number of elements.
Examples :
(i) A = {x : x ∈ N }
(ii) B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . . .}
(iii) C = {. . . , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}
(iv) D = {x : x = n2 and n ∈ N }
Types of Sets
Equal Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have
exactly same elements
If two sets are equal, we write A = B
If two sets are not equal, we write A ≠ B
Examples :
(i) If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 2, 1, 4}, then A = B
(ii) If A = {2} and B = {x : x is even prime number}, then A = B
Types of Sets
Equivalent Sets
Two finite sets are said to be equivalent if they
have same number of elements.
If two sets are equivalent, we write A ≃ B.
JEE Main 22nd Jan, 2025 - S1
10
A 36 B 31 C 37 D 29
JEE Main 22nd Jan, 2025 - S1
10
A 36 B 31 C 37 D 29
Solution
Subsets, Universal Set & Power Set
Subsets, Universal Set & Power Set
Subset
Set A is said to be a subset of set B if every
element of A is also an element of B.
It is generally denoted as A ⊂ B
If A is not a subset of B, then we write A ⊄ B.
Example : If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then A ⊂ B
Subsets, Universal Set & Power Set
NOTE
Every set is a subset of itself i.e. A ⊂ A for all A.
Null set is a subset of every set i.e. ϕ ⊂ A for all A
If A ⊂ B and B ⊂ A, then A = B, thj
Subsets, Universal Set & Power Set
The total number of subsets of a set A is given by 2n(A)
Example :
If A = {1, 2}, then number of subset of A = 2n(A) = 22 = 4
Subset of A = {1, 2} are listed below
𝜙, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}
Subsets, Universal Set & Power Set
Superset :
Subsets, Universal Set & Power Set
Universal Set
A universal set is the collection of all possible
elements relevant to a specific problem or
discussion, encompassing all subsets and related
sets being considered. It is denoted by ‘U’ or ‘𝞵’.
Subsets, Universal Set & Power Set
Venn Diagram
Example : Consider that U = {1, 2, 3, …., 10} is the universal
set for which, A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} is a subset. Then
U
Subsets, Universal Set & Power Set
Complement of a Set
The complement of a set A is the set comprising of all
the elements of Universal set other then the set A.
It is denote by Ac or A’
Ac = U - A
U
Ac
Subsets, Universal Set & Power Set
Power Set
Power set of a set A is the set of all subsets of A.
Example :
If A = {1, 2}, then subsets of A are 𝜙, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}
Thus, P(A) = {𝜙, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}
Subsets, Universal Set & Power Set
Number of elements in P(A) = 2n(P(A))
Example : If A = { }, then
(i) n(P(A)) =
(ii) n(P(P(P(A)))) =
(iiI) n(P(P(P(P(A))))) =
Intervals
Intervals
Closed Interval : [a, b] Open Interval : (a, b)
Intervals
Semi-closed Interval or Semi-Open Interval: [a, b) or (a, b]
Intervals
Subset for Interval
Intervals
Set-Builder form for interval
Operations on Sets
Operations on Sets
Union of sets
Let A and B be two sets, then union of sets is defined as
EX : Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 3, 4},
U
then find A ∪ B.
EX : Let A = [-1, 5] and B = [3, 8],
then find A ∪ B.
Operations on Sets
Intersection of sets
Let A and B be two sets, then intersection of sets is defined as
U EX : Let A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {2, 3, 5, 6},
then find A ⋂ B.
EX : Let A = [-1, 4] and B = [2, 7],
then find A ⋂ B.
Operations on Sets
Ex : Find : (x ≤ 2) ∩ (x ≥ -3).
Ex : Find x ∈(-√5, 4) ∩ x ∈(-3, 3)
Operations on Sets
NOTE
● If A ⊂ B, then
(i) A ∪ B = B (ii) A ⋂ B = A
● If A ⋂ B = ϕ, then A and B are called disjoint sets
A⊂B B
B B
A A A
A∪B=B A⋂B=A A⋂B=ϕ
Operations on Sets
Difference of sets
Let A and B be two sets, then difference of sets is defined as
U EX : Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {4, 5, 6, 7},
then find A - B and B - A.
Operations on Sets
Difference of sets
1. B - A = AC ∩ B = B - (A ∩ B)
2. A - B = A ∩ BC = A - (A ∩ B)
Operations on Sets
Symmetric Difference of sets
A ∆ B = (A ∪ B) - (A ∩ B)
or
(A - B) ∪ (B - A)
Operations on Sets
DE Morgan’s Laws
1. (A ∩ B)c = Ac ∪ Bc
2. (A ∪ B)c = Ac ∩ Bc
3. AC ∩ B = B - (A ∩ B)
4. A ∩ BC = A - (A ∩ B)
Operations on Sets
Cardinality Formulas :
1. n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B)
2. n(A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A ∩ B) - n(B ∩ C) - n(A ∩ C) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
Operations on Sets
Only A / Only B / Only C
A B
+ A∩C Only A Only B
+ B∩C
+ A∩B
A∩B∩C Only C
C
(A ∩ C) - (A ∩ B ∩ C)
(A ∩ B) - (A ∩ B ∩ C)
(B ∩ C) - (A ∩ B ∩ C)
JEE Main 27th Jan, 2024 - S2
22
A 10 B 6 C 4 D 8
JEE Main 27th Jan, 2024 - S2
22
A 10 B 6 C 4 D 8
Solution
JEE Main 4th Apr, 2025 - S1
A 3814 B 4027 C 3761 D 4003
JEE Main 4th Apr, 2025 - S1
A 3814 B 4027 C 3761 D 4003
Solution
JEE Main 4th Apr, 2024 - S1
In a survey of 220 students of a higher secondary school, it was found that at
36 least 125 and at most 130 students studied Mathematics; at least 85 and at most
95 studied Physics; at least 75 and at most 90 studied Chemistry; 30 studied both
Physics and Chemistry; 50 studied both Chemistry and Mathematics; 40 studied
both Mathematics and Physics and 10 studied none of these subjects. Let 𝒎 and 𝒏
respectively be the least and the most number of students who studied all the
three subjects. Then 𝒎 + 𝒏 is equal to
JEE Main 4th Apr, 2024 - S1
In a survey of 220 students of a higher secondary school, it was found that at
36 least 125 and at most 130 students studied Mathematics; at least 85 and at most
95 studied Physics; at least 75 and at most 90 studied Chemistry; 30 studied both
Physics and Chemistry; 50 studied both Chemistry and Mathematics; 40 studied
both Mathematics and Physics and 10 studied none of these subjects. Let 𝒎 and 𝒏
respectively be the least and the most number of students who studied all the
three subjects. Then 𝒎 + 𝒏 is equal to
Ans : 45
Solution
JEE Main 30th Jan, 2024 - S1
A group of 40 students appeared in an examination of 3 subjects -
26 Mathematics, Physics & Chemistry. It was found that all students passed in at
least one of the subjects, 20 students passed in Mathematics, 25 students
passed in Physics, 16 students passed in Chemistry, at most 11 students passed
in both Mathematics and Physics, at most 10 students passed in both Physics
and Chemistry, at most 10 students passed in both Mathematics and
Chemistry. The maximum number of students passed in all the three subjects is
JEE Main 30th Jan, 2024 - S1
A group of 40 students appeared in an examination of 3 subjects -
26 Mathematics, Physics & Chemistry. It was found that all students passed in at
least one of the subjects, 20 students passed in Mathematics, 25 students
passed in Physics, 16 students passed in Chemistry, at most 11 students passed
in both Mathematics and Physics, at most 10 students passed in both Physics
and Chemistry, at most 10 students passed in both Mathematics and
Chemistry. The maximum number of students passed in all the three subjects is
Ans : 10
Solution
Relations
Relations
Ordered Pairs
Relations
Cartesian Product
Let A and B be two nonempty sets.
Then, the Cartesian product of A and B is the set denoted
by (A × B), consisting of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that
a ∊ A and b ∊ B
∴ A × B = {(a, b) : a ∊ A and b ∊ B}
Example:
(i) A = {1, 2}, B = {a, b, c}
A×B=
(ii) A = {1, 2}
A×A=
Relations
Cartesian Product
1. A x B ≠ B x A
2. n(A x B) = n(B x A)
3. If n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A x B) = pq
Relations
Relation
Let A and B be two non-empty sets.
Any subset of A × B is called a relation from A to B.
Denoted by , R : A → B
Relations
Relation
Let A and B be two non-empty sets.
Any subset of A × B is called a relation from A to B.
Denoted by , R : A → B
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {5, 6}, then
A × B = { (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5), (3, 6) }
Now, consider R1 = { (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 6) } and R2 = { (2, 6) }
Clearly R1 and R2, being subsets of A × B,
are relations from A to B.
Relation from A to A (i.e., subset of A × A) is also
called relation on A
Relations
Number of relations from A to B = 2n(A) × n(B)
2
Number of relations on A = 2n(A)
Relations
Inverse of Relation
If R is a relation on set A, then the relation R−1 on A, defined by
R−1 = {(b, a) : (a, b) ∈ R} is called the inverse relation on A.
Relations
Composition of Relation
Let R1 = {(1, 5), (3,2)}
R2 = {(5, 4), (2, 6), (2, 3)}
R2 O R1 =
JEE Main 9th Apr, 2024 - S1
45
JEE Main 9th Apr, 2024 - S1
45
Ans : 25
Solution
Types of Relations
Relations can be categorized as
(a) Reflexive relation
(b) Symmetric relation
(c) Transitive relation
(d) Equivalence relation
Types of Relations
(a) Reflexive relation
A Relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive,
if every element of A is related to itself.
Thus, if R is reflexive, then (a, a) ∈ R, ∀ a ∈ A.
Types of Relations
Ex: let A = {1, 2, 3,4}, then which of the following are reflexive :
R1 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (1, 2), (2, 4)}
R2 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4)}
R3 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}
R4 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (2, 4)}
Types of Relations
(b) Symmetric relation
A relation R on a set A is said to be a
symmetric relation iff
(a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R, ∀ a, b ∈ A
Types of Relations
Ex: Let A = {1, 2, 3}, then which of the following are symmetric relations :
(i) R1 = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
(ii) R2 = {(2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 1)}
(iii) R3 = {(2, 3), (3, 2)}
(iv) R4 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
Types of Relations
(c) Transitive relation
Relation R on set A is transitive if xRy and yRz ⇒ xRz
NOTE
Relation is NOT transitive only when x R y and y R z, but .
In all other situations R is Transitive.
Types of Relations
Ex: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, then which of the following are transitive
(1) R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}
(2) R2 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (4, 5), (5, 1)}
(3) R3 = {(1, 3), (2, 4)}
Types of Relations
(d) Equivalence relation
Relation R defined on any set A is equivalence relation if
R is reflexive
R is symmetric
R is transitive
JEE Main 28th Jan, 2025 - S1
18
D
JEE Main 28th Jan, 2025 - S1
18
D
Solution
JEE Main 29th Jan, 2025 - S1
19
A an equivalence relation
reflexive but neither symmetric
B nor transitive
both reflexive and symmetric but
C not transitive
both reflexive and transitive but
D not symmetric
JEE Main 29th Jan, 2025 - S1
19
A an equivalence relation
reflexive but neither symmetric
B nor transitive
both reflexive and symmetric but
C not transitive
both reflexive and transitive but
D not symmetric
Solution
JEE Main 22nd Jan, 2025 - S2
12
JEE Main 22nd Jan, 2025 - S2
12
Ans : 3
Solution
JEE Main 23rd Jan, 2025 - S1
13
A 7 B 10 C 9 D 8
JEE Main 23rd Jan, 2025 - S1
13
A 7 B 10 C 9 D 8
Solution
JEE Main 3rd Apr, 2025 - S2
Let 𝑨={−𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}. let 𝑹 be 𝒂 relation on 𝑨 defined by 𝒙 𝑹 y if and
4
only if y = 𝐦ax{𝒙, 𝟏}. Let 𝒍 be the number of elements in 𝑹. Let 𝒎 and 𝒏 be
the minimum number of elements required to be added in 𝑹 to make it
reflexive and symmetric relations, respectively. Then 𝒍 + 𝒎 + 𝒏 is equal to
A 12 B 11 C 13 D 14
JEE Main 3rd Apr, 2025 - S2
Let 𝑨={−𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}. let 𝑹 be 𝒂 relation on 𝑨 defined by 𝒙 𝑹 y if and
4
only if y = 𝐦ax{𝒙, 𝟏}. Let 𝒍 be the number of elements in 𝑹. Let 𝒎 and 𝒏 be
the minimum number of elements required to be added in 𝑹 to make it
reflexive and symmetric relations, respectively. Then 𝒍 + 𝒎 + 𝒏 is equal to
A 12 B 11 C 13 D 14
Solution
JEE Main 27th Jan, 2024 - S1
21
A Symmetric and reflexive only
B Reflexive only
C Symmetric and transitive only
D Symmetric only
JEE Main 27th Jan, 2024 - S1
21
A Symmetric and reflexive only
B Reflexive only
C Symmetric and transitive only
D Symmetric only
Solution
No. of Reflexive, Symmetric, Equivalence Relations
Let A be a set containing ‘n’ elements, then
(i) number of reflexive relations on A =
(ii) number of symmetric relations on A =
(iii) number of reflexive & symmetric relations on A =
No. of Reflexive, Symmetric, Equivalence Relations
No. of Equivalence Relations : No. of equivalence relations on the
set with ‘n’ elements can be found using bell’s triangle
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
No. of Reflexive, Symmetric, Equivalence Relations
No. of Equivalence Relations : No. of equivalence relations on the
set with ‘n’ elements can be found using bell’s triangle
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
No. of Reflexive, Symmetric, Equivalence Relations
No. of Equivalence Relations : No. of equivalence relations on the
set with ‘n’ elements can be found using bell’s triangle
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
No. of Reflexive, Symmetric, Equivalence Relations
No. of Equivalence Relations : No. of equivalence relations on the
set with ‘n’ elements can be found using bell’s triangle
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
No. of Reflexive, Symmetric, Equivalence Relations
No. of Equivalence Relations : No. of equivalence relations on the
set with ‘n’ elements can be found using bell’s triangle
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
No. of Reflexive, Symmetric, Equivalence Relations
No. of Equivalence Relations : No. of equivalence relations on the
set with ‘n’ elements can be found using bell’s triangle
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
JEE Main 30th Jan, 2024 - S2
The number of symmetric relations defined on the set {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒} which
28
are not reflexive is ________.
JEE Main 30th Jan, 2024 - S2
The number of symmetric relations defined on the set {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒} which
28
are not reflexive is ________.
Ans : 960
Solution
JEE Main 22nd Jan, 2025 - S1
11 The number of non-empty equivalence relations on the set {1, 2, 3} is :
A 5 B 6 C 7 D 4
JEE Main 22nd Jan, 2025 - S1
11 The number of non-empty equivalence relations on the set {1, 2, 3} is :
A 5 B 6 C 7 D 4
Solution
Given Set = {1, 2, 3}
N=3
Using Bell’s Triangle
n=1
n=2
n=3
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