Lecture No : 32

Evaluation of Water-Injection Wells

Using Injection Logging Tools and
Noise logging

Abbas Radhi Abbas

Senior Chief Engineer
23-1-2026
01 Introduction to water injection
1. Water injection is secondary recovery !
2. Water injection pattern
3. Water injection surveillance
4. completion for water injection wells

02 Introduction to PLT & ILT

03 Introduction to Noise Log

04 Case study
Water injection is secondary recovery
Water injection pattern

4
Water injection pattern

5
Water injection pattern

6
Water injection pattern

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Completion for Water injection well

Case 1: single Case 2: Commingle

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Completion for Water injection well

Case 3: Zonal ( Smart) Case 4: Dump Flooding

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Water injection surveillance

What are important factors to consider in water injection

surveillance program ?
1. Reservoir
2. Reservoir characterization
3. Fluid flow analysis
4. Wells 4-Wells :
production or injection rate,
5. Well testing formation damage or skin around the wellbore,
6. Water injection pattern selection of target layers to optimize oil recovery
well integrity in terms of completion.
7. Tracer  Potential issues include formation damage,
perforation plugging, and wellbore fractures
8. Observation wells
9. 4D seismic surveys
10. Facilities
11. Water system
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01 Introduction to water injection
1. Water injection is secondary recovery !
2. Water injection pattern
3. Water injection surveillance
4. completion for water injection wells

02 Introduction to PLT & ILT

03 Introduction to Noise Log

04 Case study
Production logging tool ( PLT)

1. Introduction to PLT
2. History Of Production Logging
3. PLT Applications
4. PLT operation
5. PLT Tools
6. data requirements for interpretation
PLT

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[Link] to PLT

Drilling
(Development)
or
Injection
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[Link] Of Production Logging

use was the estimation of the top of the cement behind the
1930 casing

The surveys required a separate pass to

1950 obtain flowmeter, gradiomano meter, temperature and so on

saw the sensors packaged together in one tool, meaning a

1970 more efficient single run in the hole. The individual
measurements still had to be run one at a time

1980s to the present day with better sensors, especially

pressure gauges, and deployment methods.
1980 The latest tool uses completely new technology to measure a
flow profile for the individual fluid phases all around the
borehole
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3. PLT Application
Why we run production logging ?

Production management & well Reservoir management

integrity -

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3. PLT Application

Why we run production logging ?

Reactive Proactive
Fast loop Low loop

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3. PLT Application

Evaluate completion performance

 New wells
1  Injection wells
 Re-completions

Monitor reservoir performance & variations

 Flow profile
2  Well test
 Completion Efficiency

Diagnose well problems

 Water entry
3 

Gas entry
Leaks and mechanical problem
 Flow behind casing

Other
 Guidance for workover
4  Information for enhanced oil Recovery projects
 Identify boundaries for field development

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[Link] Application

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[Link] Application ( packer leak , casing leak , tubing leak)

Tubing

casing
Water
Sand [Link] leaks

[Link] leaks
packer [Link] leaks

Oil
Sand

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[Link] Application ( Cross flow )

Oil Sand (Lower

Pressure)

[Link] zone

Oil High
Sand Pressure)

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[Link] Application ( Channel behind casing by poor cement)

Water
Sand

[Link]
caused by
poor cement

Oil
Sand

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[Link]- operation methods

1-PLT operations – Electric-Line 2-PLT operations – Memory ( MPL)

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[Link]- operation methods

Q ) What about the PLT in horizontal well ? Can do it ? And how ?

3-Tractor and Coiled Tubing method

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Pre-PLT- operation

1. Well Select:

 Well productivity ( low , medium , high ) ?

 Well trajectory ( vertical , deviated , horizontal ) ?
 Well type ( injector , producer ) ?
 Check the well sketch ( single completion , commingle )?
 This well produce natural flow or Artificial lift ?
 If this well produce ( ESP ) , have Y- tools or not ?
 Well situation ( sand , asphalt ) ?

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Pre-PLT- operation

 [Link] well site before run PLT :

 Take fluid sample from well head and send to lab to check the
water )
 Put the well to test separator to check the production at the same
day will run PLT
 Keep the well head pressure and chock size constant before and
after PLT operation , to compare the results .

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[Link]- Tools

1. GR
2. CCL
3. Caliper
4. Centralizers
5. Flow-meter ( spinner)
6. Temperature
7. Pressure
8. Density
9. Capacitance

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[Link]- Tools

Producer Well ( PLT) Injection Well ( ILT)

1. GR 1. GR
2. CCL 2. CCL
3. Caliper 3. Caliper
4. Centralizers 4. Centralizers
5. Flow-meter ( spinner) 5. Flow-meter ( spinner)
6. Temperature 6. Temperature
7. Pressure 7. Pressure
8. Density
9. Capacitance

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[Link]- Tools

• Gamma- Ray
– Usually, the depth matching is done thanks to the GR log
• Needs to load the open hole GR
– Could give good indications of water source if scales are radioactives
– With gravel pack, Frac-Pack, the natural radioactivity is not more visible.
• CCL
– CCL could help in depth matching if particular completion elements can be identified
– Perforations may sometimes
• Caliper
– Caliper diameter is measured thanks to 2 perpendicular arms
– Diameter is mandatory to compute flow rate
– Even with an accurate completion sketch, caliper data has to be examined
• Scales could be observed thanks to the caliper
• Centralizers
– To keep the tool in the middle of the wellbore is important to get a representative data (downhole
recirculation)

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PLT Tools – Flow-meter ( Spinner )

 In line Flowmeters
 small spinner
 good for high flowrates
 Mainly used as backup spinner

 Full bore Flowmeters

 maximum spinner blade size
 best for wide range of flowrates
 For injection wells could be
replaced by turbine

 Petal Basket
 stationary measurement
 good for low flowrates
 May affect flow regime

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PLT Tools – Flow-meter ( Spinner )

Full-bore spinner In line spinner

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PLT Tools – Flow-meter type

Turbine
Spinner

Fullbore Spinner Fullbore Spinner Continuous In-line Spinner Diverter

3-arm 6-arm Spinner Flowmeter
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PLT Tools – Temperature tools

 Temperature is one of the most useful “auxiliary” measurements made in

production logging.

 Temperature is very important as it is a good liquid indicator in gas wells

 The temperature can be more sensitive to small flows than the flowmeters

 Combined with pressure it helps compute the PVT parameters.

 The response time is very important more than the resolution itself (especially for
quantitative temperature analysis)

 In addition, it will detect very small fluid entries:

 The derivative of temperature wrt depth (dT/dZ) can be used to clarify
fluid entries in complex environments.
 Gas entries, for example, are characterized by a sharp reduction in
temperature.

 It is the only tool in the string that “sees” behind casing, hence it can be used to
detect channeling.

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PLT Tools - Density

Density is used to determine liquid source entry

Gradiomanometer
Nuclear fluid density tool
Tool measure the difference in Gamma ray absorption
pressure between two points
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PLT Tools – Fluid Hold up tools

• The purpose of this tool is to determine

the mixture hold up and determine the
relative proportions of the phases
present
• Two main way to measure it
– Single sensor in the “middle” of the
wellbore
• Capacitance/Impedance tools
– Imaging tools that allow you to have a
complete view of the borehole with
several probes : Multi array tool

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PLT Tools - Capacitance

The capacitance sensor is used for the • This tool use the difference
following applications: between the dielectric constant
of water and that of oil or gas
1. Wellbore water holdup measurement • A simple way to find the dielectric
constant of a fluid is to use the fluid
2• Location of water inflow intervals as the dielectric between the plates
of a capacitor
3• Phase analysis of wellbore fluids (when
• Hence the tool measures
used in combination with the conductivity
frequency… counts /sec
sensor)

4• Location of leaks in casing and

downhole equipment

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PLT Tools – in high deviated and horizontal wells

1-Flow scanned image (FSI) 2-MAPS - Multiple Array Production Suite

slb

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PLT Tools – in high deviated and horizontal wells

1-Flow scanned image (FSI)

slb

• five water holdup probes

• and five gas holdup probes.
• A fifth mini spinner
• a sixth water holdup probe and gas
holdup probe are mounted on the tool
body.
• Measurements of the spring-loaded
arm caliper and tool relative bearing are
used to determine the physical location
of each sensor within the circular cross
section of the pipe.

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Different Between Convectional PLT and Image PLT

Conventional PLT Image PLT ( FSI or MAPS)

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 Case1 : PLT – commingle completion

PLT - flowing

tubing
casing

packers 1

1 70%
1
2 2 30%
3 3 0%
Total
2
3 39
Case2 : PLT – commingle completion

Injector well

tubing
casing
Preforation Interval(m) Water Absorption
Formation remarks
Interval Thickness bbl/d %
1 3954.0-3980.0 26.0 4037.3 25.9 SSD
2 4027.0-4039.0 12.0 11523.6 74.1 Tubing show
Total 15560.9 100.0

packers
1
SSD

2
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Q ) Spinner in PLT recored during RIH or POOH ?

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[Link] interpretation data requirements

Emeraude software use for Production

Logging interpretation from KAPPA company.
.

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PLT interpretation data requirements

Emeraude workflow

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PLT interpretation data requirements

(1) Logging data :

Open hole logs and deviation surveys are loaded. This
data is used to depth match the PLT data

:(2) Completion details

The internal diameter, depth of the perforations and reservoir
zones, markers, pipe roughness and deviation are loaded in
the completion details.

:(3) Well Sketch

It is possible to create a completion diagram of the well,
by selecting completion items (casing, tubing, cement,
etc.)

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PLT interpretation data requirements

(1)Load PL data
Passes and stationary data are loaded from LIS, LAS and ASCII
files.
(2)Editing data
The raw PL data normally requires editing before an interpretation can be performed.
Emeraude contains a broad range of editing options: lateral average, depth stretch, shift,
delete data and fill, hide data, merging, splicing, derivative, sampling, user formula
module, etc…

(3)PL tool configuration

In Emeraude, the user must specify the type of density tool that is used, so the proper
corrections are applied in the calculation scheme. The spinner blade diameter must be
entered to compute the velocity profile correction factor. A built-in list of capacitance tools
is included for the different vendors, with their respective calibration charts.
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PLT interpretation data requirements

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01 Introduction to water injection
1. Water injection is secondary recovery !
2. Water injection pattern
3. Water injection surveillance
4. completion for water injection wells

02 Introduction to PLT & ILT

03 Introduction to Noise Log

04 Case study
Noise Log Applications

Noise Log Applications

 Determine producing zone

 Determine production /injection profile

 Channeling behind casing

 Locating leakage point of wellbore

 Packer inspection

 Estimated production Detection depth:2-3m

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Spectral Noise application

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Spectral Noise Physics
TBG, Channels Large Tight
Valves Perforation Fractures
CSG Faults Pores Formations

1 3 10 20 30

kHz
SNL show Communication Behind Casing in a injector

Coolin
g

28%

38%

8%

80% 25%
20%
1%

Channeling
01 Introduction to water injection
1. Water injection is secondary recovery !
2. Water injection pattern
3. Water injection surveillance
4. completion for water injection wells

02 Introduction to PLT & ILT

03 Introduction to Noise Log

04 Case study
Case study : packer leak and SSD not fully close ( injector well )

Why ILT needs:

When the well was converted to a water injector on
November 19th, 2016, firstly isolated Layer 1 and putting
the two layers into injection 1 &2 the injection rate is
10,000 bbl/d with WHP 0 kg/cm2.
On 2017/05/30, closed the middle interval ( layer 2 ) and
just kept the lower interval Layer 3 open for water XMb21-D1
Layer 1
injection. But the water injection rate and injection
pressure are almost no change. Therefore , ILT for X Layer 2
injection profile and need to check if having a flow behind Mb21-D2
the casing or packer leakage.

Why Noise log Layer 3

To check if having a flow behind the casing or packer Mb21-D3
leakage and to get the injection profile so as to guide
understanding of oil producers’ performances in the
development area. Special Noise Logging to identify if
there is cross-flow behind tubing &casing or packer leaks
& SSD situation ( open or Close )
Case study : packer leak and SSD not fully close ( injector well )

ILT Results
All water inaction go to layer 3

Layer 1

Layer 2

Layer 3
Case study : packer leak and SSD not fully close ( injector well )

ILT and Noise log Integrated Analysis

Main water
injection zone
Case study : packer leak and SSD not fully close ( injector well )

Noise Log Analysis---SSD (The 2nd SSD)

1 unexpected SSD
(2nd SSD) that is
not fully closed
Case study : packer leak and SSD not fully close ( injector well )

Noise Log Analysis---Packer (The 3rd packer)

Some water is flowing up into

annulus space through the failed
packer and enter into the 2nd
perforating zone, especially at
the bottom of the 2nd perforating
zone.

Packer Leakage
Case study : packer leak and SSD not fully close ( injector well )

Noise Log Analysis---Crossflow behind casing

Channelling
behind casing

Some water is flowing through the

channeling due to poor cement
quality and mainly entering into
the 2nd perforating zone, especially
the bottom of 2nd perforating zone.
Moreover, the open hole data
shows that the interval has better
porosity and permeability.
Thanks

?
59
Reference
 ‫المؤلفات‬

‫لمن يرغب بالحصول على نسخة من الكتب الثالثة من داخل العراق يمكنه االتصال برقم المندوب‬
‫( سيف محمد‪ ..‬رقم الواتسب ‪) 07707513962‬‬
About Authorized
Name: Abbas Radhi Abbas ‫عباس راضي عباس‬
Position: Chief Engineer / petroleum Engineer ‫مهندس نفط‬
Nationality: Iraq- Missan ‫العراق ميسان‬
Date of Birth: 1978
Gender: Male
Education Background:
Period Education description
University of Bagdad – college of Engineering – petroleum engineering
1996-2001
department- (BSc)
Certificates of Appreciation
15 Certificates of Appreciation from difrent international companies such as (Schlumberger-
Halliburton, Weatherford , CNOOC , COSL , BHDC )
24 online webinar for SPE , 2 papers ,
Work Experience : in Missan Oil Company ( MOC)
Period Work description
(2004-2006) reservoir engineer ‫مهندس مكامن‬
(2006-2010 ) water injection engineer ‫مهندس حقن ماء‬
during (2011) drilling and workover engineer ‫مهندس حفر واستصالح‬
(2011 to 2026 ) deputy of Geology and reservoir department manager
Language:
Mother language: Arabic
Second English/Fluent oral and written in English.
language/level: 62