CEng4204-Structural Design

Example on Earthquake
Load analysis on structures
and Distribution of
Earthquake Load to Lateral
Loads Resisting Systems

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Example-1: Earthquake load analysis on structures
A residential building of four storey which made of reinforced
concrete framed structures which is located in Adama town.
The building is symmetry and regular in its plan and elevation.
If it is planned to construct on the site of deep deposit of dense
sand, by using following data compute:

a) Calculate base shear force 𝐹𝑏

b) Distribute the base shear force to each storey 𝐹𝑖

c) Determine the storey shear forces 𝑄𝑖

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Given data:

 Thickness of floor and roof slabs = 150𝑚𝑚

 Live load 2𝑘𝑁 𝑚2 on floors and 1𝑘𝑁 𝑚2 on roof slabs

 Cross-section of floor and top tie beams = 250𝑚𝑚 ∗ 350𝑚𝑚

 Cross-section of grade beams = 250𝑚𝑚 ∗ 400𝑚𝑚

 Cross-section of all columns = 250𝑚𝑚 ∗ 450𝑚𝑚

 Thickness of external infill HCB walls = 250𝑚𝑚

 Thickness of internal infill HCB walls = 150𝑚𝑚

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 Walls are located on beams only

 Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25𝑘𝑁 𝑚3

 Unit weight of HCB wall = 14𝑘𝑁 𝑚3

 Height of parapet wall = 1𝑚

 Thickness of parapet HCB walls = 250𝑚𝑚
 Height of each floors and foundation columns are indicated on the
elevation plan
 Assume dimensions of isolated footing pad = 1.5𝑚 ∗ 1.5𝑚 ∗
0.4𝑚

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Floor plan for all storeys

All dimensions in 𝑐𝑚.
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Frames in the 𝑥 −direction Frames in the 𝑦 −direction

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Step 1: Check criteria for the lateral force method of analysis
(Equivalent static method of analysis) [ES EN 1998:2015
section [Link] and section [Link]]

The lateral force method of analysis for buildings meeting

the conditions:

 Building should meet the criteria for regularity in elevation

 Fundamental periods of vibration 𝑻𝟏 of the building in the
two main directions which are smaller than the following
values:

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𝟒𝑻𝑪
𝑻𝟏 ≤
𝟐. 𝟎𝒔

Where 𝑻𝑪 is the upper limit of the period of the constant

spectral acceleration branch and 𝒔 is the soil factor
 For buildings with heights of up to 𝟒𝟎𝒎, the value of
𝑻𝟏 (in sec) may be approximated by the following
expression:
𝟑
𝑻𝟏 = 𝑪𝒕 ∗ 𝑯 𝟒

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𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟓 for moment resistant space steel frames

𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 for 𝐦𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬 and
Where 𝑪𝒕 =
for 𝐞𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎 for all other structures

𝑯is the height of the building in 𝒎 from the foundation

or from the top of a rigid basement.
In this example, the structural system is moment resistant
space concrete frames 𝐶𝑡 = 0.075 and height of the
building 𝐻 = 4 ∗ 3.5 + 1.5 = 15.5𝑚 ≤ 40𝑚.

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3
𝑇1 = 0.075 ∗ 15.5 4 = 0.586𝑠𝑒𝑐

 As per ES EN 1998:2015 section 3.2.1 and Annex D,

for seismic hazard zonation for selected towns, Adama
town is zone IV (zones of high seismicity).
 For high seismicity zones 𝑀 > 5.5 , Type 1 elastic
response spectra is used.
 In this example, the ground conditions is deep deposit
of dense sand (Ground type C).
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Values of the parameters (s, 𝑻𝑩 , 𝑻𝑪 and 𝑻𝑫 ) describing
the recommended Type 1 elastic response spectra

Ground type 𝑠 𝑇𝐵 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑇𝐶 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑇𝐷 𝑠𝑒𝑐

A 1.00 0.05 0.25 1.20
B 1.35 0.05 0.25 1.20
C 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎
D 1.80 0.10 0.30 1.20
E 1.60 0.05 0.25 1.20

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For ground type C:
𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎, 𝑻𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄, 𝑻𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒔𝒆𝒄 and 𝑻𝑫 =
𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄
4𝑇𝐶 = 4 ∗ 0.25 = 1.0𝑠𝑒𝑐
∴ 𝑇1 = 0.586𝑠𝑒𝑐 ≤ 𝑂𝑘!
2.0𝑠 = 2.0 ∗ 1.50 = 3.0𝑠𝑒𝑐
The building is symmetry and regular in its plan
and elevation.
Hence, we can use lateral force method of analysis.

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Step 2: Determine design spectrum 𝑺𝒅 𝑻𝟏 [ES EN 1998:2015
section [Link]]

For the horizontal components of the seismic action, the design

spectrum 𝑺𝒅 𝑻𝟏 shall be defined by the following expressions:

 For 𝑇𝐶 = 0.25𝑠𝑒𝑐 ≤ 𝑇 = 0.586𝑠𝑒𝑐 ≤ 𝑇𝐷 = 1.2𝑠𝑒𝑐:

𝟐.𝟓 𝑻𝑪
𝒂𝒈 ∗ 𝑺 ∗
𝑺𝒅 𝑻𝟏 = 𝒒 𝑻𝟏
≥ 𝜷 ∗ 𝒂𝒈

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Where 𝒂𝒈 is the design ground acceleration on type A
ground (𝒂𝒈 = 𝜸𝑰 ∗ 𝒂𝒈𝑹 )

𝒒 is the behavior factor

𝜷 is the lower bound factor for the horizontal design
spectrum
𝒔 is the soil factor
𝜸𝑰 is the importance factor

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Design ground acceleration 𝒂𝒈

The seismic hazard map is divided into 5 zones

where the ratio of the design bedrock acceleration
𝑎𝑔 to the acceleration of gravity 𝑔 = 𝛼0 for the
respective zones.
Zone 5 𝟒 3 2 1 0

𝛼0 = 𝑎𝑔 𝑔 0.20 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 0.10 0.07 0.04 0

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Adama town located in zone 4: 𝑎𝑔 = 0.15𝑔

In this example, the given building is a residential

building and it’s categorized under ordinary
building not belonging in the other categories.

For ordinary building, its importance class is class II

and it’s the importance factor 𝜸𝑰 = 𝟏. 𝟎.

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Importance classes for buildings
Importance Importance
Buildings description
class factors 𝛾𝐼
I Buildings of minor importance for public safety, e.g. 0.8
agricultural buildings, etc.
II Ordinary buildings, not belonging in the other categories. 𝟏. 𝟎

III Buildings whose seismic resistance is of importance in view of 1.2

the consequences associated with a collapse, e.g. schools,
assembly halls, cultural institutions etc.
IV Buildings whose integrity during earthquakes is of vital 1.4
importance for civil protection, e.g. hospitals, fire stations,
power plants, etc.

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∴ 𝒂𝒈 = 𝟏. 𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝒈

Behavior factors for horizontal seismic actions 𝒒 (ES EN

1998:2015 section [Link])
 Behavior factor 𝒒 is a factor used for purposes to
reduce the forces obtained from a linear analysis in
order to account for the nonlinear response of a
structure associated with the material, the structural
system and design procedures.

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𝒒 = 𝒒𝟎 𝒌𝒘 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟓

Where

𝒒𝟎 is the basic value of the behavior factor dependent

on the type of the structural system and on its
regularity in elevation

𝒌𝒘 is the factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode

in structural systems with walls.

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 For buildings that are regular in elevation, the basic
values of the behavior factor 𝑞0 for the various
structural types are given in the following table.
Structural type DCM DCH
Frame system, dual system, coupled wall system 𝟑. 𝟎 𝜶𝒖 𝜶𝟏 4.5 𝛼𝑢 𝛼1
Uncoupled wall system 3.0 4.0 𝛼𝑢 𝛼1
Torsionally flexible system 2.0 3.0
Inverted pendulum system 1.5 2.0

Frame system and assume DCM (medium ductility class);

𝒒𝟎 = 𝟑. 𝟎 𝜶𝒖 𝜶𝟏

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Where 𝜶𝟏 is the value by which the horizontal seismic
design action is multiplied, in order to first reach the
flexural resistance in any member in the structure while
all other design actions remain constant
𝜶𝒖 is the value by which the horizontal seismic design
action is multiplied, in order to form plastic hinges in a
number of sections sufficient for the development of
overall structural instability while all other design actions
remain constant.

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The factor 𝜶𝒖 may be obtained from a nonlinear
static (pushover) global analysis.

Factor 𝜶𝒖 𝜶𝟏 has not been evaluated through an

explicit calculation for buildings which are regular
in plan, the following approximate values of 𝜶𝒖 𝜶𝟏
may be used.

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For frames or frame-equivalent dual systems:

 One-storey buildings: 𝜶𝒖 𝜶𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟏;
 Multi-storey, one-bay frames: 𝜶𝒖 𝜶𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟐;
 Multi-storey, multi-bay frames or frame-equivalent
dual structures: 𝜶𝒖 𝜶𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟑.
In this example, the given building is multi-storey,
multi-bay frames. ∴ 𝜶𝒖 𝜶𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟑.

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𝒒𝟎 = 𝟑. 𝟎 ∗ 𝜶𝒖 𝜶𝟏 = 𝟑 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟗

The factor 𝒌𝒘 reflecting the prevailing failure mode

in structural systems with walls.

For frame systems 𝒌𝒘 = 𝟏. 𝟎.

∴ 𝒒 = 𝒒𝟎 𝒌𝒘 = 𝟑. 𝟗 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟎 = 𝟑. 𝟗 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟓 … … … … 𝑶𝒌!

The recommended value for 𝜷 is 𝟎. 𝟐.

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𝟐.𝟓 𝑻𝑪
𝒂𝒈 ∗ 𝑺 ∗
𝑺𝒅 𝑻 = 𝒒 𝑻
≥ 𝜷 ∗ 𝒂𝒈

𝟐.𝟓 𝟎.𝟐𝟓
𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝒈 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟓 ∗ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟐𝒈
𝑺𝒅 𝑻 = 𝟑.𝟗 𝟎.𝟓𝟖𝟔
𝟎. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝒈
∴ 𝑺𝒅 𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟐𝒈

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Step 3: Determine total seismic mass of building (ES EN 1998:
2015 section 3.2.4)

 The inertial effects of the design seismic action shall be

evaluated by taking into account the presence of the masses
associated with all gravity loads appearing in the following
combination of actions:

𝒎= 𝑮𝒌,𝒋 + 𝝍𝑬,𝒊 𝑸𝒌,𝒊

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Where 𝝍𝑬,𝒊 is the combination coefficient for variable
action 𝒊 (see ES EN 1998: 2015 section 4.2.4)

The combination coefficients 𝝍𝑬,𝒊 for the

calculation of the effects of the seismic actions shall
be computed from the following expression:

𝝍𝑬,𝒊 = 𝝋 ∗ 𝝍𝟐,𝒊

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Values of 𝝋 for calculating 𝜓2,𝑖

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Recommended values of 𝜓2,𝑖 factors for buildings (Source: Adopted from
ES EN 1992-1-1:2015)

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non-structural
𝑾𝟓

members to be considered for a given storeys

𝑾𝟒

and
𝑾𝟑

structural
𝑾𝟐

of
Weight
𝑾𝟏

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Weight at roof level 𝑾𝟓

Variable actions at roof level 𝝍𝑬,𝒊 𝑸𝒌,𝒊

𝝍𝑬,𝒊 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 = 𝝋 ∗ 𝝍𝟐,𝒊 ∗ 𝑄𝑘,𝑖

 For roof storey 𝜑 = 1.0, for roof slab 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 =

1𝑘𝑁 𝑚2 and for residential building 𝜓2,𝑖 = 0.3

𝜑 ∗ 𝜓2,𝑖 ∗ 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 = 1.0 ∗ 0.3 ∗ 1𝑘𝑁 𝑚2 9.75𝑚 ∗ 11.75𝑚

= 34.37𝑘𝑁

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Dead load 𝑮𝒌,𝒋 at roof level
Walls weight
Walls

Thickness
Dir.

N0
Length

Height

Weight

weight
Total
𝑥 4.65 1.40 0.25 4 14 91.14
Exterior
𝑦 3.75 1.40 0.25 6 14 110.25

𝑥 4.65 1.40 0.15 4 14 54.684

Interior
𝑦 3.55 1.40 0.15 3 14 31.311

𝑥 10.45 1.00 0.25 2 14 73.15

Parapet
𝑦 11.75 1.00 0.25 2 14 82.25

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Slab weight
Total floor width 𝑚 Total floor length 𝑚 Thickness 𝑚 𝛾 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 Weight 𝑘𝑁
Slab 10.25 12.25 0.15 25 470.86

Beams weight
Beam

Total
N0
Length
Width

Depth

Weight

weight
𝑥 −dir. 0.25 0.20 4.55 8 25 45.50
87.7
𝑦 −dir. 0.25 0.20 3.75 9 25 42.1875

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Columns weight
Total

N0
Length
Width

Depth

Weight
weight 𝑘𝑁

Columns 0.25 0.45 1.75 12 25 59.0625 59.0625

Total seismic load at roof level = 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 + 𝑊𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 +

𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 + 𝑊𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 + 𝜓𝐸,𝑖 𝑄𝑘,𝑖

𝑾𝟓 = 442.785 + 87.70 + 59.0625 + 470.86 + 34.37

= 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝒌𝑵

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Weight at 1st, 2nd and 3rd floor levels
𝑾𝟐 , 𝑾𝟑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑾𝟒

Walls weight
Total

Thickness
Walls

Dir.

N0
Length

Height

Weight
weight
𝑘𝑁
𝑥 4.65 3.4 0.25 4 14 221.340
Exterior
𝑦 3.75 3.4 0.25 6 14 274.176
𝑥 4.65 3.4 0.15 4 14 132.804
Interior
𝑦 3.75 3.4 0.15 3 14 80.325

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Slab weight
Total floor width 𝑚 Total floor length 𝑚 Thickness 𝑚 𝛾 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 Weight 𝑘𝑁
Slab 10.25 12.25 0.15 25 470.86

Beams weight

Depth Length
Beam Width 𝑚 N0 𝛾 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 Weight 𝑘𝑁 Total weight 𝑘𝑁
𝑚 𝑚
𝑥 −dir. 0.25 0.20 4.55 8 25 45.50
87.70
𝑦 −dir. 0.25 0.20 3.75 9 25 42.1875

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Columns weight
Width Depth Length
N0 𝛾 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 Weight 𝑘𝑁 Total weight 𝑘𝑁
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
Columns 0.25 0.45 3.5 12 25 118.125 118.125

Variable actions at 1st, 2nd and 3rd floor levels

𝜓𝐸,𝑖 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 = 𝜑 ∗ 𝜓2,𝑖 ∗ 𝑄𝑘,𝑖

𝜑 = 0.5 for independent occupied storey 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 = 2𝑘𝑁 𝑚2 for roof

slab and 𝜓2,𝑖 = 0.3 for residential building

𝜑 ∗ 𝜓2,𝑖 ∗ 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 = 0.5 ∗ 0.3 ∗ 2𝑘𝑁 𝑚2 9.50𝑚 ∗ 11.00𝑚 =

31.35𝑘𝑁

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Total seismic load at each floor levels

= 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 + 𝑊𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 + 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 + 𝑊𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏

+ 𝜓𝐸,𝑖 𝑄𝑘,𝑖

𝑊2 = 𝑊3 = 𝑊4 = 708.645 + 87.70 + 118.125 +

480.05 + 31.35 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟓. 𝟖𝟕𝒌𝑵

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Weight at ground floor level 𝑾𝟏

Walls weight

Weight Total
Walls Dir. Length 𝑚 Height 𝑚 Thickness 𝑚 N0 𝛾 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3
𝑘𝑁 weight 𝑘𝑁
𝑥 4.65 1.40 0.25 4 14 91.14
Exterior
𝑦 3.75 1.40 0.25 6 14 110.25
𝑥 4.65 1.40 0.15 4 14 54.684
Interior
𝑦 3.55 1.40 0.15 3 14 31.311

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Grade beams weight
Grade Beam Width 𝑚 Depth 𝑚 Length 𝑚 N0 𝛾 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 Weight 𝑘𝑁 Total weight 𝑘𝑁

𝑥 −dir. 0.25 0.40 4.55 8 25 91

175.375
𝑦 −dir. 0.25 0.40 3.75 9 25 84.375

Columns weight

Width Depth Weight

Length 𝑚 N0 𝛾 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 Total weight 𝑘𝑁
𝑚 𝑚 𝑘𝑁

Columns 0.25 0.45 3.25 12 25 109.69 109.69

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Weight of isolated footing pad
Width 𝑚 Length 𝑚 Depth 𝑚 N0 𝛾 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 Weight 𝑘𝑁 Total weight 𝑘𝑁

Footing 1.5 1.5 0.4 12 25 270

270
pad

Total seismic load at ground floor level

= 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 + 𝑊𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 + 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 +

𝑊𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠

𝑊1 = 442.785 + 175.375 + 109.69 + 270 = 𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟖𝟓𝒌𝑵

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∴ Total seismic weight of the building 𝑊𝑇 = 𝑊1 +
𝑊2 + 𝑊3 + 𝑊4 + 𝑊5 = 997.85 + 3 ∗ 1425.87 +
1094.777 = 6370.2375𝑘𝑁

Total seismic mass of the building

𝑾𝑻 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟎.𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑵
𝒎= = 𝟗.𝟖𝟏𝒎 = 𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝒌𝒈
𝒈
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐

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Step 4: Determine base shear force 𝐹𝑏 (ES EN 1998:2015
section [Link].2)
The seismic base shear force 𝑭𝒃 for each horizontal
direction in which the building is analyzed shall be
determined using the following expression:

𝑭𝒃 = 𝑺𝒅 𝑻𝟏 ∗ 𝒎 ∗ 𝝀

Where 𝑆𝑑 𝑇1 is the ordinate of the design spectrum =

𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟐𝒈

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𝝀 is the correction factor accounts for the effective
modal mass of the 1st mode is smaller on average by
15% than the total building mass.

𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 if 𝑻𝟏 < 𝟐𝑻𝑪 and the building has more than two storeys
𝜆=
𝟏. 𝟎 otherwise

𝑇1 = 0.586𝑠𝑒𝑐 ≮ 2𝑇𝐶 = 2 ∗ 0.25 = 0.5𝑠𝑒𝑐.

∴ Take 𝜆 = 1.0.

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𝐹𝑏 = 𝑆𝑑 𝑇1 ∗ 𝑚 ∗ 𝜆 = 0.061532 ∗ 9.81𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ∗
649361.62𝑘𝑔 ∗ 1.0 = 391973.45𝑁 = 𝟑𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝟕𝒌𝑵
Step 5: Distribution of the horizontal seismic base
shear force to storeys 𝑭𝒊 (ES EN 1998:2015 section
[Link].3)
When the fundamental mode shape is approximated by
horizontal displacements increasing linearly along the height,
the horizontal forces 𝑭𝒊 should be taken as being given by:

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𝒁𝒊 ∗ 𝒎𝒊
𝑭𝒊 = 𝑭𝒃 ∗
𝒁𝒋 ∗ 𝒎𝒋

Where 𝑍𝑖 , 𝑍𝑗 are the heights of the masses

𝑚𝑖 , 𝑚𝑗 above the level of application of the seismic
action (foundation or top of a rigid basement)

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Storey 𝑍𝑖 𝑚 𝑊𝑖 𝑘𝑁 𝑚𝑖 𝑘𝑔 𝑍𝑖 ∗ 𝑚𝑖 𝐹𝑖 𝑘𝑁

Ground 1.5 997.85 101717.635 152576.45 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟏

First 5.0 1425.87 145348.624 726743.12 50.97

Second 8.5 1425.87 145348.624 1235463.30 86.65
Third 12 1425.87 145348.624 1744183.50 122.33
RL 15.5 1094.78 111598.369 1729774.72 121.32
5426903.67 3𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝟕

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𝑭𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝒌𝑵

𝑭𝟒 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝒌𝑵

𝑭𝟑 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟔𝟓𝒌𝑵

𝑭𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝒌𝑵

𝑭𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝒌𝑵

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Step 6: Determine the storey shear forces 𝑄𝑖 for each
storey
Storey 𝑍𝑖 𝑚 𝐹𝑖 𝑘𝑁 𝑄𝑖 𝑘𝑁

Roof level 15.5 121.32 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟐

Third 12 122.33 = 121.32 + 122.33 = 𝟐𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟓

Second 8.5 86.65 = 243.65 + 86.65 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝟎

First 5.0 50.97 = 330,30 + 50.97 = 𝟑𝟖𝟏. 𝟐𝟕

Ground 1.5 10.70 = 381.27 + 10.7 = 𝟑𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝟕

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Example-2: Moment Resisting Frame System

A four-story residential building constructed with

reinforced concrete framed structures is located in
Adama town. Based on previous earthquake load
analysis for this building, the story shear forces
obtained are𝑄2𝑥 = 𝑄2𝑦 = 330.30𝑘𝑁 for the 2nd floor
and 𝑄3𝑥 = 𝑄3𝑦 = 243.65𝑘𝑁 for 3rd floor.

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 Cross-section of floor and top tie beams = 250𝑚𝑚 ∗ 350𝑚𝑚

 Cross-section of grade beams = 250𝑚𝑚 ∗ 400𝑚𝑚

 Cross-section of all columns = 250𝑚𝑚 ∗ 450𝑚𝑚

 Floors are assumed to be rigid because of it has higher in-plane

stiffness

Distribute the storey shear force 𝑄𝑖 for each frame axis and each
columns on the second and third floors along 𝑥 − and 𝑦 −axis using
the shear distribution coefficients D-Value method.

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Floor plan for all storeys

All dimensions in 𝑐𝑚.
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 Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Frames in the 𝑥 −direction Frames in the 𝑦 −direction

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Storey shear force on the 2nd floor

𝑸𝟐𝒙 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝒌𝑵
𝑸𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝒌𝑵

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Storey shear force on the 3rd floor

𝑸𝟑𝒙 = 𝟐𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟓𝒌𝑵
𝑸𝟑𝒚 = 𝟐𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟓𝒌𝑵

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Solution

Step 1: Determine the stiffness 𝑘 of the frames

Beams

Cross-section of floor beams= 250𝑚𝑚 ∗ 350𝑚𝑚

Beams on axis A, B and C 𝐿𝑏 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝒎

𝐼𝑦 𝑏ℎ3 0.25𝑚∗ 0.35𝑚 3

𝑘𝑏𝑦 = = = = 2.233 ∗ 10−4 𝑚3
𝐿𝑏 12𝐿𝑏 12∗4𝑚

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Beams on axis 1, 2, 3 and 4 𝐿𝑏 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝒎

𝐼𝑦 𝑏ℎ3 0.25𝑚∗ 0.35𝑚 3

𝑘𝑏𝑦 = = = = 1.7865 ∗ 10−4 𝑚3
𝐿𝑏 12𝐿𝑏 12∗5𝑚

Columns

Cross-section of all columns= 250𝑚𝑚 ∗ 450𝑚𝑚

Grouping according to their orientations

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Columns 𝑪𝟏 :

𝐼𝑥 ℎ𝑏3 0.45𝑚∗ 0.25𝑚 3

𝑘𝐶1 𝑦 = = = = 1.674 ∗ 10−4 𝑚3
𝐿𝑐 12𝐿𝑐 12∗3.5𝑚

𝐼𝑦 𝑏ℎ3 0.25𝑚∗ 0.45𝑚 3

𝑘𝐶1 𝑥 = = = = 5.424 ∗ 10−4 𝑚3
𝐿𝑐 12𝐿𝑐 12∗3.5𝑚

Columns 𝑪𝟐 :

𝐼𝑥 𝑏ℎ3 0.25𝑚∗ 0.45𝑚 3

𝑘𝐶2 𝑦 = = = = 5.424 ∗ 10−4 𝑚3
𝐿𝑐 12𝐿𝑐 12∗3.5𝑚

𝐼𝑦 ℎ𝑏3 0.45𝑚∗ 0.25𝑚 3

𝑘𝐶2 𝑥 = = = = 1.674 ∗ 10−4 𝑚3
𝐿𝑐 12𝐿𝑐 12∗3.5𝑚

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Step 2: Determine the lateral stiffness 𝑫 −value of the
particular frame elements and 𝑫 for the storey in the
given axis

𝑫 = 𝜶𝒌𝒄

𝒌
For general case: 𝜶 = and
𝟐+𝒌

𝒌𝒃
𝒌=
𝟐𝒌𝒄

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Frame in the 𝒙 −direction (Axis 2 and 3)

𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟓
𝒌𝒄 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝟒

𝒌 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟗 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗

𝜶 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟖 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑

𝑫𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟓
𝑫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟐 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝟏. 𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟐
𝒌𝒄 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝟒 5.424 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝟒
𝒌 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟗 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗
𝜶 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟖 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑
𝑫𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟓
𝑫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟐 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝟏. 𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟐

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Frame in the 𝒙 −direction (Axis 1 and 4)

𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟓
𝒌𝒄 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟒 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝟒

𝒌 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗 𝟐. 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗

𝜶 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟔 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑

𝑫𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟔
𝑫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟐 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟐 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟐
𝒌𝒄 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟒 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝟒
𝒌 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗 𝟐. 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗
𝜶 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟔 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑
𝑫 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟐 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟐 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟐 𝑫𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟔

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Frame in the 𝒚 −direction (Axis A and C)

𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑
𝒌𝒄 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟒 1.674 1.674 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟒

𝑘 1.334 2.668 2.668 2.344

𝛼 0.400 0.5715 0.5715 0.400

𝑫𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝟒
𝑫 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟎 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟎
𝒌𝒄 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟒 1.674 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟒 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟒
𝑘 1.334 2.668 2.668 2.668
𝛼 0.5715 0.5715 0.5715 0.5715
𝑫𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝟒
𝑫 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟎 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟎

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𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑

Frame in the 𝑦 −direction (Axis B)

𝒌𝒄 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟒 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟒 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝟒
𝒌 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟖 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟖 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟕
𝜶 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟕 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟓 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟓 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟕
𝑫𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟔𝟔
𝑫 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟔 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟔
𝒌𝒄 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟒 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟒 𝟓. 𝟒𝟐𝟒

𝒌 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟖 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟖 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟕

𝜶 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟕 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟓 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟓 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟕

𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟔
𝑫 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟔
𝑫𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟔𝟔

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Step 3: Determine the center of stiffness CS 𝒙𝒔 , 𝒚𝒔 for
each storeys
 CS is a point where the stiffness or strength of the floor is
concentrated.

𝑫𝒚𝒊 𝒙𝒊
Center of stiffness in 𝑥 −direction, 𝒙𝒔 =
𝑫𝒚𝒊

𝑫𝒙𝒊 𝒚𝒊
Center of stiffness in 𝑦 −direction, 𝒚𝒔 =
𝑫𝒙𝒊

Where 𝒙𝒊 and 𝒚𝒊 distance of frame axis from the reference axis.

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Frames axis in the 𝒙 −direction

Frame axis 𝐷𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑚 𝐷𝑥𝑖 ∗ 𝑦𝑖 𝑚

4 2.3966 0.0 0.0

3 2.8765 4.0 11.506
2 2.8765 8.0 23.012
1 2.3966 12.0 28.7592
Σ 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟐 𝟔𝟑. 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟐
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Frames axis in the 𝒚 −direction

Frame axis 𝐷𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑚 𝐷𝑦𝑖 ∗ 𝑥𝑖 𝑚

A 3.254 0.0 0.0

B 3.766 5.0 18.83

C 3.254 10.0 32.54

Σ 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟒 𝟓𝟏. 𝟑𝟕

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𝐷𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑖 51.37
𝑥𝑠 = = = 𝟓. 𝟎𝒎
𝐷𝑦𝑖 10.274

𝐷𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 63.2772
𝑦𝑠 = = = 𝟔. 𝟎𝒎
𝐷𝑥𝑖 10.5462

Step 4: Determine the center of mass CM 𝒙𝒎 , 𝒚𝒎

for each storeys

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Center of mass is a point of application of 𝐹𝑖 on a
floor level where the whole mass and its inertial
effects can be replaced using lumped equivalent
mass.

𝑾𝒊 𝒙𝒊
Center of mass in 𝑥 −direction, 𝒙𝒎 =
𝑾𝒊

𝑾𝒊 𝒚𝒊
Center of mass in 𝑦 −direction, 𝒚𝒎 =
𝑾𝒊

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Choosing the reference axis

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Center of mass CM 𝒙𝒎 , 𝒚𝒎 for second and third
floors

𝑊𝑖 𝑥𝑖
Center of mass in 𝑥 − direction, 𝑥𝑚 = =
𝑊𝑖

𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟒𝟓𝒎

𝑊𝑖 𝑦𝑖
Center of mass in 𝑦 − direction, 𝑦𝑚 = =
𝑊𝑖

𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟖𝒎

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Storey shear force on the 2nd floor

𝑸𝒙 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝒌𝑵

𝑸𝒚 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝒌𝑵

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 Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Storey shear force on the 3rd floor

𝑸𝒙 = 𝟐𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟓𝒌𝑵

𝑸𝒚 = 𝟐𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟓𝒌𝑵

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Step 5: Determine the design eccentricity 𝑒𝑑𝑖 in the
𝑥 − and 𝑦 −direction
Actual eccentricity 𝑒𝑖
In the 𝑥 −direction:

𝑒𝑥 = 𝑥𝑠 − 𝑥𝑚 = 5 − 2.8045 = 2.1955𝑚
In the 𝑦 −direction:

𝑒𝑦 = 𝑦𝑠 − 𝑦𝑚 = 6 − 3.3278 = 2.6722𝑚

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Additional accidental eccentricity 𝑒𝑎𝑖

In order to cover uncertainties in the location of

masses and in the spatial variation of the seismic
motion, the calculated center of mass at each floor
𝒊 shall be considered displaced from its nominal
location in each direction by an additional
accidental eccentricity:

16-Apr-25 Moment Resisting Frame System 77

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𝒆𝒂𝒊 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝑳𝒊

Where 𝑳𝒊 is the floor dimension perpendicular to the

direction of the seismic action.

In the 𝑥 −direction:

𝑒𝑎𝑥 = ±0.05𝐿𝑦 = ±0.05 ∗ 12𝑚 = ±0.6𝑚

In the 𝑦 −direction:

𝑒𝑎𝑦 = ±0.05𝐿𝑥 = ±0.05 ∗ 10𝑚 = ±0.5𝑚

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Design eccentricity 𝑒𝑑𝑖 in the 𝑥 − and 𝑦 −direction

In the 𝑥 −direction: 𝑒𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 ± 0.05𝐿𝑦

In the 𝑦 −direction: 𝑒𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒𝑦 ± 0.05𝐿𝑥

Storey Actual Additional Design Design
eccentricity eccentricity eccentricity 𝑒𝑑𝑥 eccentricity 𝑒𝑑𝑦

2nd 2.1955 2.6722 ±0.6 ±0.5 2.7955 1.5955 3.1722 2.1722

3rd 2.1955 2.6722 ±0.6 ±0.5 2.7955 1.5955 3.1722 2.1722

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 Lateral Loads Resisting Systems
Step 6: Determine the shear correction factor for torsion
𝜶𝒊 in the 𝑥 − and 𝑦 −direction
The shear correction factor for torsion 𝜶 is determined
from:

𝑫𝒙 𝒆𝒅𝒚
𝜶𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒚𝒊 and
𝑱𝒙 +𝑱𝒚

𝑫𝒚 𝒆𝒅𝒙
𝜶𝒚 = 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒊
𝑱𝒙 + 𝑱𝒚

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Moment of inertia of frames about the centroid of
rigidity 𝑱𝒙 and 𝑱𝒚 is calculated from:

𝑱𝒙 = 𝑫𝒙 𝒚𝒊 𝟐 ; 𝑱𝒚 = 𝑫𝒚 𝒙𝒊 𝟐
𝐽𝑟 = 𝐽𝑥 + 𝐽𝑦
𝒙𝒊 = 𝒙𝒔 − 𝒙𝒊 and 𝒚𝒊 = 𝒚𝒔 − 𝒚𝒊

𝒙𝒊 and 𝒚𝒊 distance of frame axis from the reference

axis

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Frame axis in the 𝑥 −direction:

Frame axis
Storey

1 2.3966 12 −6 36 86.2776
2nd and 3rd

2 2.8765 8 −2 4 11.506
3 2.8765 4 6 +2 4 11.506
4 2.3966 0 +6 36 86.2776
Σ 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟐 𝟏𝟗𝟓. 𝟓𝟔𝟕𝟐

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Frame axis in the 𝑦 −direction:
Frame axis
Storey

A 3.254 0 +5 25 81.35
2nd and 3rd

B 3.766 5 5 0 0 0
C 3.254 10 −5 25 81.35
Σ 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟒 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟕𝟎
𝐽𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 𝑦𝑖 2 = 195.5672; 𝐽𝑦 = 𝐷𝑦 𝑥𝑖 2 = 162.70

𝐽𝑟 = 𝐽𝑥 + 𝐽𝑦 = 195.5672 + 162.70 = 𝟑𝟓𝟖. 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟐

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 Shear correction factor due to torsion 𝜶𝒙𝒊 for frame axis in
the 𝑥 −direction

𝑫𝒙 𝒆𝒅𝒚𝟏 𝑫𝒙 𝒆𝒅𝒚𝟐
𝜶𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝒚𝒊 and 𝜶𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏 + 𝒚𝒊
𝑱𝒙 +𝑱𝒚 𝑱𝒙 +𝑱𝒚
Frame axis
Storey

𝐽𝑟 𝛼𝑥1 𝛼𝑥2

1 2.3966 −6 0.873 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟑

2nd and 3rd

2 2.8765 −4 0.898 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟓𝟒 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟓𝟒

3 2.8765 +2 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟎 1.030 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟎
4 2.3966 +6 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟕 1.080 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟕

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Shear correction factor due to torsion 𝜶𝒚𝒊 for frame axis in the
𝑦 −direction

𝐷𝑦 𝑒𝑑𝑥1 𝐷𝑦 𝑒𝑑𝑥2
𝛼𝑦1 = 1 + 𝑥𝑖 and 𝛼𝑦2 = 1 + 𝑥𝑖
𝐽𝑥 +𝐽𝑦 𝐽𝑥 +𝐽𝑦
𝐽𝑟
Frame axis
Storey

𝛼𝑦1 𝛼𝑦2

A 3.254 +5 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟕 1.072 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟕

2nd and 3rd

B 3.766 0 1.000 1.000 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎

C 3.254 −5 0.873 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟕 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟕

16-Apr-25 Moment Resisting Frame System 85

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Step 7: Distribute the storey shear force for each
frame axis

𝑫𝒊 (𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔)

𝑸𝒊 = 𝑸
𝑫𝒊 (𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒓. )

Where

𝑸 is the storey shear force for particular storey (not

corrected for torsion effect)
16-Apr-25 Moment Resisting Frame System 86
 Lateral Loads Resisting Systems
Computation of shear force for each frame axis in the 𝒙 − direction

Storey Frame axis 𝐷𝑥𝑖 Story shear 𝑄𝑥 𝑘𝑁 𝑄𝑖 𝑘𝑁

1 2.3966 𝟕𝟓. 𝟎𝟔
2 2.8765 𝟗𝟎. 𝟎𝟗
2nd

3 2.8765 𝟗𝟎. 𝟎𝟗
4 2.3966 𝟕𝟓. 𝟎𝟔
Σ 10.5462 330.30
1 2.3966 𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟕
2 2.8765 𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟔
3rd

3 2.8765 𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟔
4 2.3966 𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟕
Σ 10.5462 243.65

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Computation of shear force for each frame axis in the 𝒚 − direction

Storey Frame axis 𝐷𝑦𝑖 Story shear 𝑄𝑦 𝑘𝑁 𝑄𝑖 𝑘𝑁

A 3.254 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟔𝟏
𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟕
2nd

B 3.766
C 3.254 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟔𝟏
Σ 10.274 330.30
A 3.254 𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟕
𝟖𝟗. 𝟑𝟏
3rd

B 3.766
C 3.254 𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟕
Σ 10.274 243.65

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Shear force on the frame axis (2nd floor)

𝟕𝟓. 𝟎𝟔𝒌𝑵

𝟗𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝒌𝑵

𝟗𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝒌𝑵

𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝒌𝑵

𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟔𝟏𝒌𝑵
𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟔𝟏𝒌𝑵

𝟕𝟓. 𝟎𝟔𝒌𝑵

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Shear force on the frame axis (3rd floor)

𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟕𝒌𝑵

𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟔𝒌𝑵

𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟔𝒌𝑵

𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟕𝒌𝑵
𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟕𝒌𝑵
𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟕𝒌𝑵 𝟖𝟗. 𝟑𝟏𝒌𝑵

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Step 8: Distribute the corrected storey shear force for
each frame axis

𝐷𝑖 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)

𝑄𝑖 = ∗ 𝑄 ∗ 𝜶𝒊
𝐷𝑖 (𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟.)

Where

𝑄 is the storey shear force for particular storey (not

corrected for torsion effect)

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Corrected storey shear force for frame axis in the 𝒙 − direction

Storey Frame axis 𝜶𝒙𝒊 𝑴𝒂𝒙. 𝑄𝑖 (previous) 𝑘𝑁 𝑄𝑖 (new) 𝑘𝑁

1 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟑 75.06 𝟔𝟗. 𝟎𝟎
2 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟓𝟒 90.09 𝟖𝟒. 𝟐𝟕
2nd

3 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟎 90.09 𝟗𝟒. 𝟔𝟎

4 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟕 75.06 𝟖𝟒. 𝟔𝟎
1 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟑 55.37 𝟓𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
2 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟓𝟒 66.46 𝟔𝟐. 𝟏𝟕
3rd

3 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟎 66.46 𝟔𝟗. 𝟕𝟖

4 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟕 55.37 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒𝟎

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Corrected storey shear force for frame axis in the 𝒚 − direction

Storey Frame axis 𝜶𝒚𝒊 𝑴𝒂𝒙. 𝑄𝑖 (previous) 𝑘𝑁 𝑄𝑖 (new) 𝑘𝑁

A 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟕 104.61 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟗𝟎

121.07
2nd

B 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟕

C 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟕 104.61 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟗𝟎

A 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟕 77.17 𝟖𝟔. 𝟗𝟕

89.31
3rd

B 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟖𝟗. 𝟑𝟏

C 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟕 77.17 𝟖𝟔. 𝟗𝟕

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Step 9: Distribute the storey shear force in the frames
axis to each columns Qn

𝐷𝑖 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒)

𝑄𝑛 = ∗ 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝐷𝑖

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𝟓𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝒌𝑵
𝐷 0.7662 0.8642 0.7662
𝑸 𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝒌𝑵 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟓𝟒𝒌𝑵 𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝒌𝑵
𝟔𝟗. 𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵 𝑫𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟔
𝐷 0.7662 0.8642 0.7662
𝑸 𝟑𝟖. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝒌𝑵 𝟒𝟑. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝒌𝑵 𝟑𝟖. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝒌𝑵
𝑫𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟔

Frame in the 𝒙 −direction (Axis 1)

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𝟔𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝒌𝑵
1.344 0.7662 𝑫𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟓
𝐷 0.7662
𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟓𝒌𝑵 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝒌𝑵
𝑸 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝒌𝑵
𝟖𝟒. 𝟐𝟕𝒌𝑵
𝐷 0.7662 1.344 0.7662

𝑸 𝟑𝟗. 𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵 𝟔𝟖. 𝟒𝟐𝒌𝑵 𝟑𝟗. 𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵

𝑫𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟓

Frame in the 𝒙 −direction (Axis 2)

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𝟔𝟗. 𝟕𝟖𝒌𝑵
𝐷 0.7662 1.344 0.7662
𝑸 𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵 𝟑𝟐. 𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵 𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵
𝑫𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟓
𝟗𝟒. 𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵
𝐷 0.7662 1.344 0.7662
𝑸 𝟒𝟑. 𝟖𝟎𝒌𝑵 𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟎𝒌𝑵 𝟒𝟑. 𝟖𝟎𝒌𝑵
𝑫𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟓

Frame in the 𝒙 −direction (Axis 3)

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𝟔𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝒌𝑵
𝐷 0.7662 0.8642 0.7662
𝑸 𝟏𝟗. 𝟕𝟗𝒌𝑵 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟐𝒌𝑵 𝟏𝟗. 𝟕𝟗𝒌𝑵
𝑫𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟔
𝟖𝟑. 𝟗𝟐𝒌𝑵
0.7662
𝐷 0.7662 0.8642
𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝒌𝑵
𝑸 𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝒌𝑵 𝟓𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝒌𝑵 𝑫𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟔

Frame in the 𝒙 −direction (Axis 4)

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Example-3:- Shear wall system

A floor plan with a shear walls for multi-storey

building as a lateral loads resisting system is shown in
Figure below. The horizontal shear in the storey 𝑄𝑦 =
200𝑘𝑁 acting at the center of the floor along 𝑦 −axis.
Distribute the story shear to all walls. The thickness of
all wall is 200𝑚𝑚.

16-Apr-25 Shear wall system 99

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16-Apr-25 Shear wall system 100

 Lateral Loads Resisting Systems
Solution:

Step 1: Determine the shear center (center of area) of

2 𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑚3 𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑚3
each wall Part 𝐴𝑖 𝑚 𝑥𝑖 𝑚 𝑦𝑖 𝑚
I 1.2 0.1 3.0 0.120 3.6
𝒚 II 0.36 1.1 5.9 0.396 2.124
III 0.36 1.1 0.1 0.396 0.036
Σ 1.92 0.912 5.76

Wall A 𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 0.912
𝐶𝑥 = = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟓𝒎
𝐴𝑖 1.92
𝒙
𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 5.76
𝐶𝑦 = = = 𝟑. 𝟎𝒎
𝐴𝑖 1.92

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𝒚 2
Part 𝐴𝑖 𝑚 𝑥𝑖 𝑚 𝑦𝑖 𝑚 𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑚3 𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑚3
I 0.76 1.9 0.1 1.444 0.076
II 0.80 3.9 2.0 3.120 1.600
Wall B
𝒙 Σ 1.56 4.564 1.676

𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 4.564
𝐶𝑥 = = = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟔𝒎
𝐴𝑖 1.56
𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 1.676
𝐶𝑦 = = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟑𝟔𝒎
𝐴𝑖 1.56
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2 𝑦𝑖 𝑚 𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑚3 𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑚3
Part 𝐴𝑖 𝑚 𝑥𝑖 𝑚
𝒚 I 0.60 0.1 1.5 0.06 0.9

Σ 0.6 0.06 0.9

𝒙
Wall C
𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 0.06
𝐶𝑥 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝒎
𝐴𝑖 0.6
𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 0.9
𝐶𝑦 = = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝒎
𝐴𝑖 0.6
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Part 𝐴𝑖 𝑚 2 𝑥𝑖 𝑚 𝑦𝑖 𝑚 𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑚3 𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑚3

I 0.5 0.1 1.25 0.05 0.625

𝒚
II 0.42 1.25 2.4 0.525 1.008

III 0.5 2.4 1.25 1.200 0.625

Wall D
IV 0.42 1.25 0.1 0.525 0.042
𝒙
Σ 1.84 2.3 2.3
𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 2.3
𝐶𝑥 = = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒎
𝐴𝑖 1.84
𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 2.3
𝐶𝑦 = = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒎
𝐴𝑖 1.84
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Step 2: Determine moment of inertia of each wall
about their shear centers
𝒚

𝑪𝒙 , 𝑪𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟓𝒎, 𝟑. 𝟎𝒎
Wall A
𝒙
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥𝑖 + 𝐴 𝑖 𝑑𝑦 2

𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼𝑦𝑖 + 𝐴 𝑖 𝑑𝑥 2

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Part

I 1.2 0.0 0.375 0.0 0.16875 1 1

0.2 63 = 3.6 6 0.23 = 0.004
12 12

II 0.36 2.9 −0.425 3.0276 0.065025 1 1.8 0.23 = 0.0012 1

0.2 1.83 = 0.0972
12 12

III 0.36 −2.9 −0.425 3.0276 0.065025 1 1.8 0.23 = 0.0012 1

0.2 1.83 = 0.0972
12 12

Σ 1.92 6.0552 0.2988 3.6024 0.1984

𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥𝑖 + 𝐴𝑖 𝑑𝑦 2 = 3.6024 + 6.0552 = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟓𝟕𝟔𝒎𝟒

𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼𝑦𝑖 + 𝐴𝑖 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0.1984 + 0.2988 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟐𝒎𝟒

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𝒚
𝑪𝒙 , 𝑪𝒚 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟔𝒎, 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟑𝟔𝒎

Wall B 𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥𝑖 + 𝐴𝑖 𝑑𝑦𝑖 2 = 1.06923 + 7.44953 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟔𝒎𝟒

𝒙 𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼𝑦𝑖 + 𝐴𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑖 2 = 0.9172 + 1.48486 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟔𝒎𝟒
Part

I 0.76 −0.97436 1.0256 0.72153 0.79941 1

3.8 0.23 = 0.00253
1
0.2 3.83 = 0.91453
12 12

1
II 0.80 2.9 −0.92564 6.728 0.68545 0.2 43 = 1.0667
1
4 0.23 = 0.002667
12 12

Σ 1.56 7.44953 1.48486 1.06923 0.9172

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𝒚 1
𝐼𝑥 = 0.2 33 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝒎𝟒
12
𝑪𝒙 , 𝑪𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝒎, 𝟏. 𝟓𝒎 1
𝐼𝑦 = 3 0.23 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝒎𝟒
𝒙 12
Wall C

Wall D
𝑪𝒙 , 𝑪𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒎, 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒎
𝒙
2.5 ∗ 2.53 2.1 ∗ 2.13
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦 = − = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟓𝒎𝟒
12 12
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Step 3: Determine center of stiffness CS 𝒙𝒔 , 𝒚𝒔 of the
wall system

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Shear wall

𝐴 9.6576 0.4972 0.475 6.00 4.58736 2.9832

𝐵 8.51876 2.40206 22.9256 1.07436 195.30 2.58
𝐶 0.45 0.002 23.90 10.50 10.755 0.021
𝐷 1.6345 1.6345 12.00 6.00 19.614 9.807
Σ 𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟖𝟔 𝟒. 𝟓𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟔 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟐

𝐼𝑖𝑥 ∗𝑥𝑖 230.256 𝐼𝑖𝑦 ∗𝑦𝑖 15.3912

𝑥𝑠 = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟔𝒎; 𝑦𝑠 = = = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟗𝟑𝟑𝒎
𝐼𝑖𝑥 20.26086 𝐼𝑖𝑦 4.53576

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Step 4: Determine the center of mass CM 𝒙𝒎 , 𝒚𝒎
for the floor

Assume at the center of the building floor

𝑥𝑚 = 24𝑚 2 = 12𝑚 and 𝑦𝑚 = 12𝑚

2 = 6𝑚
Step 5: Determine the design eccentricity 𝒆𝒅𝒊 in the 𝑥 − and
𝑦 −direction

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Actual eccentricity 𝒆𝒊

In the 𝑥 −direction: 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑥𝑚 − 𝑥𝑠 = 12 − 11.3646 =

0.6354𝑚

In the 𝑦 − direction: 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑦𝑚 − 𝑦𝑠 = 6 − 3.3933 =

2.6067𝑚

Additional accidental eccentricity 𝑒𝑎𝑖

𝑒𝑎𝑖 = ±0.05𝐿𝑖

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In the 𝑥 −direction:

𝑒𝑎𝑥 = ±0.05𝐿𝑦 = ±0.05 ∗ 12𝑚 = ±0.6𝑚

In the 𝑦 −direction:

𝑒𝑎𝑦 = ±0.05𝐿𝑥 = ±0.05 ∗ 24𝑚 = ±1.2𝑚

Design eccentricity 𝒆𝒅𝒊 in the 𝑥 − and 𝑦 −direction

In the 𝑥 −direction: 𝑒𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 ± 0.05𝐿𝑦

In the 𝑦 −direction: 𝑒𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒𝑦 ± 0.05𝐿𝑥

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Actual Additional Design Design
eccentricity eccentricity eccentricity eccentricity
Storey

0.6354 2.6067 ±0.6 ±1.2 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟒 0.0354 𝟑. 𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟕 1.4067

Step 6: Determine the design torsional moment

𝑇𝑠 = 𝑄𝑦 ∗ 𝑒𝑑𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 200 ∗ 1.2354 = 247.08𝑘𝑁𝑚

(counter clockwise direction)

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Step 7: Distribute the storey shear force and torsional
moment to each wall system

𝑻𝒔 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟎𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎

𝑸𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵

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 The total force in wall 𝑖 resulting from shear force 𝑄𝑦 and
torsional moment 𝑇𝑠 will be:
For 𝑖𝑡ℎ wall in 𝑦 −direction:

𝑸𝒚 𝑰𝒊𝒙 𝑰𝒊𝒙 ∗ 𝒙𝒊
𝑸𝒊𝒚 = + 𝑻𝒔 ∗
𝑰𝒊𝒙 𝑰𝒊𝒚 ∗ 𝒚𝒊 𝟐 + 𝑰𝒊𝒙 ∗ 𝒙𝒊 𝟐
For 𝑖𝑡ℎ wall in 𝑥 −direction:

𝑸𝒙 𝑰𝒊𝒚 𝑰𝒊𝒚 ∗ 𝒚𝒊
𝑸𝒊𝒙 = + 𝑻𝒔 ∗
𝑰𝒊𝒚 𝑰𝒊𝒚 ∗ 𝒚𝒊 𝟐 + 𝑰𝒊𝒙 ∗ 𝒙𝒊 𝟐

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Where 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 are distance of shear center of wall 𝒊

from the center of stiffness CS 𝑥𝑠 , 𝑦𝑠 in the 𝑥 − and

𝑦 −direction respectively.

𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑠

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I
SW

A 9.6576 0.4972 0.475 6.00 −10.89 2.6067 −105.17 1.296 1145.315 3.3784

B 8.51876 2.402 22.926 1.074 11.561 −2.319 98.485 −5.57 1138.590 12.918

C 0.45 0.002 23.90 10.50 12.535 7.1067 5.64 0.0142 70.7113 0.1010

D 1.6345 1.6345 12.00 6.00 0.6354 2.6067 1.037 4.26 0.658 11.10624

Σ 20.260 4.536 2355.274 27.504

𝐼𝑖𝑦 ∗ 𝑦𝑖 2 + 𝐼𝑖𝑥 ∗ 𝑥𝑖 2 = 2355.2743 + 27.504 = 𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟖

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For 𝑖 wall in 𝑥 −direction 𝑄𝑥 = 0 :

𝑄𝑥 𝐼𝑖𝑦 𝐼𝑖𝑦 ∗ 𝑦𝑖
𝑄𝑖𝑥 = + 𝑇𝑠 ∗
𝐼𝑖𝑦 𝐼𝑖𝑦 ∗ 𝑦𝑖 2 + 𝐼𝑖𝑥 ∗ 𝑥𝑖 2
Shear wall 𝑄𝑥 𝑘𝑁 𝐼𝑖𝑦 𝑚4 𝐼𝑖𝑦 ∗ 𝑦𝑖 𝑇𝑠 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑄𝑖𝑥 𝑘𝑁
A 0.4972 1.296 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟒
B 2.40206 −5.57 −𝟎. 𝟓𝟖
0 247.08
C 0.002 0.0142 ≅𝟎
D 1.6345 4.26 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒
Σ 4.53576

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For 𝑖 wall in 𝑦 −direction 𝑄𝑦 = 200𝑘𝑁 :

𝑄𝑦 𝐼𝑖𝑥 𝐼𝑖𝑥 ∗ 𝑥𝑖
𝑄𝑖𝑦 = + 𝑇𝑠 ∗
𝐼𝑖𝑥 𝐼𝑖𝑦 ∗ 𝑦𝑖 2 + 𝐼𝑖𝑥 ∗ 𝑥𝑖 2
Shear wall 𝑄𝑦 𝑘𝑁 𝐼𝑖𝑥 𝑚4 𝐼𝑖𝑥 ∗ 𝑥𝑖 𝑇𝑠 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑄𝑖𝑦 𝑘𝑁
A 9.6576 −105.17 𝟖𝟒. 𝟒𝟐𝟕
B 8.51876 98.485 𝟗𝟒. 𝟑𝟎𝟑
200 247.08
C 0.45 5.64 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐𝟕

D 1.6345 1.037 𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟒𝟐

Σ 20.26086

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𝑸𝑪𝒙 ≅ 𝟎

𝑸𝑫𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝒌𝑵 𝑸𝑪𝒚 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝒌𝑵

𝑸𝑨𝒙 ≅ 𝟎
𝑸𝑫𝒙 ≅ 𝟎

𝑸𝑨𝒚 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟒𝟐𝟕𝒌𝑵

𝑸𝑩𝒙 ≅ 𝟎
𝑻𝒔 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟎𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑸𝑩𝒚 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟑𝟎𝟑𝒌𝑵
𝑸𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵

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 Wind Load analysis on structures

16-Apr-25 Wind Load analysis for roof 122