Clinical pathophysiology of respiratory system
1. Etiopathogenesis of respiratory failure.
2. Ventilation-perfusion relationships and shunting of mixed venous blood in the lungs as the
cause of arterial hypoxemia
3. Hypoventilation syndrome as a cause of arterial hypoxemia.
4. Obstructive and restrictive disorders of alveolar ventilation.
5. The pathogenesis of arterial hypoxemia and respiratory failure in bronchial asthma
6. Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.
7. The main physiological indicators of the impairment of respiratory function. Principles of
pathogenetic therapy of respiratory failure.
Clinical pathophysiology of cardiovascular system
1. Heart failure: etiology, diagnosis, principles of therapy, natural and iatrogenic complications.
Classification and nomenclature of types of heart failure.
2. Pathogenesis of disorders of preload and water-salt metabolism as causes and effects of
congestive heart failure.
3. Pathological changes in postload as a link in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure
4. Clinical and instrumental diagnostics of heart failure.
5. Coronary syndrome the primary pathophysiological phenomenon of atherosclerosis.
Myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock, etiopathogenesis, principles of correction.
6. Arterial hypertension (AHA), classification, etiopathogenesis.
7. AHA as a cause of neurological instability.
8. AHA as cause of heart failure
9. Principles of pharmacotherapy of AHA and its complications.
10. The main pathophysiological aspects of cardiovascular functions replacement.
11. Pathogenetic therapy of the pumping function of the heart.
12. Direct and indirect revascularization of the heart: mechanisms, methods, results.
13. Stem cells therapy is the restoration of myocardial tissue.
14. The replacement of heart structures with artificial materials and devices.
15. Basic principles of cardiac pacing.
Pathophysiology of the digestive system. Insufficiency of digestion. Typical forms of
pathology of the liver.
1. Pathophysiology disorders of the oral cavity. Consequences. Basic principles of
pathogenetic therapy.
2. The etiology and pathogenesis of hyperacidic gastritis. Consequences.
3. The etiology and pathogenesis of hypoacidic gastritis. Consequences.
4. Etiology, pathogenesis of ulcer disease of the stomach and/or duodenum. The role of
Helicobacter pylory.
5. The syndrome of malabsorption.
6. Etiology, pathogenesis and consequences of constipation.
7. Etiology, pathogenesis and consequences of diarrhea.
8. The pathogenesis of disorders of intestinal barrier function. Intestinal endointoxication.
Dysbacterioses. Infectious-toxic shock.
9. Acute intestinal obstruction. Etiology, pathogenesis and consequences.
10. Etiology, pathogenesis of intestinal reperfusion syndrome.
11. Etiology, pathogenesis and consequences of acute and chronic pancreatitis.
12. Pancreatic shock. Etiology, pathogenesis and consequences
13. Basic principles of pathogenetic prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of diseases of
the gastrointestinal tract.
14. Instrumental, laboratory and biochemical indicators of impaired function of the digestive
system.
15. Characteristics of hepatic encephalopathy, the stage of its development, taking into
account age peculiarities. The most common causes of hepatic encephalopathy.
16. Main types and sources of formation of the neurotoxic substances in the body.
• The role of glutamate in neurotoxic effect in hepatic encephalopathy.
• GABA-ergic processes in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.
• The role of the astrocytic - neuronal interactions in the progression of hepatic
encephalopathy.
• Pathogenetic therapy of hepatic encephalopathy.
17. Syndrome of liver failure, the causes, manifestations, methods of diagnosis.
18. Disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, lipid, water-electrolyte exchange, the regulation of
the composition and physico-chemical properties of the blood during liver failure.
19. Impairment of barrier and detoxification of the liver.
20. Hepatic coma. Etiology, pathogenesis.
21. The etiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholelithiasis.
22. Instrumental and laboratory methods of diagnostics of development of the main
pathological processes of liver
Renal pathophysiology
1. Pathology of filtration, excretion, reabsorption, secretion and incretion in the kidneys as the
basis of renal insufficiency.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis of glomerular and tubular dysfunction.
3. Renal symptoms. Changes in daily diuresis (poly-, oligo-, anuria), changes in the relative
density of urine. Hypo- and isostenuria, their causes and diagnostic significance. Assessment of
the tubular concentrative abilities.
4. “Urinary syndrome". Proteinuria, hematuria, leukocyturia, their types, causes, diagnostic
significance. Other pathological urine components of renal and extrarenal origin.
5. Extrarenal symptoms and syndromes in kidney diseases.
6. Pathogenesis and significance of anemia, hypertension, edema in renal disorders.
7. Nephrotic syndrome. Types, pathogenesis.
8. Pyelonephritis. Etiology, pathogenesis, classification, clinical manifestations, principles of
treatment.
9. Glomerulonephritis, its types, manifestations, principles of treatment.
10. Kidney stone disease. Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.
11. Acute renal failure (ARF). Forms, etiology, pathogenesis, stages, principles of treatment. The
importance of hemodialysis in the treatment of acute kidney injury, its’ principles.
12. Chronic renal failure (CRF). Etiology, stages, and features of the pathogenesis of CRF.
Uremia. Principles of treatment.
Molecular mechanisms of extreme states
1. Definition of "shock," "collapse," "coma"
2. Etiological and pathogenetic classification of shock
3. The etiology and pathogenesis of shock. Features of pathogenesis of different types of
shock (traumatic, burn, anaphylactic, reperfusive, and hypovolemic)
4. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome as a component of the pathogenesis of
shock
5. The shock bodies. Mechanisms of development of multiple organ failure
6. Pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome as a complication of shock and of
the acute period of severe wound of the disease
7. Metabolic and functional abnormalities in shock. Clinical and laboratory criteria of their
evaluation
8. Clinical approaches to the assessment of the severity of the shock.
9. Pathogenetic basis of intensive therapy of shock.
10. Pathophysiology of collapse. Definition, classification, principles of pathogenetic therapy.
11. Clinical pathophysiology of comatose States (hepatic, uremic, hypoglycemic,
hyperglycemic, ketoacidenemic coma), differential diagnosis com.
12. Clinical and laboratory methods to assess the severity of coma.
13. Approaches to pathogenetic therapy of comas.
14. Pathophysiology of disorders of consciousness