Wastewater Engineering

Code : CV304
Credits : 3

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 Module 1
Introduction to Wastewater Management
 Wastewater Generation

Urban area

WTP
Population = 10000

WTP Amount of
wastewater
generated?

Rural area

Population = 15000

Amount of
wastewater
generated?
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Wastewater Generated
Background

Sewage generation
state wise
❑ All capacities are represented
in MLD

❑ Top 10 states are marked in red

Data source: [Link], Updated on 9th April, 2024

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 Wastewater Generation
Rural area
Urban area

Amount of wastewater

WWTP

Reuse
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 Difference ?????

Wastewater ????? Sewage

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 Difference ?????

Domestic Municipal
wastewater wastewater
Wastewater originating Includes domestic
specifically from wastewater plus
households and commercial,
residential activities institutional, and
sometimes industrial
effluents

Sanitary Sewage

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Components of domestic wastewater

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 Overall, what we are dealing
1 Quantity
Characteristics
Source of
generation

WWTP

2 Collection
and Treatment
conveyance 3
Sewer system design

Different
treatment
techniques

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Collection and Conveyance

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 Collection and Conveyance

Conservancy Water carriage system

waste generated Collection and
from water closets conveyance of sewage
was collected by is done in water
conservancy carriage system,
methods and other where it is transported
liquid waste was in closed conduit
transported through using water as a
open drain to finally medium
join natural drains.
At present
In olden days
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 Sewer???

A sewer is an underground pipe or conduit that carries wastewater

(such as domestic sewage, industrial effluent, or stormwater) from
its source (homes, buildings, streets) to a treatment facility or point
of disposal.

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TYPES OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

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TYPES OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

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TYPES OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Only from roofs

and paved
courtyards

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Consideration for the type of system

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Collection Pattern

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 Different Collection Patterns
Interceptor pattern
Perpendicular pattern

Radial pattern

Fan pattern

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Quantity Estimation of Sewage

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 Sewage Quantity Estimation
Water not entering
the sewage system
d)
c) GW Infiltration

Net quantity
WTP coming????
a)
Leakage e)
b) Other sources

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑔𝑒

= 𝑆𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝒂

+ 𝑆𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝒃 + 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝒅

− 𝑠𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑠 𝒆 − 𝑆𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 (𝒄)
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 Sewage Quantity Estimation

Usually, it is estimated that 70-80% of the water supplied is

discharged as sewage (CPHEEO, 2013)

Total sewage generated = P * ROS (lpcd) * Factor (70-80%)

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 Variation in Sewage Flow

Self-cleansing velocity is the minimum flow velocity in a sewer pipe required to

prevent the deposition of solids (like sand, silt, and organic matter) by keeping them in
suspension and carrying them away with the flow
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Variation is more near source

Reduction in fluctuations

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Design Period

Full development” = The maximum expected use

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 Problem

A city has a projected population of 60,000 spread over area

of 50 hectare. Find the design discharge for the separate
sewer line by assuming rate of water supply of 250 LPCD
and out of this total supply only 75 % reaches in sewer as
wastewater. Make necessary assumption whenever
necessary.

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Population Forecasting

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Quantity Estimation of Storm Water

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 Measurement of Rainfall

• The rainfall intensity could be measured by using rain gauges

and recording the amount of rain falling in unit time.
• The rainfall intensity is usually expressed as mm/hour or
cm/hour.

Estimation of Quantity of Storm Water

➢ Rational Method

➢ Empirical formulae method

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Rational Method

Q = C.I.A / 360

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Empirical formulae for rainfall intensities

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Time of Concentration

Tc = Ti + Tt

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Time of inlet

Time of travel

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 Empirical Formulae

Where,
S- Slope of the area in meter per thousand meter,
M- drainage area in sq. km.,
A – drainage area in hectare

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Factors Affecting the Quantity of Stormwater

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Problem

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Problem

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Selecting Material for Sewer

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 Factors should be considered

➢ Resistance to corrosion
➢ Resistance to abrasion
➢ Strength and Durability
➢ Material should have less specific weight
➢ Impervious
➢ Hydraulic efficient
➢ Economical
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 Materials for sewers

➢ Asbestos Cement Sewers

➢ Plain Cement Concrete or Reinforced Cement
Concrete
➢ Vitrified Clay or Stoneware Sewers
➢ Brick Sewers
➢ Cast Iron Sewers
➢ Ductile Iron Pipes (They demonstrate higher
capacity to withstand water hammer)
➢ Plastic sewers (PVC pipes)
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 Shape of sewer
Sewers are generally circular pipes laid below ground level, slopping
continuously towards the outfall.

Combined Sewers

Trunk sewers

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Hydraulic Design of Sewers

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Requirements of Design and Planning of Sewerage System

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 Hydraulic Formulae for Determining Flow Velocities

Manning’s Formula

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 Hydraulic Formulae for Determining Flow Velocities

The Hazen-Williams coefficient ‘C’ varies with life of the pipe and it has high
value when the pipe is new and lower value for older pipes.

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Minimum Velocity: Self Cleansing Velocity

The velocity that would not permit the solids to settle down and even scour the deposited
particles of a given size is called as self-cleansing velocity.

It is necessary that a minimum velocity of about 0.45 m/sec

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Maximum Velocity or Non-scouring Velocity

The interior surface of the sewer pipe gets scored due to the continuous abrasion caused by
suspended solids present in sewage.

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Design Problem

D = 1.82 m
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Hydraulic Characteristics of Circular Sewer Running Partially Full

proportionate depth

proportionate area

Proportionate perimeter

Proportionate Hydraulic Mean Depth

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Hydraulic elements for circular sewer
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Design Problem

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Design Problem

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