Computer Programming Module Reviewer

Saint Louis University - Computer Fundamentals and

Programming

1. Basic Computer Concepts

1.1 What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that receives data, processes it under the control of
stored instructions, and produces output in a desired form. The standard operational cycle
follows the IPO model: Input → Process → Output.
Computers are typically described as a collection of devices (hardware) working together
as a system to perform three sequential operations:

1. Receives data and instructions from input devices

2. Processes the data according to instructions
3. Provides results in a desired output form

1.2 Data vs Information

Data: Raw, unprocessed facts such as text, numbers, symbols, observations, and
figures. Example: survey responses before compilation.
Information: Processed, organized, and structured data that provides meaning and
context. Example: compiled survey results presented in a table format for easy
interpretation.

1.3 Programs and Software

Program: A collection of instructions that can be executed by a computer to perform
a specific task; essentially a bundle of IPO models working together.
Software: A program or set of instructions that causes hardware to function in a
desired way.
The fundamental difference between hardware and software is analogous to a TV and TV
studio: without the studio (software), the TV (hardware) is just a dead machine.

1.3.1 Categories of Software

There are five main categories of software:

1. Operating System (OS)

Manages computer resources and schedules operations
Acts as an interface between hardware and user programs
Examples: Windows XP, Windows 7, UNIX, macOS, Linux
User interfaces can be character-based (MS-DOS, UNIX) or graphical
(Windows, macOS)
 2. Translators
Convert instructions from high-level languages into machine language (binary
code)
Computers only understand machine language
Examples: Compilers, Interpreters, Assemblers
3. Utility Programs
Pre-written programs supplied by manufacturers for maintenance tasks
Examples: COPY, SORT, MAILING, antivirus software, disk cleanup tools
4. Application Programs
User-written or customized programs to perform specific jobs
Can be modified to meet individual needs
Written in languages like BASIC, C, Java, or using database packages like
dBASE, Oracle
5. General Purpose Packages
Developed for specific professional needs across various fields
Categories include:
Data Analysis: SPSS, MSTAT, MICROSTAT, GENSTAT, SAS
Word Processing: MS Word, Google Docs, Norton Editor
Spreadsheet: MS Excel, Google Sheets, Lotus
Graphics: Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop
Databases: Oracle, MS Access

2. Hardware, Software, and Types of Computers

2.1 Hardware vs Software
Hardware: Physical components of a computer system
Examples: CPU, RAM, motherboard, mouse, keyboard, monitor, SSD, HDD,
printer
Tangible devices you can touch
Software: Programs and operating systems that run on a computer
Examples: Windows OS, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS, Adobe Photoshop, Google
Chrome
Intangible instructions and applications

2.2 Types of Computers

Modern computing systems vary in size, power, and purpose:
1. Supercomputers
Extremely high-performance systems
Used for complex research, simulations, and scientific calculations
Among the fastest and most powerful computers available
2. Mainframe Computers
Large-scale systems
Handle vast amounts of data processing
Typically used by large organizations like banks, airlines, and government
agencies
3. Personal Computers (PCs)
Desktops and laptops designed for individual use
Most common type in homes and small businesses
 Suitable for general-purpose computing tasks
4. Embedded Systems
Specialized computers integrated into other devices
Examples: IoT devices, car control systems, smart appliances, calculators
Often operate with minimal user intervention

3. Operating Systems and Windows Basics

3.1 Core Functions of an Operating System
A typical operating system performs several critical functions:
1. Processor Management
Assigns CPU time to different tasks being performed by the system
Manages task scheduling and priority
2. Memory Management
Allocates main memory and other storage areas to system and user programs
Manages virtual memory when needed
3. Input/Output Management
Coordinates and assigns different input and output devices
Manages multiple programs accessing devices simultaneously
4. File Management
Allows files to be easily created, changed, and modified
Uses text editors and file manipulation routines
Organizes data hierarchically using folders and directories
5. Priority System
Determines and maintains the order in which jobs are executed
Manages task priorities and scheduling
6. Command Interpretation
Interprets and executes user commands
Provides user interface (CLI or GUI)
7. System Communication
Facilitates easy communication between the computer and the operator
Displays system messages and notifications

3.2 The Desktop

The Desktop is the main Windows screen and work area where dialog boxes, windows,
icons, and menus appear. Like an office desk, it contains items you can use to do your job,
including file management and running applications.

3.2.1 Common Desktop Icons

My Computer (This PC): Allows you to see and access drives attached to your
computer (hard disk, CD/DVD drives, networked drives, USB flash drives) and view
files on these drives.
My Documents: A designated folder for personal files; also displays shared files from
other users and stored media (music, pictures).
Recycle Bin: Temporarily stores files you delete until the bin is emptied; allows file
recovery if deletion was accidental.
 Internet Explorer: Windows' built-in web browser that integrates with other
Windows components for internet access.

3.2.2 Icon Classification

Icons are graphic images that represent files, programs, web pages, or commands. They
enable quick execution of tasks and easy recognition of objects.
Types of icons:

File Icons: Represent individual data files; files with the same extension share the
same icon
Folder Icons: Represent directories used to organize files; folders take virtually no
hard drive space
Shortcut Icons: Links pointing to programs or files; usually identified by a small
arrow overlay on the icon
Key Differences:
Files: Store data; identified by filename followed by period and extension (e.g.,
[Link])
Folders (Directories): Store files and other folders; used for organization and
hierarchy
Shortcuts: Links to programs or files; allow quick access from any location

3.2.3 Icon Operations

You can perform various operations on desktop icons:

Arrange Icons:
Right-click the desktop → Click "Sort by" → Select arrangement option (by Name,
Size, Item Type, Date Modified)
Show/Hide Icons:

Right-click the desktop → Click "View" → Check if "Auto Arrange" is checked

Uncheck "Auto Arrange" to manually position icons
Change Icon Size:
Right-click the desktop → Click "View" → Select desired size (Large icons, Medium
icons, Small icons)

3.3 The Start Menu and Power Options

The Start Menu allows you to access common Windows operations by clicking the
Windows button (usually at the bottom left).

Common Activities You Can Perform:

Start programs and applications
Open commonly used folders (Documents, Pictures, etc.)
Search for files, folders, and programs
Adjust computer settings via Control Panel
 Get help with Windows operating system
Turn off the computer or change user accounts

3.3.1 Shutdown and Power Options

At the bottom of the Start Menu right pane is the "Shut down" button. Clicking the arrow
next to it displays additional options:
Shut down: Completely turns off your computer; all programs close and data is
saved.
Switch user: Allows another person to log on without logging you off or closing your
programs and files (requires multiple user accounts).
Log off: Closes all programs but leaves the computer powered on; you can log back in
with your credentials.
Lock: Secures your session without turning off the computer; you must enter your
password to resume. Good option if you'll be away briefly.
Restart: Reboots your computer (also called a warm boot or soft boot); saves
information to hard drive, briefly turns off system, then restarts.
Sleep: Puts your computer in a low-power state without turning it off; allows quick
return to work without waiting for full reboot.
Hibernate: Saves current state to hard drive and powers off completely; uses no
power while maintaining session state for quick resume.

3.4 Windows (Application Windows)

A window is a frame or box that appears on your desktop when you open a program, file, or
folder. Since windows are everywhere in the Windows operating system, understanding
their structure and operation is essential.

3.4.1 Basic Parts of a Window

All windows share common structural elements:

1. Title Bar: Displays the name of the document and program, or folder name if
working in a folder. Used to move the window.
2. Menu Bar: Contains items you can click to make choices in the program (File, Edit,
View, etc.).
3. Minimize Button: Hides the window (stores it in the taskbar); click taskbar button to
restore.
4. Maximize Button: Enlarges the window to fill the entire screen for maximum
viewing area.
5. Restore Button: Returns a maximized window to its previous size (appears in place
of Maximize button when window is maximized).
6. Close Button (X): Closes the window and terminates the application or document.
7. Scroll Bar: Lets you move the contents of the window to view information currently
out of view; appears when content exceeds window size.
8. Borders and Corners: Can be dragged with the mouse pointer to resize the window
to custom dimensions.
3.4.2 Basic Window Operations
Moving a Window:
Point to the title bar with your mouse pointer
Drag the window to the desired location
Release the mouse button
Maximizing a Window:

Click the Maximize button to fill the entire screen

Double-click the title bar (shortcut)
Restoring a Maximized Window:
Click the Restore button (replaces Maximize button)
Double-click the title bar

Resizing a Window:
Position mouse pointer on a border or corner until you see a double-headed arrow
Drag the border/corner to resize
Release the mouse button
Minimizing a Window:

Click the Minimize button

Window disappears from screen but remains open in taskbar
Click taskbar button to restore
Closing a Window:
Click the Close (X) button
Window closes and application terminates
Unsaved work may be lost

Switching Between Windows:

Click window button on taskbar to bring to front
Use Alt + Tab keyboard shortcut to cycle through open windows

3.5 Folder/Library Window Components

When you open a folder or library in Windows, the window contains several key
components for navigation and file management:
Navigation Pane: Quick access to frequently used libraries, folders, and drives
Back/Forward Buttons: Navigate to previously visited locations
Toolbar: Contains action buttons (change view, share, burn to CD, etc.)
Address Bar: Shows the current file path and allows direct navigation by typing
Column Headings: Allow sorting and filtering files by properties (Name, Date
Modified, Type, etc.)
File List: Displays files and folders in the current directory
Search Box: Search for files within current folder or library
Details Pane: Shows file properties (author, date created, file size, tags, etc.)
3.6 Dialog Boxes
A dialog box is a special window that requests input from you, allows you to choose options,
or displays important information. Dialog boxes typically must be addressed (by clicking
OK, Cancel, etc.) before you can continue working with the program.

4. Working with Files and Folders

4.1 File and Folder Basics
Files: Collections of data stored as a single unit; identified by filename and extension
(e.g., [Link])
Folders: Containers that organize files and other folders hierarchically; take
virtually no hard drive space
File Extension: Two to four character code following the filename that identifies the
file type (e.g., .txt, .docx, .jpg)

4.2 Selecting Items in Windows

Proper selection technique is essential for file operations:
Select Single Item: Click once on the file or folder
Select Consecutive Group: Click first item, hold Shift key, then click last item in
group
Select Multiple Near Items: Click and drag to create a selection box around items
Select Non-Consecutive Items: Hold Ctrl key and click each item individually
Select All Items: Use Organize menu → Select all, or press Ctrl + A

4.3 Basic File Operations

Rename:
Right-click file → Select "Rename"
Or select file and press F2
Type new name and press Enter

Copy:
Right-click file → Select "Copy"
Navigate to destination folder
Right-click → Select "Paste"
Shortcut: Ctrl + C (copy), Ctrl + V (paste)
Move (Cut):

Right-click file → Select "Cut"

Navigate to destination folder
Right-click → Select "Paste"
Shortcut: Ctrl + X (cut), Ctrl + V (paste)
Note: Move removes file from original location; Copy keeps original
Delete:
 Select file and press Delete key
Or drag file to Recycle Bin
File goes to Recycle Bin unless emptied
Permanently delete: Select file and press Shift + Delete (bypasses Recycle Bin)

4.4 Recycle Bin and File Recovery

The Recycle Bin is a temporary holding area for deleted files from your hard disk.
Empty the Recycle Bin:

Open Recycle Bin on desktop

Select "Empty the Recycle Bin" option
Or right-click Recycle Bin icon → "Empty Recycle Bin"
Once emptied, files are permanently deleted
Restore Deleted Files:
Open Recycle Bin
Select the file(s) you want to restore
Right-click → Select "Restore this item" (single file) or "Restore all items" (all files)
Files return to their original locations

4.5 Creating New Folders

To create a new folder:
Right-click in desired location (desktop or parent folder)
Select "New" → "Folder"
Name the new folder
Press Enter

5. Data and Storage Devices

5.1 Storage Device Types
HDD (Hard Disk Drive):
Traditional mechanical storage technology
Advantages: High capacity, lower cost per gigabyte
Disadvantages: Slower speed, mechanical parts prone to failure, consumes more
power
Ideal for: Large storage needs, archival purposes
SSD (Solid State Drive):

Modern storage using flash memory with no moving parts

Advantages: Fast performance, reliable, durable, lower power consumption
Disadvantages: More expensive per gigabyte, lower capacity options
Ideal for: Primary system drives, high-performance requirements
Cloud Storage:
 Data stored on remote servers maintained by service providers
Advantages: Accessible from anywhere via internet, automatic backups, scalable
Disadvantages: Requires internet connection, privacy concerns, subscription costs
Examples: Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive, iCloud

5.2 Types of Data

Digital data comes in various formats:
Text: Documents, spreadsheets, code, written content
Images: Photographs, graphics, diagrams, illustrations
Videos: Movies, recordings, tutorials, presentations
Audio: Music, podcasts, voice recordings, sound effects

6. Networking Basics and TCP/IP

6.1 Introduction to Networks
A network is a connection of computers and devices that allows them to share resources
and information with each other.

Key Networking Concepts:

LAN (Local Area Network): Networks connecting computers in limited geographic
areas
WAN (Wide Area Network): Networks connecting multiple LANs across large
distances
Internet: Global system of interconnected networks
Protocols: Rules and standards for data communication

6.2 LAN (Local Area Network)

Definition: A network that connects computers and devices within a limited geographic
area such as a home, office, school, or campus.
Technologies Used:

Ethernet cables (wired connections)

Wi-Fi (wireless connections)
Network switches (device connection hubs)
Routers (network traffic management)
Advantages:
Fast data transfer rates
Low latency
Cost-effective for local connectivity
Easy to manage and maintain

Typical Topology:
Star topology with central switch/router
All devices connect to central hub
 Failure of one device doesn't affect others

6.3 WAN (Wide Area Network)

Definition: A network that connects multiple LANs over a large geographic area such as
cities, countries, or even globally.
Technologies Used:

Internet connections
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
Leased lines
Large-scale routers and switches
Advantages:
Connects distant locations
Enables global communication
Supports long-distance data transfer

Disadvantages:
Slower than LAN (depends on internet quality)
Higher latency
More expensive to implement and maintain

6.4 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Overview

Definition: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a suite of
communication protocols that connect network devices and enable data exchange across
networks, including the Internet. It is the foundation of modern internet communication.

6.4.1 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

Function: Ensures reliable and ordered delivery of data between devices.

Key Characteristics:
Divides data into packets (small chunks)
Ensures all packets are sent and received
Reassembles packets in correct order
Performs error-checking
Retransmits lost or corrupted packets
Establishes connection before data transfer
Connection-oriented protocol
Use Cases: Web browsing, email, file transfer, any application requiring guaranteed
delivery
6.4.2 IP (Internet Protocol)
Function: Handles addressing and routing of data packets to their destination.
Key Characteristics:
Assigns unique IP addresses to devices on networks
Routes packets across networks to reach correct recipient
Handles logical addressing (IP addresses)
Connectionless protocol (no prior connection established)
Provides best-effort delivery (some packets may be lost)

Versions:
IPv4: 32-bit addresses (e.g., [Link])
IPv6: 128-bit addresses (newer standard for larger address space)

6.5 TCP/IP Model Layers

The TCP/IP model organizes protocols into four layers, each with specific functions:
1. Application Layer (Topmost)

Handles high-level protocols and user applications

Provides user interface and services
Examples:
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – web browsing
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – file transfers
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) – sending emails
DNS (Domain Name System) – domain name resolution
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – fast, unreliable communication
2. Transport Layer
Manages communication sessions between applications
Ensures reliable data transmission
Provides flow control and error checking
Protocols: TCP (reliable) and UDP (fast but unreliable)

3. Internet Layer
Routes data packets across networks
Handles logical addressing (IP addresses)
Determines the path packets take through networks
Primary Protocol: IP (Internet Protocol)
4. Network Access Layer (Lowest)

Handles physical transmission of data over network hardware

Manages hardware addressing (MAC addresses)
Deals with actual cables, wireless signals, network adapters
Technologies: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP
Includes device drivers for network interface cards
6.6 Common Protocols in the TCP/IP Suite
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
Purpose: Enables access to web pages and web applications
Type: Application layer protocol
Connection: Stateless (each request independent)
Security: HTTPS adds encryption layer
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

Purpose: Transfers files between computers on a network

Type: Application layer protocol
Advantages: Fast, supports large file transfers
Note: Less commonly used today due to security concerns; SFTP (Secure FTP)
preferred
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
Purpose: Handles sending of email messages
Type: Application layer protocol
Function: Transfers mail from client to mail server and between mail servers
Limitations: Send-only; requires POP3 or IMAP for receiving

DNS (Domain Name System)

Purpose: Translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses
Type: Application layer protocol
Function: When you type "[Link]", DNS converts it to actual IP address
Infrastructure: Distributed system of DNS servers worldwide
Examples: Google DNS ([Link]), Cloudflare DNS ([Link])
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

Purpose: Provides fast but less reliable data transmission

Type: Transport layer protocol; alternative to TCP
Characteristics:
No connection establishment (connectionless)
No error checking or packet ordering
Lower overhead than TCP
Better for speed than reliability
Use Cases: Video streaming, online gaming, live audio, voice over IP (VoIP)
Trade-off: Occasional packet loss acceptable for real-time applications

7. Microsoft Word: Interface and Basic Features (Module

2)
7.1 MS Word Interface Overview
Microsoft Word is a professional word processing application with a comprehensive
interface for document creation and editing.

7.1.1 Title Bar

Located at the very top of the application window
Displays the document filename and the program name (e.g., "Document1 –
Microsoft Word")
Shows document status (unsaved indicator *)
Contains minimize, maximize, and close buttons

7.1.2 Quick Access Toolbar

Located at the top left, to the left of the Ribbon
Contains frequently used commands for quick access
Customizable—you can add or remove buttons as needed
Common buttons: Save, Undo, Redo, Print Preview
Saves time by eliminating need to search through ribbons

7.1.3 Ribbon
Located below the title bar and Quick Access Toolbar
Organizes commands into logical tabs and groups
Main Tabs (from left to right):
File: New, Open, Save, Save As, Print, Properties, Options
Home: Font formatting, paragraph alignment, styles, clipboard
Insert: Tables, images, shapes, headers/footers, page breaks
Page Layout: Margins, orientation, size, columns, themes
References: Citations, bibliography, footnotes, table of contents
Mailings: Mail merge, envelopes, labels
Review: Spelling, grammar, track changes, comments
View: Document views, zoom, ruler, gridlines
Groups: Each tab contains groups of related commands (e.g., Font group in Home
tab)
Context Tabs: Additional tabs appear when specific objects are selected (e.g., Picture
Tools when image selected)

7.1.4 Status Bar

Located at the bottom of the application window
Displays useful document information:
Current page number and total pages
Word count
Spelling/grammar check status
Zoom level with slider for quick adjustment
View buttons for different document views
Language setting
8. Formatting Academic Papers in MS Word (APA Style)
8.1 General Page and Font Settings
Proper formatting is essential for academic papers, especially when following APA
(American Psychological Association) format standards.
Basic Format Requirements:
Margins:

Top: 1 inch
Bottom: 1 inch
Left: 1 inch
Right: 1 inch (all sides equal)
Applies to all pages including title page and references
Font:
Type: Times New Roman (default for academic papers)
Size: 12 point
Color: Black (standard)
Alignment: Left-aligned with ragged right margin (do not justify)
Consistent throughout document (except where specific formatting applies)

Line Spacing:
Double-spaced throughout entire paper
Applies to:
Title page
Abstract (if included)
Body text
References section
Appendices (if included)
Reason: Allows space for instructor comments and maintains professional
appearance

8.2 Creating the Title Page

The title page is the first page of an academic paper and must follow specific APA format
guidelines.

Step-by-Step Process:
Step 1: Set Up Header with Running Head and Page Number
Go to Insert Tab → Header and Footer → Header → Edit Header
Type "Running Head: " (abbreviated title, max 50 characters)
Add page number: Click Insert → Page Number → Top of Page → Plain Number 3
(upper right corner)
Close header editing

Step 2: Format Title Page Content

 Press Enter multiple times to position content vertically centered
Center the following elements (using Ctrl + E or center button):
1. Full Title:
Main title of your research paper
All major words capitalized
Typically 3-5 words (clear and descriptive)
2. Author Name:
Your full name
Separate line from title
3. Institution Name:
Your university or school name
Separate line from author name
Example Layout:
Running Head: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS 1

[multiple blank lines]

Artificial Intelligence Applications

in Modern Healthcare Systems

John D. Smith

Saint Louis University

Step 3: Insert Page Break

After completing title page, go to Insert Tab → Page Break

This forces next section (Abstract) to begin on new page

8.3 Page Breaks and Section Breaks

Page Break:
Splits your document so new content starts on fresh page
Use when: Starting new major section (Abstract, Introduction, Body, References)
How to insert: Insert Tab → Page Break
Alternative shortcut: Ctrl + Enter
How to delete: Show formatting marks (Ctrl + * or Show/Hide button), click break,
press Delete
Section Break:

Used when you need different formatting within document

Examples:
Different page number style (i, ii, iii for front matter; 1, 2, 3 for body)
Different column layouts
Different page orientation
 How to insert: Page Layout Tab → Breaks → Section Breaks (Continuous, Next Page,
etc.)
Requirement: When using different page number styles, you must disable "Link to
Previous" in header/footer settings between sections

8.4 Abstract Section

The abstract is a concise summary of your entire paper, allowing readers to quickly
understand your research without reading the full paper.
Abstract Guidelines:

Content:
Self-contained paragraph (not introduction)
Summarizes entire paper: purpose, methods, results, conclusions
Written in past tense (research completed)
Length: Typically 150-250 words (varies by assignment)
Numbers: Written as digits inside abstract except when starting a sentence
Formatting:

Heading: Center the word "Abstract" on first line (not bold, not underlined)
Paragraph: Begin next line with indented paragraph (standard paragraph indent
~0.5 inch)
Spacing: Double-spaced like rest of document
Page: Starts on new page after title page (use Page Break)
Margins and Font: Same as title page (Times New Roman, 12pt, 1" margins)
Example Structure:
Abstract

This research investigated the effects of artificial intelligence on

healthcare efficiency. A sample of 150 medical professionals completed surveys

regarding AI tool usage in their daily practice. Results indicated 78% positive
adoption rates, with primary benefits in diagnostic accuracy and administrative
time reduction. Implications suggest further AI integration could significantly
improve healthcare outcomes while reducing provider burden.

8.5 Body and Headings

The body is the main content of your paper where you present your research, analysis, and
arguments.
Body Formatting:

Starts on new page after Abstract (use Page Break)

All paragraphs indented first line by approximately 0.5 inch
Left-aligned with ragged right margin
Double-spaced throughout
Same font: Times New Roman, 12pt
Heading Hierarchy (APA Level 1-3):
Level 1 (Main Sections):

Centered
Bold
Uppercase and lowercase (not all caps)
Examples: Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, References
Usage: Major divisions of paper
Level 2 (Subsections):
Flush left (no indent)
Bold and Italicized
Uppercase and lowercase
Examples: Participants, Apparatus, Data Collection, Statistical Analysis
Usage: Subdivisions within main sections

Level 3 (Sub-subsections):
Flush left (no indent)
Bold
Uppercase and lowercase
Followed by period with text beginning on same line
Example: "Procedure. Participants were randomly assigned to control or
experimental groups."
Usage: Further subdivisions (less commonly used)
Paragraph Formatting:

First line indented 0.5 inch

No extra space between paragraphs
Double-spaced
Smooth transitions between sentences

8.6 In-Text Citations (APA Format)

In-text citations acknowledge sources and allow readers to find full references. APA format
has specific rules for different citation situations.
Author as Part of Narrative:
Author name(s) integrated into sentence
Year in parentheses after first mention
Format: "Smith and Jones (2004) found that..."
Subsequent mentions can omit year: "Smith and Jones found that..."

Author Not Part of Sentence:

Both authors and year in parentheses
Placed before punctuation
Format: "Results indicated no significant difference (Smith & Jones, 2004)."
Note: Use "&" symbol instead of "and" in parenthetical citations
Multiple Sources:
Cite in order they appear in References
Separate citations with semicolon
Format: "(Brown & Greene, 2006; Hamilton, 2008)"

Source with No Author:

Use short title (usually first few words)
Format: "(Einstein Online, n.d.)"
"n.d." means "no date"
Direct Quotations (Under 40 Words):

Use double quotation marks around exact text

Include author, year, and page number
Format: "The study concluded that automation 'significantly increased workplace
stress levels' (Duncan & Sebastian, 2007, p. 121)."
Page number essential for direct quotes
Place period or comma after closing quotation mark inside parenthesis: (Author,
year, p. #).
Block Quotations (40+ Words):
Separate from main text
Indented 0.5 inch from left margin (entire quote)
No quotation marks used
Double-spaced like rest of document
Citation placed after period (unlike short quotes)
Format:
As Smith and Jones (2004) noted,
The modern workplace has undergone dramatic transformation due to
technological advancement. Employees now face both new opportunities for
efficiency and unprecedented challenges related to work-life balance. (p. 45)

8.7 References Section

The References section lists all sources cited in your paper, allowing readers to locate and
verify your sources.

References Section Rules:

Placement and Heading:
Starts on new page after body (use Page Break)
Centered heading: "References" (not "Works Cited" or "Bibliography")
Heading same size and style as Level 1 headings

Organization:
Entries arranged in alphabetical order by first author's last name
Single-spaced entries with blank line between entries (or double-spaced throughout
per instructor)
Hanging indent: First line flush left, subsequent lines indented 0.5 inch
General Citation Components:
Most reference entries contain:
1. Author(s)
Last name, followed by initials of first and middle names
Separate multiple authors with commas and "&" before last author
Example: Smith, J. A., Johnson, M. B., & Williams, C. D.
For 7+ authors: List first six authors, then "et al."
2. Year of Publication
In parentheses immediately after author(s)
Followed by period
If no year available, use "n.d." (no date)
Format: (2023). or (n.d.).
3. Source Details
Journal articles: Title of article (not italicized), journal name (italicized),
volume number (italicized), issue number, page numbers
Books: Title (italicized), edition if not first, publisher name
Web sources: Title, website name, URL, access date if required
Use specific formatting for each source type
4. Common Reference Formats:

Journal Article:
Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), page range.
DOI or URL
Example:
Smith, J. A., & Johnson, M. B. (2023). Effects of AI on productivity.
Technology Review, 15(3), 234–256. [Link]
Book:
Author(s). (Year). Title of book. Publisher Name.

Example:
Williams, C. D. (2023). Modern computing systems. Tech Publishers.
Website/Web Article:
Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Website Name. Retrieved from URL
or
Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Website Name. URL
Example:
Brown, R. (2023, January 15). Latest AI breakthroughs. Tech News.
Retrieved from [Link]

Magazine Article:
Author(s). (Year, Month). Title of article. Magazine Name, Volume(Issue), page range.
Example:
Davis, P. (2023, March). Cloud computing trends. Computer Magazine, 28(5), 45–52.
9. Automating TOC, Citations, and Bibliography in MS
Word
9.1 Using Heading Styles and Table of Contents
Why Heading Styles Matter:
Organize document structure
Enable automatic Table of Contents generation
Improve document navigation
Ensure consistent formatting
Applying Heading Styles:

Place cursor in heading

Go to Home Tab → Styles Group
Select appropriate style:
Heading 1 for main chapters (e.g., Introduction, Method, Results)
Heading 2 for primary subsections
Heading 3 for secondary subsections
Styles apply font size, bold, color automatically
Inserting Table of Contents (TOC):
1. Position cursor at beginning of document (after title page)
2. Go to References Tab → Table of Contents
3. Choose built-in style (Automatic, Manual options available)
4. Word automatically scans all Heading 1, 2, 3 styles
5. Generates clickable TOC with page numbers

Updating Table of Contents:

After editing document headings or page numbers
Click anywhere in TOC
Right-click → Update Table → Select "Update entire table"
Or use References Tab → Update Table
Word rescans headings and recalculates page numbers

9.2 Page Number Formats for TOC and Body

Academic papers often use different page number styles for different sections.

Typical Pattern:
Title and Abstract pages: i, ii, iii (Roman numerals)
Body and References: 1, 2, 3 (Arabic numerals)
How to Implement:

Step 1: Insert Section Break

After Abstract, go to Page Layout Tab → Breaks → Next Page
This creates boundary between front matter and body
Step 2: Insert Page Numbers with Different Format
In body section, go to Insert Tab → Page Number → Top of Page (or desired
position)
Go to Insert Tab → Page Number → Format Page Numbers
Select Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3)
Set "Start at: 1"

Step 3: Disable "Link to Previous"

Go to Insert Tab → Header and Footer → Header
In Design Tab that appears, uncheck "Link to Previous"
This prevents body page numbers from continuing TOC numbering style
Do same for footers if using page numbers there

9.3 Managing Sources and Citations

Choose Citation Style:
Go to References Tab → Style dropdown (currently shows APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.)
Select desired style (usually APA for academic papers)

Add New Source:

1. Go to References Tab → Manage Sources button
2. Click New
3. Fill in required fields:
Type of source (Journal Article, Book, Website, etc.)
Author(s)
Title
Year
Publisher information
4. Click OK
5. Source saved for reuse throughout document
Insert Citation:

1. Position cursor where citation needed

2. Go to References Tab → Insert Citation dropdown
3. Choose from recent sources list, or click Add New Source
4. Citation automatically formatted per chosen style
5. Page numbers auto-populated for in-text references

9.4 Creating a Bibliography

Insert Bibliography:
1. Position cursor where bibliography should appear (typically after body text)
2. Go to References Tab → Bibliography
3. Choose format:
Bibliography (includes all sources)
Works Cited (only cited sources)
4. Word auto-generates formatted list based on:
All sources added via Manage Sources
 Current citation style selected
Proper alphabetical ordering
Bibliography Formatting:

Word automatically applies citation style formatting

You can still modify font (change to Times New Roman 12 if needed)
Hanging indents applied automatically
Page number formatting consistent with document

10. Mail Merge and Label Generation

10.1 Components of Mail Merge
Mail merge is a powerful Word feature that personalizes documents for multiple recipients
using data from a list.

Two Main Components:

1. Form Document (Main Document)
The template containing the message/layout
Contains merge fields (placeholders) for personalized data
Example: A letter with greeting "Dear <<FirstName>>, " and address
information
Fields enclosed in special merge field markers
2. Data File (Data Source)
List of records containing information for each recipient
Can be created in Word, Excel, or imported from database
Contains columns with field names (FirstName, LastName, Address, etc.)
Each row represents one recipient/record
Example: 50 customer records with name, address, email
How It Works:

Word combines form document template with each record from data file
Generates personalized document for every recipient
Merge fields automatically populate with corresponding data
Can print multiple copies or create separate files

10.2 Basic Steps in Mail Merge (Letters)

Step 1: Prepare the Form Document
Create letter/document with full message
Include all static text (that doesn't change)
Leave space for personalized information
Save document

Step 2: Access Mail Merge

Go to Mailings Tab → Start Mail Merge → Letters
Word now recognizes this as merge template
Step 3: Select Recipients (Data Source)
Mailings Tab → Select Recipients
Choose option:
Type a New List: Create recipient list directly in Word
Use an Existing List: Import from Excel, database, etc.
Choose from Outlook Contacts: Use saved contacts

Step 4: Create Data List (if typing new)

Click Type a New List
Word opens New Address List dialog
Customize Columns to add/remove/rename fields as needed
Standard fields: Title, First Name, Last Name, Company, Address Line 1, City, State,
ZIP Code, Email
Add custom fields for your needs
Click New Entry for each recipient
Fill in information for all recipients
Save data file (typically as .csv or Excel file)
Step 5: Insert Merge Fields

Position cursor where personalized data goes

Mailings Tab → Insert Merge Field
Select field from list (FirstName, LastName, Address, etc.)
Repeat for all personalized information
Example: "Dear <<FirstName>> <<LastName>>,"
Step 6: Preview Results
Mailings Tab → Preview Results
Displays how merged documents will look
Shows actual data replacing merge fields
Verify accuracy before final merge
Use forward/back arrows to preview each record

Step 7: Finish & Merge

Mailings Tab → Finish & Merge options:
Edit Individual Documents: Creates single document with all merged letters
Print Documents: Directly prints all merged documents
Send Email Messages: Emails merged documents to recipients (if email field
available)

10.3 Label Generation

Mail merge can generate mailing labels, shipping labels, name badges, and more.
Label Merge Process:

1. Create document with Mailings Tab → Start Mail Merge → Labels

2. Select label format (Avery label product number, standard sizes)
3. Select recipient list (same as letter merge)
4. Set up label template:
 Insert merge fields for address (FirstName, LastName, Address, City, State, ZIP)
Format label layout
5. Preview results to verify label appearance
6. Finish & Merge to print or create document
Typical Label Uses:

Mailing labels (address labels)

Shipping labels
Name tags/badges for events
ID badges for organizations
Product labels

10.4 Sample Graded Activity: Creating Business Calling Cards

This is a typical assignment combining all learned skills.
Assignment Overview:
Create calling cards (business cards) with personalized information
Generate 50 calling cards from template and data list
Output: 10 cards per page (5 pages total)

Requirements:
Step 1: Design Template Calling Card
Create professional layout including:
Full Name (personalized field)
Position/Title (personalized field)
Company Name
Company Logo (if available)
Address
Email Address (personalized field)
Contact Number (personalized field)
Professional design with borders, colors, appropriate fonts

Step 2: Create Data List

Prepare Excel or Word list with minimum 50 records
Include at least 3 different positions/titles
Fields needed: FirstName, LastName, Position, Email, PhoneNumber
Example data:
20 Sales Representatives
15 Account Managers
15 Customer Service Specialists
Step 3: Perform Mail Merge

Create template document formatted as calling card (standard 3.5" x 2" or similar)
Insert merge fields for: Name, Position, Email, Phone
Merge with data list
Result: 50 personalized calling cards
Step 4: Deliverables
Template File: Original card design with merge fields (.docx)
Data List File: Excel or Word list with 50+ records (.xlsx or .docx)
Final Output: PDF or document with all 50 merged calling cards (10 per page × 5
pages)

Grading Considerations:
Accuracy of merge (all data correctly populated)
Professional appearance and design
Proper formatting and layout
Completeness of data list (50+ entries)
Quality and organization of final output

Summary of Key Concepts

Computer Fundamentals:
Computer = device following IPO model (Input, Process, Output)
Data vs Information: raw facts vs. processed/organized data
Hardware vs Software: physical components vs. instructions/programs
Operating System: manages resources and acts as user-hardware interface

Windows Operating System:

Desktop: main work area with icons, windows, menus
Files and Folders: fundamental storage organization
Basic operations: create, rename, copy, move, delete files
Recycle Bin: temporary storage for deleted files
Dialog Boxes: special windows requiring user interaction
Networking:

LAN: local area networks (offices, homes)

WAN: wide area networks (global connections)
TCP/IP: suite of protocols for internet communication
Common protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, UDP
Microsoft Word:
Interface: Title bar, Quick Access Toolbar, Ribbon, Status bar
Academic formatting (APA): margins, fonts, spacing, citations, references
Mail Merge: combines template with data to create personalized documents
Advanced features: TOC, citations, automatic bibliography

This module provides foundational knowledge for computing literacy and practical
Microsoft Word skills essential for academic and professional work.