Ch 4
GEOGRAPHY
E. Distinguish between
1. Tectonic forces and Gradational forces
o Tectonic forces are internal forces from within the Earth that cause
movements like folding and faulting.
o Gradational forces are external forces like weathering and erosion that
wear down the Earth's surface.
2. Erosion and Deposition
o Erosion is the process of wearing away surface materials by natural
forces like water, wind, or ice.
o Deposition is the process of laying down or settling of eroded materials
in new locations.
3. Mountain range and Mountain system
o Mountain range is a chain of mountains connected together.
o Mountain system is a group of mountain ranges related in origin or
structure.
4. Plateaus and Plains
o Plateaus are elevated flat areas, higher than the surrounding land.
o Plains are large flat or gently undulating areas at low elevation.
F. Short notes
1. Fold mountains: Fold mountains are formed when two tectonic plates
collide, causing layers of the Earth’s crust to fold and rise. Examples include
the Himalayas.
2. Block mountains: Block mountains are created by faults or cracks in the
Earth’s crust, where blocks of land are uplifted or dropped. Example: The
Black Forest.
3. Volcanic mountains: These mountains form from volcanic activity when
magma erupts and piles up on the Earth's surface. Examples: Mount Fuji.
4. Continental plateaus: These are large, flat elevated areas on continents,
formed due to uplift. Example: Deccan Plateau.
5. Intermontane plateaus: These are plateaus located between mountain
ranges, often formed by tectonic forces. Example: Tibetan Plateau.
6. Plains: Plains are broad, flat areas of land with minimal elevation, formed by
deposition of sediments by rivers and wind.
G. Very short answers
1. A fold mountain in North America: Rocky Mountains
2. A block mountain in Europe: Harz Mountains
3. A volcanic mountain in Indonesia: Mount Krakatoa
4. Two things’ tourists love to do in the mountains: Trekking and skiing
5. The highest plateau in the world: Tibetan Plateau
6. A lava plateau in India: Deccan Traps
7. The plain of Argentina is called: Pampas
H. Long answers
1. Classify mountains on the basis of their origin. Explain each type.
o Fold mountains: Formed by folding of Earth's crust due to tectonic
plate collisions (e.g., Himalayas).
o Block mountains: Formed by faults where blocks of crust are uplifted or
dropped (e.g., The Black Forest).
o Volcanic mountains: Formed by volcanic eruptions depositing lava and
ash (e.g., Mount Fuji).
2. Explain the processes involved in the formation of mountains.
o Mountains form mainly due to tectonic forces such as folding, faulting,
and volcanic activity.
o When plates collide, crustal rocks bend (fold) or break (fault), making
mountains.
o Volcanoes form where magma escapes to the surface.
3. How are mountains useful to us?
o Mountains provide water sources, climate regulation, forests.
o Mountains are sources of many minerals.
o It is also known for its tourist attractions.
o They influence weather patterns and are habitats for diverse wildlife.
4. How do mountains differ from plateaus?
o Mountains are elevated and sloping with peaks.
o Plateaus are elevated but flat or gently rolling.
o Plateaus have broad flat tops, unlike mountains.
5. What is the significance of plains for human beings?
o Plains offer fertile land for agriculture.
o easy building and transportation.
o support dense populations due to favourable living conditions.
HOTS
6. Why are the mountainous regions sparsely populated?
Ans. Due to harsh climate, difficult terrain, limited farming land, and
remoteness, making living and travel challenging.
7. Why are the river valleys thickly populated?
Ans. River valleys have fertile soil, water for irrigation, and flat land which
support farming and settlements, attracting dense populations.