INDEX

i Introduction 2
ii Kit Content 3
iii Component Explanation/Pinouts 6
iv Indentifying Resistor Colour Codes 19
v Identifying Ceramic Capacitor Code 20
1 Getting Started with Arduino 21
2 Arduino Motion Detector 23
3 3-Way Traffic Light 25
4 Interfacing LCD with Arduino 27
Interfacing 7-Segment Display with
5 29
Arduino
6 Controlling RGB LED with Arduino 31
7 Arduino Clap Circuit 33
8 Shift Register with Arduino 35
9 Distance measurement using US sensor 37
10 Arduino Digital Voltmeter 39
11 Light Detector using Arduino 41
12 IR Controlled DC Motor 43
13 DC Motor Speed controller 45
14 Digital Thermometer 47
15 Arduino Calculator using Keypad 49
16 Servo Motor Control 51
iv Bonus Projects 53
V Credits 54

1
 INTRODUCTION

Thank you for Purchasing the “Professional Arduino Starter Kit” by Circuitloop. This kit aims
to get you started with electronics and enjoy the world programming through Arduino. The
contents of the kit are well planned to cover maximum number of projects with minimum
number of components in hand. It also avoids the hassle of purchasing individual
components for your project and each component is tested by our staff to ensure their
working so you can stay fool proof.

How to use this Book?

This booklet will be helpful for beginners to get started with the kit in a sequential manner.
The book covers about 16 Projects each of varying difficulty level. As a token of gratitude for
purchasing our kit we have also linked 5 Bonus Projects which you can check of after
finishing the basic projects.

Each project in this booklet is covered with a colourful easy to understand circuit diagram, a
picture of the hardware and the code of the Project. Also along with the book you will
receive a CD which will contain the entire source codes of all the projects. Every Project
mentioned here is also tested by our staff for flaw in circuit diagram or code.

What Next?

Once you have received your kit, move to the “Kit Content” section on this book where you
will find pictures of all the components include in the kit. So make sure you have received all
the components correctly.

Next read through the component description of every component to get used to the
components in the kit and also to indentify the pinouts and use of every component in the
kit.

For beginners it is recommended to start with project one and proceed logically upto
project 16. Use the circuit diagram in the book to make your connection you can refer the
hardware picture if you have any doubt on how to connect it. Always scan the QR code to
get into website where you will find the complete information of the project with much
detailed explanation.

2
Kit Contents
Arduino Uno Programming Cable Bread Board 16×2 LCD display

Servo (MG90) Relay Module IR Module PIR Sensor

Ultrasonic sensor 7-Segment Display Keypad LM35

LDR Shift Register Thermistor Trimmer Pot

Buzzer Microphone DC Motor Push Button

3
 RGB Led Red LED Green LED Blue LED

Potentiometer (100k) BC547 Transistor BC557 Transistor 1N4007 Diode

1k Resistor 10k Resistor 100k Resistor 220R Resistor

0.1uF 10uF 100uF 22pF

40 Pin Berg stick Hook-Up wire Male to Male wires Female to Male wires

9V Battery Motor Fan Program File CD Printed Guide

4
Arduino Uno- Arduino Uno, as you might know is the Microcontroller Development
module. It will be the brain of the projects that you develop using this kit. It is a compact
computer which can take inputs, perform calculations and give outputs. We will be learning
more about this module as we go through this module.

Programming Cable – The Program for the Arduino Module will be written using the
Arduino Module on the Computer/Laptop. This Program will then be uploaded to the
Arduino Module, thorough this Programming Cable. It has USB type B on one side which
connects to the Arduino Module and Type A on other side which connects to the Computer.
It also acts as a source of Power.

5
Bread Board – This is the board on which you can build projects. It has holes on them which
are connected internally in a particular pattern as shown in the below picture. The holes
which are connected with a line represents they are connected internally. The Red line
indicates Power, which is normally connected to the power rail. The Blue line indicates
Ground, which is normally connected to the ground of the circuit. IC’s like shift registers can
be placed in the middle breadboard to share the 1st eight pins to the yellow line and the 2nd
eight pins to the green lines.

The Male to Male and Female to Male connectors provided along with this kit can be used to
connect the module and Arduino Board to other components using the Bread board.

16×2 LCD Display – The 16×2 Alphanumeric Display is the common display module that
comes handy with microcontroller projects. It has 16 Rows and 2 columns, which gives
together of 32 boxes. We can display one character at each box. These characters can be
alphabets, numbers or even some custom symbols.

The module has a total of 16 pins. You will learn how to use this module with Arduino.
These modules are also available in many size and colours. The one provided with this kit is
green colour.

6
Servo Motor (SG90) – Servo Motors are really cool since they provide controlled rotation.
They are commonly used in robotics projects like Robotic arm, hexapods etc. These motors
have three pins out of which one is the data pin. The data pin is provided with a PWM signal,
and based on the duty cycle of the PWM the rotation of the servo is decided. We will learn
more about this through our projects

The one provided with this kit is the popular SG90 Servo motor with a torque of 2.5kg/cm.
This motor can rotate only from 0° to 180°. There are also other motors available in the
market with better torque.

IR Module – The IR modules are used to detect the presence of an object at close range. It
has an IR LED and an IR receiver, the IR Led emits IR rays and the receiver checks if the
rays are returned back. These rays will return back only if it hit an object before it, hence we
can determine if there is an object in front of the IR module. This module can also be used to
differentiate between white and black colour, since black completely observes IR light and
white completely reflects it. So this module can be used to build Line follower Robots,
Obstacle avoider robots and much more

7
PIR Sensor – The PIR stands for Passive Infrared Sensor. This sensor is used for motion
detection, as it can differentiate between living and non-living things. All living beings emit a
small amount IR rays from their body, this sensor reads this IR rays and gets triggered.

The module provided with it is the popular HC-SR501 PIR sensor which can operate in two
modes, H mode and I mode, but commonly is used in H mode. Also it has two potentiometer
(orange coloured) using which we can control the sensitivity and off time of the sensor as
marked below. We will learn more about this sensor though our projects

Ultrasonic Sensor –The Ultrasonic sensor is another cool sensor which can be used to
measure distances accurately upto 80cm (practically). As the name suggests the sensor uses
Ultrasonic wave to detect the presence of objects ahead of it just like a SONAR system. This
sensor is commonly used with Arduino to build robots, so that the bot know what is present
in front it and avoid hitting on them. We will learn more about this sensor through our
projects.

The sensor provided with this kit is the commonly used and popular HC-SR04. It has four
pins of which two is for power and two is used for data. The pin out of the sensor is given
below

8
 7-Segment Display – The 7-Segement displays are also a very popular and commonly used
in embedded projects. This displays work great in situation where the values displayed have
to be viewed from a long range. As the name suggests a single seven segment display has 7
leds (minimum) each forming a single segment. These segmented Leds can be made to glow
in a particular pattern to form a single character.

7-segment Displays are available in many colour and sizes. It also has a common anode and
common cathode type. The one provided with the kit is a common cathode red colour seven
segment display

Thermistor – A Thermistor is a sensor which is used to detect change in temperature.

Technically it a resistor, but the value of its resistance changes based on the temperature. So
by determining this change in resistance we can estimate the change in temperature. This
sensor is commonly used for fire detection and other such related projects.

Since it is just like a resistor it does not have any polarity, it has two leads which can be used
in any direction. The Thermistor is also rated in terms of ohms; the one provided with this kit
is 10k ohms

9
LM35 – The LM35 is another type of temperature sensor which can be used to measure
temperature from -55°C to 150°C with an accuracy of 1°C. It can be used to measure room
temperature or enclosure temperature etc.. The sensor senses the temperature and outputs the
result as a variable voltage. This variable voltage can then be measured using any
microcontroller with ADC feature like our Arduino. Then we have a small formula which can
be used to convert this measured voltage into a meaningful temperature value.

The LM35 is a 3-pin device which looks similar to a transistor, the pin out of the sensor is
shown below. We will learn more about this through our projects

LDR – The term LDR stands for Light Dependent Resistor, meaning the resistance value
depends on the light around it. This sensor is used to detect light as you might have already
judged; it is commonly used to distinguish between day and night or to find from which
direction the light is falling so that it can be used in projects like automatic street light, solar
panel tracking etc..

10
Shift Register - The shift register 74HC595 is an integrated IC with 16 pins. It is an 8-bit
Serial In Parallel out Shift register. Meaning it can take input serially and control 8 output
pins based on the serial data received. It can be used to expand the GPIO functionality of the
Arduino board. It is normally used to control LEDs so that it can be used in projects like LED
cube, matrix LED etc..

DC Motor – Many of us could have come across this Hobby DC motors through kids toys
such as remote controlled cars, trains etc, hence this motor is also called as Toy motor.
Nevertheless this motor can also be used for many other common purposes and is mostly
used by beginner level electronics hobbyist. They are very rugged and easy to use and control
with commonly available and wide range of voltage levels. These motors can rotate in either
direction and speed control is also possible, however do not expect a very fast speed and high
torque from these small guys.

11
Buzzer – A buzzer is a small yet efficient component to add sound features to our
project/system. It is very small and compact 2-pin structure hence can be easily used on
breadboard and is a widely used component in most electronic applications.

The one given in this kit is a simple buzzer which when powered will make a Continuous
Beeeeeeppp.... sound, but when it is connected to Arduino we can produce different sounds
by controlling voltage supplied to it. The Buzzer is polarity sensitive so make sure you can
figure out the positive and negative pin from the image below.

Microphone – An Electret Condenser microphone (a.k.a Condenser Microphone) is the most

common type of transducer that is used to detect or measure sound signals. It functions
exactly as opposite of a normal speaker, that is when a sound signal is detected it produces
electrical signals.

By using a simple circuit we can easy measure the amount sound produced using an Arduino.
This can b used to build projects like clap switch, noise detector etc. We will learn more
about using this microphone through our tutorials. The Microphone also have a positive and
ground terminal which can be identified using the below picture.

12
9V Battery – How could one ignore the famous 9V battery, when building electronic
projects! These are commonly used batteries to power all your circuits. It can also be used the
power the Arduino itself through the Vin pin. Do not expect it to run heavy loads from this
small guy, but for the projects involved in this booklet, this battery will work just fine.

In this kit the battery is also provided with a battery clip, which can be connected to the
battery directly, then the red wire will be positive and black wire will be the ground wire.

Push buttons - Push-Buttons a.k.a tactile switches are used to close or open a circuit. These
buttons can be used as inputs for the Arduino, using which we can trigger an action through
the program.

The buttons has 4-pins, out of which the horizontal pins are connected internally. So we are
left with two pair of pins. These pair of pins will be connected to gather when the switch is
pressed and will be disconnected when the button is released. The below image will help you
to understand better

13
RGB Led - A RGB LED stands for Red, Green and Blue Led. It is commonly used
component in electronics, generally, as it is used for indication purpose. You can use RGB
LED in various projects like portable flashlight, LED indicator etc. An RGB LED can also be
used for work according to condition like for condition 1st Red will glow, for condition 2nd
green will glow and for condition 3rd blue will glow. Basically this single LED can be made
to glow in three different colours based on the way we use it.

It has four pins out of which only two pins will be used at a time. There are two types of RGB
Led then one given with this kit is the Common anode RGB LED. We will learn more about
this Led when we interface this with our Arduino in our projects.

LED – Along with a RGB Led, the Kit also provides Individual Red, Green and Blue Leds.
These Leds can be used as outputs with the Arduino and can be programmed as required.
They are used to build simple projects like traffic light controller etc..

An LED has polarity and should always be used in combination with a resistor for Arduino.
This resistor is called a current limiting resistor. The pin our of a LED is shown below, it
applies the same for all coloured LEDs.

14
Potentiometer – Potentiometers also known as POT are nothing but variable resistors. They
can provide a variable resistance by simply varying the knob on top of its head. The value or
resistance decides how much opposition it provides to the flow of current. The greater the
resistor value the smaller the current will flow. The potentiometer high with this kit is 100K
0.3W potentiometer.

These can be used to provide variable voltage to a microcontroller, by rotating the knob. It is
commonly used in projects where the user has to vary a parameter manually.

BC547 Transistor – The BC547 is a NPN transistor. To put it simple, it is an electronic

controlled switched that is, it can be closed or opened by using the GPIO pin on Arduino. For
a NPN transistor the collector and emitter will be left open (Reverse biased) when the base
pin (middle pin) is held at ground and will be closed (Forward biased) when a signal is
provided to base pin.

A transistor is used with Arduino to control loads which cannot be controlled directly through
the GPIO pins. The DC motor for example draws more current and hence it is mandatory to
use a transistor to drive it using Arduino.

15
BC557 Transistor – The BC557 is a PNP transistor. This is also an electronic controlled
through GPIO pin on Arduino like BC547 but it is of PNP type. A PNP transistor is just the
opposite of NPN transistor in functionality, that is in this transistor the collector and emitter
will be left closed (Forward biased) when the base pin (middle pin) is held at ground and will
be open (Reverse biased) when a signal is provided to base pin.

Both the BC557 and BC547 have its own applications, but the BC547 is the most commonly
used transistor since NPN transistors are preferred to avoid complexity. The pin out of a
BC557 transistor is shown below.

1N4007 Diode - A diode is a device which allows current flow through only one direction.
That is the current should always flow from the Anode to cathode. The cathode terminal can
be identified by using a grey bar as shown in the picture above.

The 1N4007 Diode is the most commonly used diode, it is normally used a protection device
to avoid reverse polarity or used as a free-wheeling diode to direct excess current to the
ground.

16
Resistors – Resistors are commonly used passive devices on every electronic circuit. The
function of a resistor is to limit the current or make a voltage drop across it. They are
commonly with LED lights to limit the current flowing through it.

Along with this kit you are provided with four different types of resistors, which are of values
1K, 10K, 100K and 220R. The value of resistor can be identified using the colour code on top
it. How to read this colour code will be explained later in this booklet. A resistor does not
have any polarity so it does no matter in which direction we connect them

Ceramic Capacitor – Along with this kit you are provided with two types of capacitor. The
orange coloured once are called ceramic capacitors. You will be provided with two values of
ceramic capacitors, which is 0.1uF and 22pF. The value of a ceramic capacitor can be
identified with the code printed on top it. How to read this code will be discussed further
down in this booklet.

The Ceramic Capacitors has no polarity. Meaning they can be connected in any direction.
They are breadboard friendly and can be easily used in the breadboard given with this kit.

17
Electrolytic Capacitor - The Electrolytic Capacitors have polarity. Meaning they have a
positive and negative pin. The pin which is long is the positive pin and the pin which is short
is the negative pin. You can also identify the polarity using the negative strip on the capacitor
label. As shown in the picture above the negative pin will be directly under the negative
symbol.

Along with this kit you will be provided with two value of electrolytic capacitor which is
10uF and 100uF. The value of this capacitor will be printed on the capacitor itself.

18
 Indentifying Resistor Colour Codes
In order to identify the resistance value of a Resistor, we have to look at its colour code.
Yeah! It would have been easy if the value was directly written, but still with little practise
from below we can start reading the resistor values.

Now, with the help of this chart let’s try to calculate the value of a resistor that we have in
hand. The resistor I have chosen is shown below

So, the first digit is RED, the second digit is also RED, the multiplier is BROWN, the
tolerance is GOLD.

This compared with the chart above give us the following numbers

2,2, ×10Ω, ±5%

So the value of the resistor is 22×10Ω which is 220Ω with a tolerance of ±5%. Similarly you
can calculate the value of any resistor.

19
 Indentifying Ceramic Capacitor Codes

The value of a ceramic capacitance will not be directly mentioned on the capacitor. There
will always be a three digit number followed by a variable; let’s learn how to identify the
value using these numbers. Consider the following capacitor.

As you can notice, these three digits are split into two digits and the third one is the
multiplier. In this case 68 is the digit and 3 is the multiplier. So 68 should be multiplied with
10^3. Simple put it is 68 followed by 3 zeros. Hence the value of this capacitor will be 68000
pF. Notice the unit should always be pF. Similarly a capacitor with 220 code means it is 22
Pico farad, since 10^0 is 0.

The voltage rating of the capacitor can be found by using the line under this code. If there is a
line then the voltage value is 50/100V if there is no line then it is 500V.

20
PROJECT 1 Scan me for
Code, Circuit
Getting Started with Arduino Diagram and
more details
Discover: Arduino IDE, Uploading pgms on this project
Difficulty: 0/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

21
The name Arduino is typically buzz word among most of the electronics
students or hobbyists alike. Its ability to build things faster and cheaper with a
massive online community support has made it an ideal choice for many people
who are just getting started with electronics or programming. Because of its
simplified hardware design and programming environment, it is possible even
for people without any electronics or computer science background to learn it
with ease. So what actually is this Arduino? How can you get started with it?
What can you make with it to improve your lifestyle?

All these questions will be tried to be answered in this tutorial, as we step

through. We will set up the Arduino IDE on your PC/Laptop and upload a
sample blink program to the Arduino. Then we will also build a small hardware
using a bread board with a simple circuit consisting of a switch and LED and
program our Arduino according to it. Sounds interesting enough?!!

In our hardware the push button is input which is connected to the second pin of
the Arduino. This means that whenever we press the button the pin number 2
will be connected with ground. Next the LED is connected to pin number 3
through a resistor of 1k

Source Code

void setup() {
pinMode(2,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode (3,OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
if (digitalRead(2) == LOW)
{
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(3,LOW);
}
}

22
PROJECT 2 Scan me for
Code, Circuit
Motion Detector Using PIR Sensor Diagram and
more details
Discover: Digital Read, Digital Write on this project
Difficulty: 1/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

23
Detecting motions or movements has always been important in most projects.
With the help of the PIR Sensor it has become very easy to detect human/animal
movements. In this project we will learn how we can interface a PIR Sensor
with a microcontroller like Arduino. We will interface an Arduino with PIR
module and blink a LED and beep a Buzzer whenever a movement is detected.

We have powered the PIR sensor using the 5V Rail of the Arduino. The output
pin of the PIR Sensor is connected to the 2nd digital pin of Arduino. This pin
will be the INPUT pin for Arduino. Then the 3rd pin of Arduino is connected to
the LED and Buzzer. This pin will act as the output pin of the Arduino. We will
program the Arduino to trigger an Output on 3rd pin if an Input has been
detected at 2nd pin. The complete Program is explained below.

The program for Arduino is pretty simple and straight forward. To

connect Arduino PIR Sensor, we have to assign the pin number 2 as input and
pin number 3 as output. Then we have to produce a discontinuous trigger
whenever the pin 2 goes high. Each line is explained below.

Source Code

void setup() {
pinMode(2, INPUT); //Pin 2 as INPUT
pinMode(3, OUTPUT); //PIN 3 as OUTPUT
}

void loop() {
if (digitalRead(2) == HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(3, HIGH); // turn the LED/Buzz ON
delay(100); // wait for 100 msecond
digitalWrite(3, LOW); // turn the LED/Buzz OFF
delay(100); // wait for 100 msecond
}
}

24
PROJECT 3 Scan me for
Code, Circuit
Three Way Traffic Light Using Arduino Diagram and
more details
Discover: LEDs, Multiple outputs, Delay on this project
Difficulty: 2/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

25
This Arduino based 3-Way Traffic Light Controller is a simple Arduino DIY
project which is useful to understand the working of traffic lights which we see
around us. We will explore how to program the Arduino for multiple outputs by
controlling them simultaneous.

The code for this Arduino Traffic Light Controller Project is also very
interesting and fun to learn. We have demonstrated Traffic lights for the 3 ways
road and the code glows LED’s on all the three sides in a particular sequence, in
which the actual Traffic Lights works. Like, at a time, there will be two Red
signals on any of the two sides and one Green light on the remaining side. And
yellow light will also glow, for 1 second each time, in between transition from
Red to Green, means first red light glows for 5 second then yellow light glows
for 1 second and then finally green light will be turned on..

Source Code

void setup() {
// configure the output pins
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(4,OUTPUT);
pinMode(5,OUTPUT);
pinMode(6,OUTPUT);
pinMode(7,OUTPUT);
pinMode(8,OUTPUT);
pinMode(9,OUTPUT);
pinMode(10,OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(4,1);
digitalWrite(5,1);
digitalWrite(8,1);
digitalWrite(2,0);
digitalWrite(6,0); //enables the 1st set of signals
digitalWrite(3,0);
digitalWrite(7,0);
digitalWrite(10,0);
digitalWrite(9,0);
delay(5000);

26
PROJECT 4 Scan me for
Code, Circuit
Interfacing LCD with Arduino Diagram and
more details
on this project
Discover: Library, LCD display
Difficulty: 2/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

27
To establish a good communication between human world and machine world,
display units play an important role. And so they are an important part of
embedded systems. Display units - big or small, work on the same basic
principle. Besides complex display units like graphic displays and 3D displays,
one must know working with simple displays like 16x1 and 16x2 units. The
16x1 display unit will have 16 characters and are in one line. This LCD will
have 32 characters in total 16in 1st line and another 16 in 2nd line. Here one
must understand that in each character there are 5x10=50 pixels so to display
one character all 50 pixels must work together. But we need not to worry about
that because there is another controller (HD44780) in the display unit which
does the job of controlling the pixels. (You can see it in LCD unit; it is the black
eye at the back).

In this tutorial we are going to interface a 16x2 LCD with ARDUINO UNO.
Unlike normal development boards interfacing a LCD to an ARDUINO is quite
easy. Here we don’t have to worry about data sending and receiving. We just
have to define the pin numbers and it will be ready to display data on LCD.

Source Code

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface
pins

LiquidCrystal lcd(0, 1, 8, 9, 10, 11); /// REGISTER SELECT

PIN,ENABLE PIN,D4 PIN,D5 PIN, D6 PIN, D7 PIN

void setup(){
// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
[Link](16, 2);
}

void loop(){
// set the cursor to column 0, line 1
[Link](" CIRCUIT DIGEST");//print name
[Link](0, 1); // set the cursor to column 0, line 2
[Link]("[Link]");//print name
delay(750);//delay of 0.75sec
[Link]();//shifting data on LCD
[Link](0, 0);// set the cursor to column 0, line1
}

28
 Scan me for
PROJECT 5
Code, Circuit
Diagram and
Interfacing 7-Segment display more details
on this project
Discover: Library, 7-Seg display
Difficulty: 2/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

29
To establish a good communication between human world and machine world,
display units play an important role. And so they are an important part of
embedded systems. Display units - big or small, work on the same basic
principle. Besides complex display units like graphic displays and 3D displays,
one must know working with simple displays like 16x1 and 16x2 units. The
16x1 display unit will have 16 characters and are in one line. This LCD will
have 32 characters in total 16in 1st line and another 16 in 2nd line. Here one
must understand that in each character there are 5x10=50 pixels so to display
one character all 50 pixels must work together. But we need not to worry about
that because there is another controller (HD44780) in the display unit which
does the job of controlling the pixels. (You can see it in LCD unit, it is the black
eye at the back).

In this tutorial we are going to interface a 16x2 LCD with ARDUINO UNO.
Unlike normal development boards interfacing a LCD to a ARDUINO is quite
easy. Here we don’t have to worry about data sending and receiving. We just
have to define the pin numbers and it will be ready to display data on LCD.

Source Code

#define segA 2//connecting segment A to PIN2

#define segB 3// connecting segment B to PIN3
#define segC 4// connecting segment C to PIN4
#define segD 5// connecting segment D to PIN5
#define segE 6// connecting segment E to PIN6
#define segF 7// connecting segment F to PIN7
#define segG 8// connecting segment G to PIN8

int COUNT=0;//count integer for 0-9 increment

void setup()
{
for (int i=2;i<9;i++){
pinMode(i, OUTPUT);// taking all pins from 2-8 as
output
}
}

/*FULL CODE CAN BE FOUND USING QR CODE OR FROM

GIVEN CD */

30
PROJECT 6 Scan me for
Code, Circuit
Controlling RGB LED with Arduino Diagram and
more details
Discover: RGB Led on this project
Difficulty: 2/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

31
In this project we are going to interface 5 RGB (Red Green Blue) LEDs to
Arduino Uno. These LEDs are connected in parallel for reducing PIN usage of
Uno.

The tricky part here is, say we want to turn the RED led in SET1 and GREEN
LED in SET2. We power the PIN8 and PIN9 of UNO, and ground PIN7,
[Link] that flow we will have RED in first SET and GREEN in second SET
ON, but we will have GREEN in SET1 and RED in SET2 ON with it. By
simple analogy we can seen all four LEDs close the circuit with above
configuration and so they all glow. So to eliminate this problem we will turn
only one SET on at a time. Say at t=0m SEC, SET1 is tuned ON. At t = 1m
SEC, SET1 is tuned OFF and SET2 is turned ON. Again at t=6m SEC, SET5 is
turned OFF and SET1 is turned ON. This goes on.

Here the trick is, the human eye cannot capture a frequency more than 30 HZ.
That is if a LED goes ON and OFF continuously at a rate of 30HZ or more. The
eye sees the LED as continuously ON. However this is not the case. The LED
will be constantly turning ON and OFF. This technique is called multiplexing.

Source Code

void setup() {
for (int i = 0; i < 11; i++) // 11 pins are set as OUTPUT
pinMode(i, OUTPUT);

for (int i = 3; i < 8; i++)

digitalWrite(i, LOW);//pins3-8 are set low
}

void loop() {
for (int i = 3; i < 8; i++)
{
digitalWrite(i, HIGH); //power each set one time
for (int j = 8; j < 11; j++)
{
digitalWrite(j, LOW);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(j, HIGH); //blink three colors
}
digitalWrite(i, LOW); //pull down power set
}
}

32
 Scan me for
PROJECT 7 Code, Circuit
Diagram and
Arduino Clap Circuit more details
on this project
Discover: Analog Read, High Pass filters
Difficulty: 3/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

33
In this project we are going to make Clapper circuit using the concept
of ADC (Analog to Digital Conversion) in ARDUINO UNO. We are going to
use a MIC and Uno to sense the sound and trigger a response. This Clap ON
Clap OFF switch basically turns ON or OFF the device, by using the clap
sound, as switch.

MIC or Microphone is a sound sensing transducer, which basically converts

sound energy into electrical energy, so with this sensor we have sound as
changing voltage. We usually record or sense sound through this device. This
transducer is used in all mobile phones and laptops.

Whenever there is sound, the MIC picks it up and converts it into voltage, linear
to the magnitude of sound. So for a higher sound we have higher value and for
lower sound we have lower value. This value is first fed to the High Pass Filter
for filtration. Then this filtered value is fed to the transistor
for amplification and transistor provides the amplified output at the collector.
This collector signal is fed to the ADC0 channel of the UNO, for Analog to
Digital conversion. And lastly Arduino is programmed to toggle the LED,
connected at PIN 7 of PORTD, each time ADC channel A0 goes beyond a
particular level.

Source Code

const int analogInPin = A0; // Analog input pin 0

int sensorValue = 0;

void setup()
{
DDRD = 0xFF;
}

void loop()
{
sensorValue = analogRead(analogInPin); //read ADC value
on channel 0
if(sensorValue>60)
{
PORTD ^=(1<<7); //If there is a peak toggle the LED on and
OFF on pin7.
delay(250);
}
}

34
PROJECT 8 Scan me for
Code, Circuit
Shift Register with Arduino Diagram and
more details
on this project
Discover: Shift Register, for loops
Difficulty: 3/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

35
In ARDUINO we have 20 I/O pins, so we can program 20 pins of UNO to be
used as either input or output. Although there are more pins on ATMEGA328P
controller than on UNO, this is because while designing the board some pins are
defaulted.

Now for some applications we need more than 30 pins, say if we want to
design a 5x5x5 LED CUBE, so for this we need 5x5+5=30pins. For such cases
we use serial to parallel converter chips or shift register. A shift register chip
takes data from UNO board serially and gives output in 8 bit parallel
configuration.

Here we are going to send data in eight bit size through a single channel to shift
register. The shift register takes the data serially and stores that data in its
memory. Once the data is sent by the controller, we are going to send a
command to shift register to show the data at the output, with this command the
shift register puts out data parallel.

Source Code

volatile int i=0;

void setup()
{
pinMode(2, OUTPUT); // sets the pin2 as output
pinMode(1, OUTPUT); // sets the pin1 as output
pinMode(0, OUTPUT); // sets the pin0 as output
}

void loop()
{
for (int i=0;i<255;i++) //if binary count is less
{
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
shiftOut(0,1,2,i); //send eight bit data serially
digitalWrite(2,LOW);
delay(500); //wait for half a second
}

36
PROJECT 9 Scan me for
Code, Circuit
Distance measurement using US sensor Diagram and
more details
Discover: Ultrasonic sensor, Pulse In on this project
Difficulty: 3/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

37
Ultrasonic sensors are great tools to measure distance without actual contact and
used at several places like water level measurement, distance measurement etc.
This is an efficient way to measure small distances precisely. In this project we
have used an Ultrasonic Sensor to determine the distance of an obstacle from
the sensor. Basic principal of ultrasonic distance measurement is based on
ECHO. When sound waves are transmitted in environment then waves are
return back to origin as ECHO after striking on the obstacle. So we only need to
calculate the travelling time of both sounds means outgoing time and returning
time to origin after striking on the obstacle. As speed of the sound is known to
us, after some calculation we can calculate the distance.

In circuit connections Ultrasonic sensor module’s “trigger” and “echo” pins are
directly connected to pin 18(A4) and 19(A5) of arduino. A 16x2 LCD is
connected with arduino in 4-bit mode. Control pin RS, RW and En are directly
connected to arduino pin 2, GND and 3. And data pin D4-D7 is connected to 4,
5, 6 and 7 of arduino.

Source Code

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#define trigger 18
#define echo 19

LiquidCrystal lcd(2,3,4,5,6,7);

float time=0,distance=0;
void setup()
{
[Link](16,2);
pinMode(trigger,OUTPUT);
pinMode(echo,INPUT);
[Link](" Ultra sonic");
[Link](0,1);
[Link]("Distance Meter");
delay(2000);
[Link]();
[Link](" Circuit Digest");
delay(2000);
}

/*COMPLETE PROGRAM GIVEN IN THE QR CODE AND THE CD PROVIDED

38
PROJECT 9 Scan me for
Code, Circuit
Distance measurement using US sensor Diagram and
more details
Discover: Ultrasonic sensor, Pulse In on this project
Difficulty: 3/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

39
Ultrasonic sensors are great tools to measure distance without actual contact and
used at several places like water level measurement, distance measurement etc.
This is an efficient way to measure small distances precisely. In this project we
have used an Ultrasonic Sensor to determine the distance of an obstacle from
the sensor. Basic principal of ultrasonic distance measurement is based on
ECHO. When sound waves are transmitted in environment then waves are
return back to origin as ECHO after striking on the obstacle. So we only need to
calculate the travelling time of both sounds means outgoing time and returning
time to origin after striking on the obstacle. As speed of the sound is known to
us, after some calculation we can calculate the distance.

In circuit connections Ultrasonic sensor module’s “trigger” and “echo” pins are
directly connected to pin 18(A4) and 19(A5) of arduino. A 16x2 LCD is
connected with arduino in 4-bit mode. Control pin RS, RW and En are directly
connected to arduino pin 2, GND and 3. And data pin D4-D7 is connected to 4,
5, 6 and 7 of arduino.

Source Code

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#define trigger 18
#define echo 19

LiquidCrystal lcd(2,3,4,5,6,7);

float time=0,distance=0;
void setup()
{
[Link](16,2);
pinMode(trigger,OUTPUT);
pinMode(echo,INPUT);
[Link](" Ultra sonic");
[Link](0,1);
[Link]("Distance Meter");
delay(2000);
[Link]();
[Link](" Circuit Digest");
delay(2000);
}

/*COMPLETE PROGRAM GIVEN IN THE QR CODE AND THE CD PROVIDED

40
PROJECT 10
Scan me for
Code, Circuit
Arduino Digital Voltmeter Diagram and
more details
Discover: Library, LCD display on this project
Difficulty: 4/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

41
 With a simple knowledge of Arduino and Voltage Divider Circuit, we can turn
the Arduino into Digital Voltmeter and can measure the input voltage using
Arduino and a 16x2 LCD display.

Arduino has several analog input pins that connect to an Analog-to-Digital

converter (ADC) inside the Arduino. The Arduino ADC is a ten-bit converter,
means that the output value will range from 0 to 1023. We will obtain this value
by using the analogRead() function. If you know the reference voltage you can
easily calculate the voltage present at the analog input. We can use voltage
divider circuit to calculate the input voltage. Learn more about ADC in
Arduino here.

The voltage measured is displayed on the 16x2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).
We have also displayed the voltage in Serial Monitor of Arduino IDE and
confirmed the measured voltage using Multimeter. Pin DB4, DB5, DB6, DB7,
RS and EN of LCD are directly conneted to Pin D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9
of Arduino Uno

The Center point of two resistors R1 and R2, which makes the voltage divider
circuit, is connected to Arduino Pin A0. While the other 2 ends are connected to
the input volt (voltage to be measured) and gnd.

Source Code

#include <LiquidCrystal.h> // LIBRARY TO ACCESS THE LCD DISPLAY

LiquidCrystal lcd( 4, 5, 6, 7,8 ,9 );
float input_volt = 0.0;
float temp=0.0;
float r1=10000.0; //r1 value
float r2=100000.0; //r2 value

void setup(){
[Link](9600);//opens serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps
[Link](16, 2); //// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows
[Link]("DC DIGI VOLTMETER");
}
void loop()
{
int analogvalue = analogRead(A0);
temp = (analogvalue * 5.0) / 1024.0;//FORMULA CONVERT THE VOLTAGE

/* FULL CODE CAN BE FOUND ON SOURCE CD OR THROUGH QR CODE */

42
PROJECT 11 Scan me for
Code, Circuit
Light Detector using Arduino Diagram and
more details
Discover: LDR, Relay Module on this project
Difficulty: 4/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

43
 We all want our home appliances to be controlled automatically based on some
conditions and that's called Home automation. Today we are going to control
the light based of darkness outside, the light turns ON automatically when it is
dark outside and turns off when it gets bright. For this, we need a light sensor to
detect the light condition and some circuitry to control the Light sensor.

LDR is Light Dependent Resistor. LDRs are made from semiconductor

materials to enable them to have their light-sensitive properties. Whenever light
falls on the surface of the LDR (in this case) the conductance of the element
increases or in other words, the resistance of the LDR falls when the light falls
on the surface of the LDR. This property of the decrease in resistance for the
LDR is achieved because it is a property of semiconductor material used on the
surface.

As per the circuit diagram, we have made a voltage divider circuit using LDR
and 100k resistor. The voltage divider output is feed to the analog pin of the
Arduino. The analog Pin senses the voltage and gives some analog value to
Arduino. The analog value changes according to the resistance of LDR. So, as
the light falls on the LDR the resistance of it get decreased and hence the
voltage value increase.

Source Code

#define relay 10
int LED = 9;
int LDR = A0;

void setup()
{
[Link](9600);
pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LDR, INPUT);
}

void loop() {
int LDRValue = analogRead(LDR);
[Link]("sensor = ");
[Link](LDRValue);

/* FULL PROGRAM IS GIVEN IN THE SOURCE CD AND THE QR CODE LINK*/

44
PROJECT 12 Scan me for
Code, Circuit
IR Controlled DC Motor Diagram and
more details
Discover: IR Module, Relay Module, on this project
Difficulty: 4/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

45
 This is a simple project in which we use three basic components that are IR
Sensor, Relay Module and DC Motor. Here we will interface IR sensor with
Arduino to control DC Motor. The IR sensor will detect any object in front of it
and Arduino will read the IR Sensor’s output and make the Relay High. Relay is
further connected to DC Motor, so DC Motor will be ON whenever IR Sensor
Detects any objects in front it.

In circuit, IR sensor Module output pin is simple connected to the Pin 2 no of

Arduino and Relay Module’s input is connected to Pin 7 no of Arduino. Further
a DC Motor is connected to the Relay.

Working of this project is straight forward. Whenever there is some object in

front of IR sensor, it will detect that and make the output pin high. IR sensor’s
output pin is connected to Arduino, so Arduino will read it and activate the
Relay module by making pin 7 high. As soon as relay is activated, it will turn on
the DC motor.

When there is no object near IR sensor, the output of IR sensor will remain low
and DC motor will also remain in off state. The sensitivity of IR Sensor can be
adjusted using the potentiometer on the module itself. Sensitivity simply means
the distance from which it can detect the object.

Source Code

void setup() {
pinMode(2,INPUT);
pinMode(7,OUTPUT);
[Link](9600);
}

void loop() {
if (digitalRead(2) == 1)
{
[Link](digitalRead(2));
digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
}

else{
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
}
}

46
PROJECT 13 Scan me for
Code, Circuit
DC Motor Speed Controller Diagram and
more details
Discover: analogwrite, Potentiometer on this project
Difficulty: 4/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

47
 For controlling the speed of DC motor we have various methods, but in this
project we are controlling DC Motor speed using PWM. In this project we will
be able to control the speed of DC motor with potentiometer and we can adjust
the speed by rotating the knob of Potentiometer.

PWM is a technique by using we can control the voltage or power. To

understand it more simply, if you are applying 5 volt for driving a motor then
motor will moving with some speed, now if we reduces applied voltage by 2
means we apply 3 volt to motor then motor speed also decreases. This concept
is used in the project to control the voltage using PWM.

For controlling the speed of DC motor, we use a 100K ohm potentiometer to

change the duty cycle of the PWM signal. 100K ohm potentiometer is
connected to the analog input pin A0 of the Arduino UNO and the DC motor is
connected to the 12th pin of the Arduino (which is the PWM pin). The working
of Arduino program is very simple, as it reads the voltage from the analog pin
A0. The voltage at analog pin is varied by using the potentiometer. After doing
some necessary calculation the duty cycle is adjusted according to it.

Source Code

int pwmPin = 12; // assigns pin 12 to variable pwm

int pot = A0; // assigns analog input A0 to variable pot
int c1 = 0; // declares variable c1
int c2 = 0; // declares variable c2

void setup() // setup loop

{
pinMode(pwmPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(pot, INPUT);
}

void loop()
{
c2= analogRead(pot);
c1= 1024-c2; // subtracts c2 from 1000 ans saves the
digitalWrite(pwmPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(c1);
digitalWrite(pwmPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(c2);
}

48
PROJECT 14 Scan me for
Code, Circuit
Digital Thermometer Diagram and
more details
Discover: LM35, LCD display, Arrays on this project
Difficulty: 4/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

49
Thermometers are useful apparatus being used since long time for temperature
measurement. In this project we have made an Arduino based digital
thermometer to display the current ambient temperature and temperature
changes on a LCD unit in real time. It can be deployed in houses, offices,
industries etc. to measure the temperature. This project is based on Arduino
which communicates here with LM35 temperature sensor and a 16x2 display
unit. We can divide this Arduino based thermometer into three sections - The
first senses the temperature by using temperature sensor LM 35, second section
converts the temperature value into a suitable numbers in Celsius scale which is
done by Arduino, and last part of system displays temperature on LCD.

Arduino reads output voltage of temperature sensor by using Analog pin A0 and
performs the calculation to convert this Analog value to a digital value of
current temperature. After calculations Arduino sends these calculations or
temperature to 16x2 LCD units by using appropriate commands of LCD.

Source Code

#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(7,6,5,4,3,2);

#define sensor A0
byte degree[8] =
{
0b00011,
0b00011,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000
};

void setup()
{
[Link](16,2);
[Link](1, degree);
[Link](0,0);
[Link](" Digital ");
[Link](0,1);

/*THE COMPETE CODE CAN BE FOUND ON SOURCE CD OR THROUGH THE

QR LINK*/

50
PROJECT 15
Scan me for
Code, Circuit
Arduino Calculator using Keypad Diagram and
more details
Discover: Loops, Arrays, Keypad on this project
Difficulty: 5/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

51
 Programming is always fun and Arduino is a wonderful platform if you are just
getting started with Embedded programming. In this tutorial we will build our
own calculator with Arduino. The values can be sent in through a keypad (4×4
keypad) and result can be viewed on a LCD screen (16×2 Dot-matrix). This
calculator could perform simple operations like Addition, Subtraction,
Multiplication and Division with whole numbers. But once you understand the
concept you can implement even scientific functions with Arduino’s built in
functions.

The +5V and ground connection shown in the circuit diagram can be obtained
from the 5V and ground pin of the Arduino. The Arduino itself can be powered
from your laptop or through the DC jack using a 12V adapter or 9V battery.

We are operating the LCD in 4-bit mode with Arduino so only the last four data
bits of the LCD is connected to Arduino. The Keyboard will have 8 output pins
which have to be connected from pin 0 to pin 7 as shown above.

Source Code

#include <LiquidCrystal.h> //Header file for LCD from

#include <Keypad.h> //Header file for Keypad from

const byte ROWS = 4; // Four rows

const byte COLS = 4; // Three columns

// Define the Keymap

char keys[ROWS][COLS] = {
{'7','8','9','D'},
{'4','5','6','C'},
{'1','2','3','B'},
{'*','0','#','A'}
};

byte rowPins[ROWS] = { 0, 1, 2, 3 };// Connect keypad ROW0, ROW1,

byte colPins[COLS] = { 4, 5, 6, 7 }; // Connect keypad COL0, COL1 and

Keypad kpd = Keypad( makeKeymap(keys), rowPins, colPins, ROWS, COLS

); // Create the Keypad
const int rs = 8, en = 9, d4 = 10, d5 = 11, d6 = 12, d7 = 13;

/*COMPLETE PROGRAM IS GIVEN IN THE QR LINK AND ALSO IN THE CD*/

52
PROJECT 16 Scan me for
Code, Circuit
Servo Motor Control using Arduino Diagram and
more details
on this project
Discover: Servo Motor, PWM control
Difficulty: 3/5

Circuit Diagram

Hardware

53
In this tutorial we are going to control a servo motor by ARDUINO UNO.
Servo Motors are used where there is a need for accurate shaft movement or
position. These are not proposed for high speed applications. These are
proposed for low speed, medium torque and accurate position application.
These motors are used in robotic arm machines, flight controls and control
systems.

A servo motor is a combination of DC motor, position control system,

gears. The position of the shaft of the DC motor is adjusted by the control
electronics in the servo, based on the duty ratio of the PWM signal the SIGNAL
pin. Simply speaking the control electronics adjust shaft position by controlling
DC motor. This data regarding position of shaft is sent through the SIGNAL
pin. The position data to the control should be sent in the form of PWM signal
through the Signal pin of servo motor.

The frequency of PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) signal can vary based on type
of servo motor. The important thing here is the DUTY CYCLE of the PWM
signal.

Source Code

#include <LiquidCrystal.h> //Header file for LCD from

#include <Keypad.h> //Header file for Keypad from

const byte ROWS = 4; // Four rows

const byte COLS = 4; // Three columns

// Define the Keymap

char keys[ROWS][COLS] = {
{'7','8','9','D'},
{'4','5','6','C'},
{'1','2','3','B'},
{'*','0','#','A'}
};

byte rowPins[ROWS] = { 0, 1, 2, 3 };// Connect keypad ROW0, ROW1,

byte colPins[COLS] = { 4, 5, 6, 7 }; //Connect keypad COL0, COL1

Keypad kpd = Keypad( makeKeymap(keys), rowPins, colPins, ROWS,

COLS ); // Create the Keypad
const int rs = 8, en = 9, d4 = 10, d5 = 11, d6 = 12, d7 = 13;

/*COMPLETE PROGRAM IS GIVEN IN THE QR LINK AND ALSO IN THE CD*/

54
 Bonus Projects

This booklet covers the very basic projects for a beginner to get started with Arduino. Once you have
completed all the Projects, you can proceed on to these Bonus Projects. These Projects are meant
for people who always want to push an extra mile, again all the Projects mentioned below can be
built by just using the components provided through this kit. Scan the QR code to proceed to the
project page and start building

[Link] Project Name QR Code

1 Arduino Based LED Dimmer using PWM

2 Arduino Ohm Meter

3 Digital Dice Circuit

4 Electronic Voting Machine using Arduino

5 Digital Code Lock using Arduino

55
 CREDITS

This book would not have been possible if it was not for the strong Arduino community that
keeps the platform alive. We also take this page to extend the credits to the following
people

[Link]
[Link]

Editor
John Macolf

Assistant Editor
Aisha Caile

Design
Emilie Thomas

We also extend our thanks to the hobbyists namely Antony Jackson, Aswinth Raj, Dilip Raja,
Jayant and Pankaj Khatri for sharing their projects on CircuitDigest.

56