GEOMETRY

FundAmEnTAlS :

 Point: It is an exact location. It is a fine dot which has neither length nor breadth nor thickness but has
position. I.e. it has no magnitude.

 Line segment: The straight path joining two points A and B is called a line segment AB. It has a definite
length.

A B

 Intersecting lines: Two lines having a common point are called intersecting lines. The common point is
known as the point of intersection.

AB and CD are intersecting lines and O is the point of intersection.

 Concurrent lines: If two or more lines intersect at same point, then they are known as concurrent lines.

 Parallel lines: When two lines are always at equal distance then they are called parallel lines.

AB ǁ CD

ǁ → Symbol of parallel.

 Angle: When two straight lines meet at a point they form an angle.

In the figure at point O and angle is formed and it is represented as Angle AOB.

 Right angle: An angle whose measure is 900 is called a right angle and its symbol is Ʇ.

 Acute angle: An angle whose measure is less than one right angle (i.e., less than 900) is called an acute angle.

< AOB is an acute angle.

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 GEOMETRY

 Obtuse angle: An angle whose measure is more than one right angle and less than two right angles (i.e., less
than 1800 and more than 900) is called an obtuse angle.

< AOB is an obtuse angle.

 Reflex angle: an angle whose measure is more than 1800 and less than 3600 is called a reflex angle.

< AOB is a reflex angle.

 Vertically opposite angle: When two straight lines intersect each other at a point, the pairs of opposite angles
so formed are called vertically opposite angles.

In the figure, <1 & < 2 and <3 & <4 are vertically angles.
Note: Vertically opposite angles are always equal

 Adjacent angles: Two angles are adjacent, if they have a common vertex, a common arm and their non-
common arms are on different sides of the common arms.

< ACD and < BCD are adjacent angles.

Note: Sum of adjacent angles is 1800. i.e. < ACD + < BCD = 1800.

 Complementary angle: If the sum of the two angles is one right angle (i.e., 900), they are called
complementary angles.
The complementary of an angle of θ is equal to 900 – θ.

 Supplementary angle: If the sum of the two angles is two right angle (i.e., 1800), they are called
complementary angles.
The supplementary of an angle of θ is equal to 1800 – θ.

 Bisector of an angle: If a straight line passing through of that angle, divides the angle into two equal
measurement, then that line is known as bisector of that angle.

< AOC = < BOC then OC is bisector of < AOB

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 GEOMETRY
 If any transversal intersects two parallel lines then:-

 Each pair of corresponding angles are equal.

 Each pair of alternate interior angles are equal.
 Each pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.
 Angle formed between the internal bisectors of the interior angles formed on the same side of the
transversal is 900.

I.
<1=<5
<2=<6 Corresponding
<3=<7 angles
<4=<8

II.
<3=<5
Alternate angles
<4=<6

III.
< 3 + < 6 = 1800 Pair of interior
< 4 + < 5 = 1800 angles

IV. < 9 = < 10 = 900

V. GJHK is rectangle.

 Polygon: Any closed figure whose sides are three (03) or more than three, is called polygon.

 Convex Polygon: The polygon in which each angle is less than 1800 is called a convex polygon.

 Concave Polygon: The polygon in which the measure of at least one angle is more than 1800, is called
concave polygon.

 Sum of interior angles of a polygon = (n-2) * 1800

or
(2n-4) * 900 where n is number of sides.

 Sum of Exterior angles of a polygon: 3600.

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 Regular polygon: Each angle of a polygon is equal, then that polygon is called regular polygon.

 The ratio of the sum of interior angles and exterior angles = (n-2) : 2

 Each exterior angle of a regular polygon: 360

N

 Each interior angle of a regular polygon: (n-2) * 180

N

 No. of diagonals of a polygon = n (n-3)

2

Triangle
Any closed figure which has 03 sides, called Triangle.

Types of triangle.
→ On the basis of angle:
A. Acute angled Triangle: Triangle whose all angles are less than 900, is called acute angles
triangle.

B. Obtuse angled triangle: One angle any triangle is greater than 900, then that triangle is called
obtuse angled triangle.

C. Right angled triangle: One angle any triangle is 900, then that triangle is called right angled
triangle.

→ On the basis of sides:

A. Equilateral triangle: All sides of Triangle are equal and all angles measure 600, triangle is
called equilateral triangle.

B. Scalene triangle: All sides of Triangle are not equal, triangle is called scalene triangle.

C. Isosceles triangle: Triangle in which two sides are equal, triangle is called isosceles triangle.

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Properties and Theorem related to triangle.

1. Sum of any two sides always greater than third side & difference to any sides is
always less than third side.
a+b>c b+c>a a+c>b
a–b<c b–c<a c–a<b

2. The sum all three angles of a triangle is 1800.

<A + <B + <C = 1800

3. The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of two opposite interior angle.
α = <A + <B
β = <A + < C

4. Angles opposite to the equal sides of a triangle are equal.

AB = AC ⸫ <B = <C

5. Angle opposite to the greatest side of a triangle is greatest and angle opposite to the
smallest side is smallest.

6. In a ∆, the angle between the internal bisectors of two angles is equal to the sum of a
right angle and half of the third angle.

<BOC = 900 + <A/2

O is also called in-centre of triangle.

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7. In case of External bisector:

<BIC = 900 - <A/2

8. In a ∆, the lines segment joining the mid-points of its two sides is parallel and half of
the third side.

AD= DB and AE = EC
Then DE ǁ BC & DE = BC/2

9. The area of the ∆ formed by joining the mid points of the sides of a
triangle=1/4*Area of original ∆.
Ar (∆DEF) = ¼ Ar (∆ABC)

10. The triangle formed on the same base and between the same parallel lines is equal.
Ar (∆ABC) = Ar (∆ABD) = Ar (∆ABE)

11. If a ∆ and a parallelogram are on the same base and between the lines, the area of the
∆ is half the area of the || gram.

Ar (∆ABC) = Ar (∆ABD) = Ar (∆ABE) = ½ Ar (□ABEC)

12. The bisectors of an angle of ∆ divide the side opposite to that angle in the ratio of the
remaining two sides.

AD is bisector of <A
AB = BC
BD DC

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 GEOMETRY

 Altitude (Height): A perpendicular drowns from any vertex to the

opposite side is called altitude.

 Median: Bisector of side drawn from opposite vertex in a ∆ is called

Median.

 Note: Medians of triangle divide each other in the ratio 2:1.

AO : OF = BO : OD = CO : OE = 2:1

 Median of a ∆ bisect it into two triangles in equal areas.

 In centre: The point where bisectors of the angles of a ∆ meet.

 Circumcentre: The point where perpendicular bisectors of sides of a ∆

meet.

 Centroid: The point where medians of ∆ meet.

 Orthocentre: The point where altitudes of ∆ meet.

13. If a line is drown || to one side of a ∆ intersect the other two sides in distinct points,
the other two sides are divided in to the same ratio.

DE || BC
AD = AE
DB CE
AD = AE = DE
AB AC BC

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Two Triangles may be congruent

1] S-S-S
If three sides of one triangle are equal to the correspondence three sides of another ∆ then
the two triangles are congruent.
2] A-S-A
Two ∆ are congruent if two angles and the included if two sides and the included angle
one ∆ are equal to the corresponding sides and the included angle of the other ∆.
3] A-A-S
If two angles and a side (not included) of a ∆ one equal the corresponding angles and a
sides and the included angle of the other∆.
4] A-A-S
If two angles and a side (not included) of a ∆ are equal the corresponding angles and a
side of the other ∆, then both are congruent.
5] R-H-S
If in two right angled ∆ the hypotenuse and side of on ∆are equal to the hypotenuse and
one corresponding side of the other ∆, then the two ∆ are congruent.

symbol of congruency

Two Triangles may be similar

1. A-A-A
If corresponding angles of two triangles one equal, i.e. triangles are equiangular then the ∆
are similar.
2. S-S-S
If the corresponding sides of two ∆ are proportional then triangles are similar.
3. S-A-S
If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other ∆ and the sides including these
angles are proportional then two triangles are similar.
Note: All congruent triangles are similar but all similar triangles will not be congruent.

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 GEOMETRY
14. The ratio of the corresponding sides are equal to the ratio of corresponding altitudes
and the perimeters of the ∆s and is also equal to the ratio of sq. root of their areas.

Relationship between centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre:

 Centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of any ∆ are collinear.
 Centroid is always between orthocentre and circumcentre.
 Distance between centroid and orthocentre is always twice the distance between
centroid and circumcentre.
Note: Centroid and incentre of a ∆ always lies within the triangle whatever the type of ∆ is.

Some other important formula

1. Radius of the incircle of a regular hexagon = √3 * side
2
2. Radius of the circumcircle of a regular hexagon = side of a regular hexagon

3. Θ = s/r where s = length of arc, r = radius of circle and Θ = angle formed

by arc.

4. Inradius of any triangle = ∆ - Area of triangle

s - Semiperimeter
5. For any triangle = 3(side)2 = 4(median)2

6. Inradius of an equilateral triangle = a/2√3, where a = side of triangle

7. Circumradius of an equilateral triangle = a/√3, where a = side of triangle

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