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Definite Integrals
Fundamental theorem of integral calculus

Let f be continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b] and F(x) be the primitive or

anti -derivative of f(x) . Then the definite integral of f(x) over [a,b] is denoted by ∫ = F(b) – F(a)

The numbers a and b are called the limits of integration , “a” is called the lower limit and “b” is called the upper limit.

The interval [a,b] is called the interval of integration.

List of Properties of Definite Integrals

P1 ∫ =∫

Integration is independent of change of variable

PROOF:

Let x = t implies dx = dt

Also x = a implies t = a and

x = b implies t = b

∫ = ∫

P2. ∫ =- ∫

If „F‟ is the anti-derivative of „f‟, then by using the second fundamental theorem of calculus,

I = F(b) – F(a)

= – [F(a) – F(b)]

= ∫

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P3. ∫ =0

PROOF:In the property , P2 if a = b,

then ∫ = F(b) – F(a)

= F(a) – F(a)

= 0.

Hence, ∫ =0

P4. ∫ =∫ +∫

If „F‟ is the anti-derivative of „f‟, then by using the second fundamental theorem of calculus, we have

 ∫ = F(b) – F(a) … (1)

 ∫ = F(c) – F(a) … (2)

 ∫ = F(b) – F(c) … (3)

Adding equations (2) and (3), we get

∫ +∫ = F(b) – F(a)

=∫

P5. ∫ =∫

Let x = (a + b – t), so that dx= - dt

when x = a, t = b and when x = b, t = a.

∫ dx = – ∫ dt

= ∫ – dx proved

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P6 ∫ dx = ∫ dx

∫ dx = ∫ dx

Let, x = (a – t), so that dx= - dt

Also, observe that when x = 0 implies t = a and x = a implies t = 0.

∫ =∫

=∫

= ∫ change of variable

Property 7:

∫ dx ∫ dx ∫ dx

Using , ∫ =∫ +∫

LHS= ∫

=∫ +∫

= I1 + I2….(i)

Where, I1 =∫ and I2 =∫

Consider I1

x = – t, so that dx=-dt

when x = – a, t = a, and when x = 0, t = 0.

I1 =∫

= ∫

= ∫
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= ∫

(i)

∫ dx = ∫ dx ∫ dx

WHICH ALSO IMPLIES

∫ dx = ∫ dx if f(- x) = f(x) or it is an even function

= if f(- x) = - f(x) or it is an odd function

P8.∫ dx = ∫ dx+∫ dx

We know ∫ =∫ +∫

LHS = ∫

=∫ +∫

= ∫ + I2 …..(i)

In I2;

Let x = (2a – t), so that dx= -dt

when x = a, t = a, and when x = 2a, t = 0.

I2 =∫

= ∫

=∫

=∫

(i)

∫ dx = ∫ dx+∫ dx

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WHICH ALSO IMPLIES

∫ dx = ∫ dx if f(2a - x) = f(x)

= 0 if f(2a – x)= – f(x)

Solved Examples:

Examples based on Indefinite integration

First find the indefinite integral ∫ , say it comes out to be F(x)

Then ∫ = F(b) - F(a)

Example :

∫ =( )

=9 ans.

Example:

=∫ ∫

=[ ] [ ]

=2 ans.

Example :

∫ =0

as ∫ =0 when a = b

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Example:

 du 
Using by parts:  uvdx  u  vdx    dx  vdx dx

 x sec
2
xdx
d 
 x  sec2 xdx    ( x). sec2 xdx dx
 dx 
 x tan x   [Link] xdx
 x tan x  ln sec x  C

=F(x)

= ( )

=* + [ ]

= – ln √ ans.

Example:

 e [ f ( x)  f '( x)]dx  e f ( x)  C
x x
=∫ ( )dx using

[ ( )]

=( ) ans.

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Example based on partial fraction

3x  5  A
d 2
dx

x  2 x  10  B 
3x  5  2 Ax  ( B  2 A)
 2 A  3, ( B  2 A)  5
3
A  , B  2
2

∫ dx

∫ dx ∫ dx

* + +∫

[ ] * +

* +

* + ans.

Example: Based on Modulus

∫ –

(x3 – x)= ≥ 0 on [– 1, 0],

(x3 – x)= ≤ 0 on [0, 1]

(x3 – x)= ≥ 0 on [1, 2]

∫ –

=∫ – ∫ | – | ∫ –

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=∫ – ∫ – ∫ –

= [(x4/4 – (x2/2)]-10 + [(x2/2 – (x4/4)]01 + [(x4/4 – (x2/2)]12

= – [1/4 – ½] + [1/2 – ¼] + [4 – 2] – [1/4 – ½]

= 11/4.

Example:

I= ∫

[ ]

=( ) ( )

= ans.

Example :

∫
√
∫
√

∫
√ [ ]

∫
√ [ ]

dx x
= * + using  a2  x2
 sin 1    C
a

= ( ) ( )

= ans.
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Examples based on Substitution:

Example:

∫ dx

let 1+log x= t

when x=1 , t=1+log1

=1+0
=1
when x=2 , t=1+log2

∫ [ ]

=* +

= ( )

= ans.

Example:

I= ∫ dx

Let

2x dx = dt

When x=0 t=0 and

When x=1 t=1

∫ dt

=[ ]

= ans.

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Examples based on properties

Based on

∫ dx = ∫ dx if f(2a - x) = f(x)
= 0 if f(2a – x)= – f(x)

Example:
I= ∫

Here observe that f(2a-x)=f( =

∫ dx = ∫ dx if f(2a - x) = f(x)

I= ∫

Again Observe =

Using ∫ dx = 0 if f(2a – x) = – f(x)

ans.

Example:
Based On : ∫ dx = ∫ dx

√
I=∫ …(i)
√ √

√ ( )
I=∫
√ ( ) √ ( )

√
I=∫ …(ii)
√ √

Adding (i) and (ii)

√ √
2I=∫ +∫
√ √ √ √

√ √
2I=∫
√ √

2I=∫

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2I=[ ]

2I= -

I= ans.

Example:

∫ ……..(i)

∫ +∫

2I = ∫

2I = ∫

2I = ∫

2I = [ ]

2I = [ ]

2I = [( ) ]

I= ans.

Example :

=∫ …(i)

=∫

=∫ …(ii)

Adding (i) and (ii)

2 =∫ +∫

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=∫

=∫ –

=∫ -∫

= - log2 where ∫

= – log2( ….(iii)

In ….. let 2x=t then 2dx=dt

dx=dt/2

=∫

= ∫ using, ∫ dx = 2 ∫ dx if f(2a-x)=f(x)

(iii)

=- ln2 Ans.

Example:

∫ dx

Let x =tan t

dx = sec2t dt

Also x=0 tan t=0

t=0

And x=1 tan t=1

t=

I=∫

I=∫ ….(i)

I=∫ ( )

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I=∫

I=∫

I=∫ ∫ ….(ii)

Adding (i) and (ii)

2I = ∫

2I = ln2. [ ]

I = ln 2 ans.

Example based on

∫ dx ∫ dx ∫ dx

=∫ ∫

=∫ ∫

=∫

=[ ]

=1 ans.

Example:

f(x)= , -

Find I= ∫

I=∫ ∫

=∫ ∫

=* + +[ ]

=(20-9) +(48-12)

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= 47 ans

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