Seminar 2:
Operators in Python
Learning Objectives
In this lecture, you will learn
● Mathematical operators
● Comparison operators
● Logical operators
● Debugging
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Maths Operators
1. Addition +
2. Subtraction -
3. Multiplication *
4. To the power of **
5. Float division /
6. Integer division // Which
operator to
7. Modulus/Remainder % run first????
Augmented assignment
shortcuts
1. Increment +=
2. Decrement -=
3. Multiplying *=
4. Dividing /=
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Module
Module
● A python program file.
● Eg. [Link] is a module.
Import a module
● Re-use proven program by including the module in another
program.
● General Syntax:
OR
import module_name from math import * # import everything
module_name.some_constant some_constant
module_name.some_function() some_function()
Importing math module
● Contains some useful maths functions and constants.
● Can be combined with other data for maths operations.
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Decision making
● Sequential program: ● Indentation and Branching:
Decision making
● Sequential program: ● Indentation and Branching:
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Decision -> if
• Decision involves comparison.
• Compare numbers, compare texts.
• Compare using comparison operators to
results in Boolean values (True / False).
• Decision can be reached by using if, for, and
while loop.
• Loop will be executed when the comparison
results in True.
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if condition
• Test the comparison condition then execute body if it is True.
• Structure:
if condition:
body
elif condition:
body
else:
body
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If condition
Error Checking
Criteria Checking
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Comparison Operators
● Compare the expression on both sides
● To give two possible Boolean outcomes: True False
● Provide control through comparison, used with if.
● Operators: < , > , <= , >= , == , !=
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Assignment versus equality
● Assignment operator assigns right value to the left
○ =
● Equality operator compares and results in Boolean value
○ ==
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Logical Operators
● Combine multiple expressions
● To give two possible Boolean outcomes: True False
● Operators:
○ and (True only when both operands are true).
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Logical Operators
● Operators:
○ or (True if any of the operands True)
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Logical Operators
● Operators:
○ not
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Special Operators
● Operators:
○ is
○ is not
○ in
○ not in
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Orders of operators
PEMDAS Rule
Highest Operator Description
precedence ** Raise to the power of
~+‐ Complement, unary plus and negate
* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division
+‐ Addition and subtraction
>> << Right and left bitwise shift
<= < > >= Comparison operators
<> == != Equality operators
= %= /= //= ‐= += *= **= Assignment operators
is, is not Identity operators
in, not in Membership operators
not, or, and Logical operators
Lowest
precedence
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Debugging
● When errors occur, check for the type of error and correct it
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Debugging
● When errors occur, check for the position of error and correct it
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Errors in Python
Syntax Error
Runtime Error
Logical Error
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Debugging
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Errors
ValueError: A type of exception or error raised when the wrong type of arguments are passed.
To fix this: Check the line with error, confirm the type of input required for each function call.
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Types of Exceptions
● AttributeError
● ImportError
● IndexError
● KeyError
● IndentationError
● TypeError
● ValueError
● ZeroDivisionError
● IOError
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Exception due to User Input
Exception is thrown when user’s input is invalid.
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Fixing Exception Raised
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Exceptions and Errors
● Exceptions and errors are part and parcel of coding.
● Exceptions and errors due to syntax errors should be fixed during
code development.
● Errors due to user entry or other manageable factors should be
mitigated through the use of try and except.
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You have learnt...
1. To use mathematical operators to manipulate numbers in python.
2. The shortcut operators, augmented operators.
3. Different types of comparison operators to construct if condition
4. Compound or Boolean operators to combine multiple expressions
5. Debugging techniques
6. Errors and Exception
7. The way to manage exception
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