Module 14: EAPP

Citation and Documentation in Academic Writing

Styles of Citations and Documentations

Documentation

- provides a list of relevant materials gleaned from other sources in writing a research paper or other writings done
in academic or professional contexts.
Reasons for Citation:
1. Defense against plagiarism
2. To acknowledge indebtedness
3. To establish validity of evidence
4. To provide cross –references
5. To establish an “intellectual network”
6. To establish authority of work
Styles of Documentation
Most researchers use the following styles:
A. Note Citation
- is the older style of citing authorities.

There are two kinds of notes in documenting sources materials: the endnotes and footnotes.
a) Endnotes - refers to notes indicated at the end of the sentence in parenthetical documentation format.
b) Footnotes - document source materials of a page. This is now seldom used.
Special forms of footnote references:
These are the Author –Latin – abbreviation format.
1. Ibid. – stands for ibidem, which means “in the same place”. This is used to refer to the same reference material
used by the same author to avoid repetition. Underline ibid to show italics.
2. Op. cit. – Latin, opere citato, meaning, “the work cited”. It is used when the same reference material to the same
author is cited not consecutively to different page to refrain from repetition. The author’s surname must be
repeated to identify the work cited, followed by the abbreviation [Link]. The pages are abbreviated, followed by a
period.
3. Loc. cit - Latin, loco citato, meaning “the page cited”. It is used when the same reference material of the same
author is cited not consecutively in the same page. The only difference between the two is that [Link]. is cited to
different page while loc. cit. is cited in the same page.
4. Infra. – refers to the place “after place cited” and is applied when the same source material has been discussed or
stated after the page.
5. Supra – means “before place cited.” This is used when the source has been cited and discussed before the place.

B. Parenthetical Citation
- most commonly used today because of the method of documenting the resources are organized.
- It is commonly used in the sciences, Language and literature.

Forms of Parenthetical Citation

1. Author and Work – the format used in the Modern language Association ( MLA) style for Language and
literature researches.
2. Author and Date – the style used in the American Psychological Association (APA), common in science
and business researches.
 Two Citation Systems used in Academic Writing
1. Modern Language Association (MLA) - the author and work format. use in Humanities, Languages and literature
2. American Psychological Association (APA) –the author and date format , use in Social Sciences

 Bibliography – refers to the list of source materials used by the writer or researcher in which the surname of
authors are arranged in alphabetical order.
 Citation – is an indication (signal) in the text that this (material) is not ours; we have “borrowed” it (as a direct
quote, paraphrase or summary) from someone or somewhere else.
 Documentation – is the stylized process of indicating sources in the text (citation) and giving full details
(references) to enable another reader to locate the sources.
 Endnotes – refers to notes indicated at the end of a sentence in parenthetical documentation.
 Footnotes – refers to a kind of note in documenting sources placed at the foot or bottom of a page with a
superscript.
 Ibid. – refers to “in the same place”. It is applied to consecutive footnote with similar reference material to the
same author in order to avoid repetition.
 Infra . – refers to “ after place cited”. It is applied when the same source material has been discussed or stated
after the page.
 Literature cited - refers to the list of source materials cited in the text of a research paper, thesis or dissertation
which is applicable for publication purposes and the surnames of authors are alphabetically arranged.
 Loc. cit . - refers to the “place cited” It is used when the footnote of the same reference materials to the same
author is cited not consecutively in the same page to avoid repetition.
 Op. cit. – refers to “in the work cited”. It is employed when the footnote of the same reference material to the
same author is cited not consecutively to different page number to refrain from repetition.
 Reference – gives full details of the source cited in the work; the parts or elements of the reference should be
noted in a consistent order.
 Research – maybe defined as a scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of facts that links man’s speculation with reality.
 Style guide – is a published manual that gives guidance on citation and references to help ensure that
documentation is expressed consistently, including all the elements needed for sources to be identified.
Commonly used style are APA and MLA.
 Supra. – This means “ before place cited. It is a footnote employed when the source material has been cited and
discussed before the page.
Module 15: EAPP
Developing Skills in Writing a Research Paper and Critique Paper

Research paper
- is similar to a term paper and that it presents a broader topic and requires more sources.
- usually consists of no less than 5 pages to a maximum of 15 pages.
- writer presents his/ her views about a chosen topic.
- this writing requires library research and readings to collect information to justify the writer’s views.
- Generally follow IMRaD format: Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion

Steps in Writing Research Paper

1. Choose a topic
2. Narrow the topic
3. Research the topic. Gather information from different sources.
4. Develop the final outline

 Critique – a systematic, yet personal response and evaluation of what you read or watch. It is a careful analysis of
a piece of writing, work of art or product in which you give your opinion about the negative or positive, the
strength or the weakness points.
 Introduction – located at the first part of the paper. It orients the reader to the content of the paper by including
the problem, background and scope of the investigation.
 Method – a systematic procedure or plan that deals with principles and techniques of scientific inquiry.
 Research paper- a substantial piece of academic writing, usually done as a requirement for a class, in which the
author does independent study or investigation and presents interpretation or evaluation or argument based on
facts derived from data and results.
 Summary – a condensed form of an article.