UTTARA UNIVERSITY

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)

Course Code: EEE-2210

Course Title: Electronics Lab

Course Code: EEE 2210

Credit Hours: 1. 5
Contact Hours: 3 Hours/Week

Pre-Requisite: Electrical Circuits, Basic Electronics

List of Experiments: 13

List Of Experiments:
Week No. Experiment Name

Week# 01 Study of I-V Characteristics of P-N Junction

Week# 02 Study of Clipper and Clamper Circuits

Week# 03 Study of Half Wave Rectifier

Week# 04 Study of Full Wave Rectifier

Week# 05 Study of Zener Diode

Week# 06 Study of BJT Biasing

Week# Midterm Examination (30%)

Week# 07 Study of the DC Characteristics of a BJT

Week# 08 Study of MOSFET biasing and output characteristics

Week# 09 Study of Operational Amplifier as an Inverting Amplifier.
Week# 10 Study of Operational Amplifier as a Non-Inverting Amplifier.
Week# 11 Study of Adder using Operational Amplifier
Week# 12 Study of Operational Amplifier as Integrator
Week# 13 Study of Operational Amplifier as Differentiator
Week# Final Examination (40%)
 UTTARA UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: EEE-2210; Course Title: Electronics Lab

Experiment No.:01

Experiment Name: Study of Diode I-V Characteristics

Objective: To Study the I-V Characteristics of Silicon P-N Junction Diodes.

Equipment’s:
 P-N Junction Diode(1N4007) one piece
 Resistor(1K) one piece
 DC Power Supply one piece
 Chords and Wires lot
 Multimeter one piece

Theory:
Diode: A p-n junction diode is a two terminal device that acts as a one-way conductor. That
means it permits the passage of electrical current in only one way and prevents if the current is
passed from the other terminal.

Forward Biased: When a diode gets a positive voltage (that is greater than the threshold voltage,
Vt) across it then it is said to be in Forward Bias.
Reversed Biased: When a diode gets negative voltage across it then it is in reversed bias
connection. In this connection the diode does not permit any flow of current and it acts like a
switch that is OFF.
In brief, if the voltage across the diode is VD, then,
If VD <0, the diode is in OFF state
If 0<VD<Vt, the diode is in OFF state
If VD>Vt, the diode is in ON state
For Silicon Diode, Vt is around 0.7V
For Germanium Diode, Vt is around 0.3V
Current-Voltage(I-V) Characteristics:

Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Measure the resistance given by the Multimeter.
2. Construct the circuit diagram 1. Vary input voltage (Vs) and measure V D, VR for values
of VD = 0.5V,1.0V,1.5V and so on.
3. According to the relation, ID= VR/R calculate ID and tabulated them in the table 1 in the
specified column for ID.

Table:
No. Of R(ohm) Vs (Volts) VD (Volts) VR (Volts) ID=IR=Vr/R (mAmp)
Obs.
1 1K 0.5

2 1.0

3 1.5

4 2.5

5 3.5

6 4.5

7 6.5

8 10

Caution:
 Do not connect the diode directly to the power supply without connecting a series resistor
with it.
 Do not connect the diode in reverse bias connection.

Discussion:
 UTTARA UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: EEE-2210; Course Title: Electronics Lab

Experiment No.:02

Experiment Name: Study of Clipper and Clamper Circuits.

Objective: To study the application of diodes in different clipping and clamping circuits.
Equipment’s:
 P-N Junction Diode(1N4007) one piece
 Resistor(1K) one piece
 DC Power Supply one piece
 Chords and Wires lot
 Multimeter one piece
 Project Board one piece
 Capacitor(10uF) one piece
 Function Generator one piece
 Oscilloscope one unit

Theory
Limiter/Clipper: A Limiter or Clipper is an electronic circuit that removes or "clips" a
portion of the input signal voltage without distorting the remaining part of the waveform. It is
used to limit the voltage level of a signal to a specific value either from the top (positive
clipping), bottom (negative clipping). Types of Clippers:
a. Positive Clipper
b. Negative Clipper
c. Biased Clipper (Two Types)
i. Positive Biased Clipper
ii. Negative Biased Clipper
d. Combinational Clipper
Clamper: A Clamper is an electronic circuit that shifts the entire voltage level of a waveform up
or down without changing the shape of the waveform. In simple forms, it Clamps the signal to a
different DC level for example, shifting a sine wave so that it lies entirely above or below the
zero line. Types of Clampers:

1. Positive Clamper: Shifts the signal upward so the entire waveform lies above zero
volts.
2. Negative Clamper: Shifts the signal downward so the waveform lies below zero volts.
Circuit Diagram:

Biased

Procedure:

1. Construct circuit of Circuit Diagram 1. Apply 10Vp-p to the AC signal and set the
frequency of 100-1000Hz. Observe the input voltage (Vi) and the output voltage (Vo)
simultaneously on the Oscilloscope in DUAL Mode.
2. Sketch the input and output waveforms.
3. Construct circuit of Circuit Diagram 2. Apply 10Vp-p to the AC signal and set the
frequency of 100-1000Hz. Observe the input voltage (Vi) and the output voltage (Vo)
simultaneously on the Oscilloscope in DUAL Mode.
4. Sketch the input and output waveforms.

Results:

Uses: Clipper circuit uses in FM radio receiver, Digital Telegraphy system, Hybrid radio
receiver, Radar, Oscilloscope, TV and Over-voltage protection. And Clamper circuit uses to
restore DC levels in signal processing, in TV receivers and communication systems, to protect
sensitive components by shifting signal levels.

Discussion:
 UTTARA UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: EEE-2210; Course Title: Electronics Lab

Experiment No.:03

Experiment Name: Study of Half Wave rectifier

Objective: To study the operation of Half-Wave Rectifier with and without filter and to find
its:

a. Percentage Regulation
b. Ripple Factor
c. Efficiency

Equipment’s:
 P-N Junction Diode(1N4007) one piece
 Resistor(1K) one piece
 Chords and Wires lot
 Multimeter one piece
 Project Board one piece
 Capacitor(10uF) one piece
 Function Generator one piece
 Oscilloscope one unit

Theory

Rectifier:

A Rectifier is an electronic circuit that converts alternating current (AC) into direct current
(DC). It allows current to flow in only one direction using diodes, making it a key part of power
supply systems in electronic devices.

Half Wave Rectifier:

A Half Wave Rectifier is an electronic circuit that converts only one half of the AC
(Alternating Current) input usually the positive half-cycle into pulsating DC (Direct
Current) using a single diode. It blocks the negative half of the AC waveform and allows only
the positive half to pass through to the output.

Ripple Factor: Ripple Factor is a measure of the amount of AC (alternating current)

ripple present in the DC (direct current) output of a rectifier. It indicates how pure or smooth
the DC output is. The lower the ripple factor, the better the DC output quality.
Circuit Diagram: Without Filter:

INPUT AND OUTPUT

With Filter:

Procedure: Consider the given circuit and implement in the project board. During the positive
half cycle, the diode is forward biased and it conducts and hence a current flow through the load
resistor. During the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and it is equivalent to an open
circuit, hence the current through the load resistance is zero. Thus, the diode conducts only for
one half cycle and results in a half wave rectified output.
UTTARA UNIVERSITY
 Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: EEE-2210; Course Title: Electronics Lab

Experiment No.:04

Experiment Name: Study of Full Wave rectifier

Objective: To study the operation of Full-Wave Rectifier with and without filter and to find
its:

d. Percentage Regulation
e. Ripple Factor
f. Efficiency

Equipment’s:
 P-N Junction Diode(1N4007) one piece
 Resistor(1K) one piece
 Chords and Wires lot
 Multimeter one piece
 Project Board one piece
 Capacitor(10uF) one piece
 Function Generator one piece
 Oscilloscope one unit

Theory

Full Wave Rectifier:

A Full Wave Rectifier is a circuit that converts both the positive and negative half-cycles of
an AC (alternating current) input signal into pulsating DC (direct current) output. It uses two
or more diodes to conduct during both halves of the AC cycle, allowing more efficient
conversion compared to a half wave rectifier. Two types:

a. Center-Tap Full Wave Rectifier

b. Bridge Full Wave Rectifier

Ripple Factor: Ripple Factor is a measure of the amount of AC (alternating current)

ripple present in the DC (direct current) output of a rectifier. It indicates how pure or smooth
the DC output is. The lower the ripple factor, the better the DC output quality.
Circuit Diagram: Bridge Full Wave Rectifier (Without Filter):

Bridge Full Wave Rectifier (With Filter):

Procedure: Implement the circuit diagram in project board. When the input AC voltage is
positive, diodes D1 and D2 are forward-biased and conduct, while D3 and D4 are reverse-
biased and block current flow. The current flows from the AC source, through D1, through the
load resistor (RL), through D2, and back to the AC source .
When the input AC voltage is negative, diodes D3 and D4 are forward-biased and conduct, while
D1 and D2 are reverse-biased and block current flow. The current flows from the AC source,
through D3, through the load resistor (RL), through D4, and back to the AC source.

Calculation:
 UTTARA UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: EEE-2210; Course Title: Electronics Lab

Experiment No.:05

Experiment Name: Study of Zener Diode

Objectives: To study and analyze the I-V characteristics of a Zener Diode in both forward bias
and reverse bias conditions, and to observe the Zener breakdown behavior in reverse bias.

Equipment’s:
 Zener Diode one piece
 Resistor(1K) one piece
 DC Power Supply one piece
 Chords and Wires lot
 Multimeter one piece

Theory

A Zener diode is a highly doped semiconductor device specifically designed to function in the
reverse direction. A Zener diode is a specialized silicon semiconductor diode designed to
conduct current in the reverse direction when a specific reverse voltage, known as the Zener
voltage, is reached. A Zener diode's I-V characteristics describe its behavior under both forward
and reverse bias. In forward bias, it behaves like a typical diode, conducting current easily. In
reverse bias, it initially blocks current until a specific voltage, the Zener voltage (Vz), is reached.
Beyond Vz, it enters the reverse breakdown region, where current increases sharply while the
voltage across the diode remains relatively constant, making it useful for voltage regulation.

Types:

1. Forward Bias Characteristics

2. Reverse Bias Characteristics

Circuit Diagram:
Forward Bias (Diagram1):
Vf 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
If
Rf

Reverse Bias (Diagram2):

Vz 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Iz
Rz

Fixed Vs, Variable RL (Regulator Circuit, reverse bias region) (Diagram3):

V(s) RL VL IL Iz Rz
10 400
800
1k
2k
4k
7k
10k

Discussion:
 UTTARA UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: EEE-2210; Course Title: Electronics Lab

Experiment No.:06

Experiment Name: Study of BJT Biasing

Objective:
1. To examine the different methods of the setting the DC operating point of a transistor.
2. To determine the most effective configuration for providing bias ensuring good stability
with respect to changes in the Beta.
3. To understand how the changes of Beta in a transistor circuit can change the Q point of
the circuit.

Equipment’s:
 Project Board
 npn transistors (2N2222, C828, BD135)
 Resistors (500k, 0.5k, 150) ohm
 Multimeter
 Chords and Wire

Theory

The Question Point or Q Point: The Q-point, also known as the operating point or quiescent
point, is a specific point on a transistor's load line that represents the DC voltage and current at
its terminals when no input signal is applied. It essentially defines the steady-state condition of
the transistor when it's ready to amplify a signal.

Selection of Q point: To select an appropriate Q point, it is necessary to set it in such a point so

that a wide range of input signal can be applied. Generally, the Q point is set at half the value of
Vcc.

Need for Stabilization: Only the fixing of a suitable operating point is not sufficient. It must
also be ensured that it remains where it was fixed. Unfortunately, in transistor circuits the
operating point shifts with the use of the circuit. Such a shift of operating point may drive the
transistor into an undesirable region. Consequently, the amplifier becomes useless.

There are two reasons for which Q point may shift,

1. Firstly, the transistor parameters are temperature dependent, so the operating point may
change with the temperature.
2. Secondly, the current gain Beta vary from unit to unit. For example, the Beta of a C828
transistor may vary with that of another C828 transistor.
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Measure the value of Rb with a multimeter.
2. Construct the circuit diagram with a 2N2222 transistor serially (Fixed Biasing, Fixed
Bias with Emitter Resistance, Collector Feedback Bias, Voltage Divider Bias).
3. Set Vce=7.5 V.
4. Now record the various values in the allotted table.
5. Do not change the potentiometer value. Replace transistor 2N2222 by transistor C828
and BD135.
Table 1: Fixed Bias

Transistor VcE (V) VRc Ic IB Beta=Ic/IB Percentage

Change in
2N2222 VcE
C828

BD135

Table 2: Fixed Biased with Emitter Resistance

Transistor VcE (V) VRc Ic IB Beta=Ic/IB Percentage

Change in
2N2222 VcE
C828

BD135

Table 3: Collector Feedback Bias

Transistor VcE (V) VRc Ic IB Beta=Ic/IB Percentage

Change in
2N2222 VcE
C828
BD135
Table 4: Voltage Divider Bias

Transistor VcE (V) VRc Ic IB Beta=Ic/IB Percentage

Change in
2N2222 VcE
C828
BD135
Discussion:
 UTTARA UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: EEE-2210; Course Title: Electronics Lab

Experiment No.:07

Experiment Name: Study of the DC Characteristics of a BJT

Objective: To observe and analyze the DC characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor

(BJT) in Common Emitter (CE) configuration.

Equipment’s:
 Resistor(10k,0.5K) one piece of each
 Chords and Wires lot
 Multimeter one piece
 Project Board one piece
 NPN transistor(2N2222) one piece

Theory

Bipolar Junction Transistor: A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a three-terminal

semiconductor device that utilizes both electrons and holes as charge carriers to amplify or
switch electrical signals. It's a current-controlled device where a small current at one terminal
(the base) can control a much larger current between the other two terminals (the emitter and
collector). Depending on the design, a BJT is a very versatile device.

BJT biasing refers to the process of setting the DC operating point of a Bipolar Junction
Transistor (BJT) to ensure proper amplification or switching behavior.

Circuit Diagram:
Procedures:
1. Measure the values of Rc and Rb with a multimeter and record them in the observation
sheet.
2. Construct the circuit with a 2N2222 transistor as shown in figure.
3. Set both Vbb and Vcc to 0V.
4. Now record the various values in the allotted table.

Transistor can be connected in a circuit in the following three ways:

1. Common Emitter (CE): The emitter terminal is common to both the input and output
circuits. This configuration provides high voltage and current gain, making it suitable for
amplification.
2. Common Collector (CC): The collector terminal is common. This configuration is also
known as an emitter follower and provides a high input impedance and low output
impedance, making it useful for impedance matching.
3. Common Base (CB): The base terminal is common. This configuration offers high
voltage gain and a relatively low current gain, and is often used in high-frequency
applications.
Data Table: Values of Rc= Values of Rb=

IB VCE(V) VRC(V) Ic(mA) IB VCE(V) VRC(V) Ic(mA)

10uA 0.1 25uA 0.1
0.2 0.2
0.3 0.3
0.5 0.5
1 1
2 2
3 3
5 5
8 8
12 12
14 14
16 16

Discussion:
 UTTARA UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: EEE-2210; Course Title: Electronics Lab;

Experiment No.:08

Experiment Name: Study of MOSFET biasing and Output Characteristics

Objective: To study the biasing methods of a MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-

Effect Transistor) and analyze its output characteristics by plotting the drain current versus drain-
to-source voltage for different gate-to-source voltages. This experiment helps understand the
behavior of the MOSFET in different operating regions (cut-off, triode, and saturation) and how
it functions as an amplifier or switch.
Equipment’s:
1. Resistors
2. DC Power Supply
3. MOSFET
4. Wire
5. Multimeter
Theory
MOSFET: A MOSFET, or Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor, is a voltage-
controlled semiconductor device used for switching or amplifying electronic signals. MOSFETs
are widely used in digital and analog circuits due to their high switching speed, low power
consumption, and ease of integration into complex circuits.
Types of MOSFETs: MOSFETs are primarily categorized into two main types based on their
mode of operation:
1. Enhancement-mode MOSFETs:
These are normally off, meaning that there is no channel between the source and drain when no
voltage is applied to the gate. A voltage must be applied to the gate to create a conducting
channel and allow current to flow. They are further divided into:
N-channel enhancement-mode MOSFETs: These require a positive voltage on the gate to
create an N-channel and allow current flow.
P-channel enhancement-mode MOSFETs: These require a negative voltage on the gate to
create a P-channel and allow current flow.
2. Depletion-mode MOSFETs:
These are normally on, meaning that a conducting channel exists between the source and drain
even when no voltage is applied to the gate. Applying a voltage of the opposite polarity to the
gate will deplete the channel and reduce or stop the current flow. They are also divided into:
 N-channel depletion-mode MOSFETs: These require a negative voltage on the gate to
deplete the N-channel and stop current flow.
P-channel depletion-mode MOSFETs: These require a positive voltage on the gate to
deplete the P-channel and stop current flow.

Structure: It is a four-terminal device with Source (S), Drain (D), Gate (G), and body (B)
terminals. The body (B) is frequently connected to the source terminal, reducing the terminals to
three.

Operating Regions:

Cutoff: No current flows between drain and source (ID = 0) because the gate voltage is below
the threshold voltage (Vth).

Triode (Ohmic): The drain current increases linearly with drain-to-source voltage (VDS), and
the MOSFET acts like a voltage-controlled resistor.

Saturation: The drain current saturates (becomes relatively constant) as VDS increases, and the
MOSFET acts as a voltage-controlled current source.

Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:

Expected Results:

1. The output characteristics will show the MOSFET's behavior in different operating
regions.
2. In the cutoff region, the drain current will be close to zero.
3. In the triode region, the drain current will increase linearly with VDS.
4. In the saturation region, the drain current will be relatively constant as VDS increases.
5. The saturation current will increase as VGS becomes more positive (for an enhancement
mode MOSFET).
 UTTARA UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: EEE-2210; Course Title: Electronics Lab

Experiment No.:09

Experiment Name: Study of Operational Amplifier as an Inverting Amplifier

Objective:
1. To get familiarized with Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
2. To study the Inverting Amplifier

Equipment’s:
 Project Board
 Function Generator
 Oscilloscope
 Operational Amplifier (Op Amp 741)
 Multimeter
 Chords and wire
 Resistors

Theory
An Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is a high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with differential
inputs (inverting and non-inverting) and a single-ended output. It is widely used in analog
electronics for various operations like amplification, addition, subtraction, integration,
differentiation, and more.
Key Characteristics:

1. Very high voltage gain

2. High input impedance (ideally ∞)
3. Low output impedance (ideally 0)
4. Can operate in open-loop or closed-loop mode

Operational Amplifier’s can operate in two modes:

 Open Loop Connection: No feedback is connected between output and input, Op-Amp
operates with very high gain (typically >100,000), Used mainly as a comparator.
 Closed Loop Connection: A feedback resistor is connected from output to the inverting
input, Gain becomes controlled and stable.
Closed loop connection two common types: i) Inverting and ii) Non- Inverting.

i. Inverting Amplifier: An Inverting Amplifier is an operational amplifier (Op-Amp)

configuration where the input signal is applied to the inverting terminal (–), and the
non-inverting terminal (+) is grounded. The output signal is inverted (180° out of
phase) and amplified.

Av=−Rf / Ri; Vo= Vin*Av

Where:

 Av = Closed-loop gain
 Rf = Feedback resistor
 Ri = Input resistor

The negative sign indicates phase inversion.

Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Measure the resistance Ri and Rf by multimeter and record it.
2. Construct the circuit diagram. Apply +12V and -12V biasing voltages.
3. Set the input voltage Vin at 3V peak and frequency at 2KHz.
4. Measure the output peak voltage.
5. Now, draw the input and output wave shapes.

Calculation:

Discussion:
 UTTARA UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: EEE-2210; Course Title: Electronics Lab

Experiment No.:10

Experiment Name: Study of Operational Amplifier as Non-Inverting Amplifier

Objective:
3. To get familiarized with Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
4. To study the Non-Inverting Amplifier

Equipment’s:
 Project Board
 Function Generator
 Oscilloscope
 Operational Amplifier (Op Amp 741)
 Multimeter
 Chords and wire
 Resistors

Theory
An Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is a high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with differential
inputs (inverting and non-inverting) and a single-ended output. It is widely used in analog
electronics for various operations like amplification, addition, subtraction, integration,
differentiation, and more.
ii. Non-Inverting Amplifier: A Non-Inverting Amplifier is an Op-Amp configuration
where the input signal is applied to the non-inverting terminal (+), and the inverting
terminal (–) is connected to the output through a feedback resistor. The output signal
is in phase with the input and amplified.
ACL=1+Rf / Ri

Where:

 ACL = Closed-loop gain

 Rf = Feedback resistor
 Ri = Resistor between inverting input and ground

Vo= ACL*Vin
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Measure the resistance Ri and Rf by multimeter and record it.
2. Construct the circuit diagram. Apply +12V and -12V biasing voltages.
3. Set the input voltage Vin at 3V peak and frequency at 2KHz.
4. Measure the output peak voltage.
5. Now, draw the input and output wave shapes.

Calculation:

Discussion:
 UTTARA UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: EEE-2210; Course Title: Electronics Lab

Experiment No.:11

Experiment Name: Study of Adder Circuit by using Operational Amplifier

Objective: To design an adder for the given signals by using operational amplifier.
Equipment’s:
 Project Board
 Function Generator
 Oscilloscope
 Operational Amplifier (Op Amp 741)
 Multimeter
 Chords and wire
 Resistors

Theory
An Adder Circuit using an Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is a configuration that performs
mathematical addition of two or more input voltages. It is also called a Summing Amplifier. This
circuit is commonly implemented using an inverting Op-Amp configuration, where multiple
input signals are connected through individual resistors to the inverting terminal (–) of the Op-
Amp.
Av=−Rf / Ri; Vo= Vin*Av

Vo=−Rf (V1 /R1+V2 /R2+⋯⋯+Vn /Rn)

 To add multiple voltage signals
– Combines several input voltages into one output.

 Used in audio mixing consoles

– Mixes different sound signals (like mic and music) into one output.

 In digital-to-analog converters (DAC)

– Converts digital binary values into analog signals.
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Apply +12V and -12V biasing voltages to the pin 7 and pin 4.
2. Apply the inputs V1 and V2 as shown in circuit diagram.
3. Apply two signals (DC 1 Volts) to the inputs.
4. Output at 6 pin of the IC 741 adder circuit.
5. The output is equal to the sum of two inputs.

Data Table:
V1 V2 Vo={(-Rf/Ri) V1} + {(-Rf/Ri) V2}

Discussion:
 UTTARA UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: EEE-2210; Course Title: Electronics Lab

Experiment No.:12

Experiment Name: Study of Operational Amplifier as Integrator

Objective: To study and understand the working principle of an Operational Amplifier (Op-
Amp) as an Integrator Circuit.

Equipment’s:
 Project Board
 Function Generator
 Oscilloscope
 Operational Amplifier (Op Amp 741)
 Multimeter
 Chords and wire
 Resistors
 Capacitor (10uF)
 DC Power Supply

Theory
An Integrator is an electronic circuit that performs the mathematical integration of an input
signal with respect to time, producing an output voltage that is proportional to the area under the
input waveform. When an Op-Amp is used with a capacitor in the feedback path and a resistor at
the input, it acts as an integrator circuit.

In an integrator circuit, the output voltage is integral of the input signal. The output voltage of an
integrator is given by,

Vo(t)=−1 /R1Cf ∫t0 Vi(t)dt

Where:

 R = input resistor
 C = feedback capacitor
 Vi = input voltage
 Vo = output voltage
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Apply +12V and -12V biasing voltages to the pin 7 and pin 4.
2. Apply a square wave of 4V(p-p) at 500Hz.
3. Observe the output at pin 6.
4. Measure the time period from the oscillator.
5. Draw the input and output waveforms

Calculation:

Discussion:
 UTTARA UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: EEE-2210; Course Title: Electronics Lab

Experiment No.:13

Experiment Name: Study of Operational Amplifier as Differentiator.

Objective: To study and understand the working principle of an Operational Amplifier (Op-
Amp) as an Differentiator Circuit.

Equipment’s:
 Project Board
 Function Generator
 Oscilloscope
 Operational Amplifier (Op Amp 741)
 Multimeter
 Chords and wire
 Resistors
 Capacitor (10uF)
 DC Power Supply

Theory
A Differentiator is an electronic circuit that performs the mathematical differentiation of an input
signal with respect to time. It produces an output voltage that is directly proportional to the rate
of change (slope) of the input signal. An op-amp differentiator generates a high output voltage
when the input changes rapidly. For example, if a square wave is given as input, the output will
be spikes or sharp pulses at the edges of the square wave.

Vo=−Rf C dVi / dt

Where:

 Rf = feedback resistor
 C = input capacitor
 Vi = input voltage
 Vo = output voltage

Differentiator circuits are primarily used for wave shaping and detecting changes in input
signals. They act as high-pass filters, producing sharp voltage spikes from the edges of square
waves and can convert triangle waves into square waves. These circuits are also found in analog
computers, PID controllers, and frequency modulators.
Circuit Diagram:

Calculation:

Discussion: