Class 10 Science – Running Notes
PHYSICS
Light – Reflection and Refraction
Reflection of light follows two laws: angle of incidence equals angle of reflection, and incident ray,
reflected ray and normal lie in the same plane. Refraction is the bending of light when it passes
from one medium to another due to change in speed. Refractive index is the ratio of speed of light
in vacuum to that in medium. Power of lens is measured in dioptre.
Human Eye and the Colourful World
Human eye forms image on retina. Defects include myopia, hypermetropia and presbyopia.
Dispersion is splitting of white light into seven colours. Scattering causes blue colour of sky and red
colour of sunset.
Electricity
Electric current is flow of charge per unit time. Ohm’s law states V = IR. Electric power is rate of
consumption of electrical energy. Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hour.
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Current carrying conductor produces magnetic field. Fleming’s left hand rule is used in motors.
Electromagnetic induction is production of current due to changing magnetic field.
CHEMISTRY
Chemical Reactions and Equations
Chemical reactions involve breaking and making of bonds. Types include combination,
decomposition, displacement and redox reactions. Corrosion is deterioration of metals and rancidity
is oxidation of fats and oils.
Acids, Bases and Salts
Acids produce H■ ions, bases produce OH■ ions. pH scale measures strength of acids and bases.
Common salts include washing soda and baking soda.
Metals and Non-metals
Metals are malleable, ductile and conduct electricity. Non-metals are brittle and poor conductors.
Corrosion prevention methods include galvanization and painting.
Carbon and its Compounds
Carbon forms covalent bonds. Homologous series have same functional group. Ethanol and
ethanoic acid are important carbon compounds. Soaps and detergents are cleansing agents.
BIOLOGY
Life Processes
Life processes include nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion. Plants perform
photosynthesis while animals show holozoic nutrition. Respiration can be aerobic or anaerobic.
Control and Coordination
Nervous system and endocrine system control body activities. Hormones are chemical messengers
secreted by glands.
How do Organisms Reproduce
Reproduction can be sexual or asexual. Sexual reproduction increases variation. Human
reproductive system produces gametes.
Heredity and Evolution
Traits are transferred from parents to offspring. Mendel proposed laws of inheritance. Evolution
occurs due to accumulation of variations.
Environment and Resources
Ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic components. Food chains transfer energy. Resources
must be used sustainably to protect environment.