● The Forest (Conservation) Rules, 2022:- The Central Government can give its final approval and thereafter

er leave it to the
state government to pass an order for de-reservation or diversion or [Link], the collector is not required to
obtain the consent of Gram Sabhas before the In-principle approval. But In Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 the Gram Sabha
is a highly empowered body that allows the tribal population to have a decisive say in determining local policies and schemes
that affect [Link] Forest Conservation Rules, 2003 The District Collector shall complete the process of recognition and
vesting of forest rights in accordance with the provisions of the FRA (obtain the consent of each Gram Sabha).in The Forest
(Conservation) Act (FCA), 1980 The clearance process includes obtaining permission from local forest rights holders as
well as wildlife authorities. The Centre has the authority to deny such requests.
○ Exemption -
■ Land within 100 km of borders for national security
■ Forest land along a rail line or a public road maintained by the government
■ Land up to 10 hectares, proposed to be used for constructing security-related infrastructure, etc
○ Permitted Activities- Expanded to include check posts, fencing, bridges, zoos and safaris under the Wild Life
(Protection) Act, 1972; eco-tourism facilities; and silvicultural operations (enhancing forest growth), etc.
● Silent Valley National Park:- The park is located in the Nilgiri hills. It is situated in the core of the Nilgiri Biosphere
[Link] Valley is home to the largest population of Lion-tailed macaques, an endangered primate [Link] Kunthi
descends from the Nilgiri hills and traverses the entire length of the [Link] Valley has several species endemic to high-
elevation areas like Nilgiri laughingthrush, Nilgiri flowerpecker, Brown-cheeked fulvetta, Black-and-orange flycatcher, Grey-
headed canary-flycatcher, greenish warbler, Common chiffchaff, Tytler’s leaf warbler, Shaheen falcon, Nilgiri wood pigeon,
and Malabar whistling [Link] wood owl, Banded Bay cuckoo, Malabar woodshrike, White-throated kingfisher, Indian
nightjar, Jungle nightjar, and Large cuckooshrike were among the 17 species newly identified in the Silent Valley.
● Black Carbon (BC) is a short-lived pollutant that is the second-largest contributor to warming the planet behind carbon
dioxide (CO2).Unlike other greenhouse gas emissions, BC is quickly washed out and can be eliminated from the atmosphere
if emissions [Link] carbon is a kind of an [Link] aerosols (such as brown carbon, sulphates), Black Carbon has
been recognized as the second most important anthropogenic agent for climate change and the primary marker to
understand the adverse effects caused by air [Link] carbon absorbs solar energy, it warms the atmosphere.
● Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR):- It was the first biosphere reserve in India established in the year [Link] is located in the
Western Ghatsand encompasses parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and [Link] is a Biodiversity HotspotFauna and Flora:
Nilgiri tahr, Nilgiri langur, and Freshwater fishes such as Nilgiri danio, Nilgiri barb and Bowany barb are endemic to this
Biosphere [Link] river that originates from Nilgiri: Bhavani, Moyar, Kabini (tributaries of the river Cauvery) and other
rivers like Chaliyar, Punampuzha, etc., have their source and catchment areas within the reserve boundary. Tribal: Todas,
Kotas, Irullas, Kurumbas, Paniyas, Adiyans, Edanadan Chettis, Cholanaickens, Allar, Malayan, etc., are native to the
 [Link] Areas in NBR: Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, andipur National Park,
Nagarhole National Park, Mukurthi National Park and Silent Valley are the protected areas present within this reserve.
● Bandipur Tiger Reserve:
●
● Elephant. :- They are highly intelligent with strong family [Link] have the longest gestation period of all mammals (18 to
22 months).The elephant makes a low, rumbling sound that can be heard up to 5 miles [Link] male Asian elephants are
less social than [Link] per Elephant Census (2017), Karnataka has the highest number of elephants , followed by Assam
and Kerala. Recently 33 elephant reserves have been notified (Terai ER in Utter Pradesh became 33rd India’s ER); 101
elephant corridors identified. Project elephant was started in 1992 as a central sponsored scheme. Elephant survey is
conducted after five years.33rd Elephant Reserve : Agasthyamalai [Link] reserves and corridors have no legal
sanctity under the Wildlife Protection Act (WLPA), 1972. In African elephants : both male and female have tusks , while in
Asian elephant : only male have tusk.
●
● Olive Ridley Turtles:They are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the [Link] are found in warm
waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian [Link] India, they are conserved in Bhitarkanika National Park, Odisha,
Gahirmata Marine Sanctuary, Odisha and the Godavari region of Andhra [Link] under Wildlife Protection Act,
1972: Scheduled 1 ,IUCN Red List: Vulnerable and CITES Appendix I
● Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary :- situated at the tri-junction of Sikkim, Bengal, and [Link] is the largest wildlife
sanctuary in [Link] Tsongmo ,(Rangpo and Jaldhaka originate from lakes).species, including red pandas, snow
leopards, Himalayan musk deer, goral, and black bears.
● Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) :- it is substances in the environment (natural– air, soil, or water) or manufactured
(man-made) products that interfere with the normal function of the body’s endocrine [Link] most common EDCs are-
○ Bisphenol A (BPA) – used to make certain plastics and epoxy resins
○ Dioxins – a byproduct in herbicide production and paper bleaching
○ Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) – used in a non-stick pan, paper and textile coatings
○ Phthalates – used to make plastics more flexible
○ Phytoestrogens – found in plants that have hormone-like activity, such as tofu or soy milk
○ Triclosan – found in some anti-microbial and personal care products
○ Endosulfan – an organochlorine insecticide that caused health hazards in the state of Kerala.
● Nature risk profile :- The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and S&P Global launched ‘Nature Risk Profile’, a new
methodology for analyzing companies’ impacts and dependencies on natureIt was released at Davos World Economic Forum
Summit. It Its methodology is based on Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF).
● Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework” (GBF) :- 15th Conference of Parties (COP15) to the UN Convention
on Biological Diversity “Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework” (GBF) was [Link] includes 4 goals and 23
targets for achievement by [Link] Targets of the GBF?
○ 30x30 Deal:Restore 30% degraded ecosystems globally (on land and sea) by 2030 . And Conserve and manage 30%
areas (terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine) by 2030
○ Stop the extinction of known species, and by 2050 reduce tenfold the extinction risk and rate of all species
(including unknown)
○ Reduce risk from pesticides by at least 50% by 2030
○ Reduce pollution risks and negative impacts of pollution from all sources by 2030 to levels that are not harmful to
biodiversity and ecosystem functions
○ Reduce global footprint of consumption by 2030, including through significantly reducing overconsumption and
waste generation and halving food waste.
○ Sustainably manage areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry and substantially increase
agroecology and other biodiversity-friendly practices
○ Reduce the rate of introduction and establishment of invasive alien species by at least 50% by 2030

○
●
● Asatic lion Its previous habitats consisted of West Asia and the Middle East before it became extinct in these regions. It
comes under IUCN Red List: Endangered ,CITES: Appendix I ,Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule [Link] lions are
slightly smaller than African lions. The most striking morphological character, which is always seen in Asiatic lions, and
rarely in African lions, is a longitudinal fold of Skin running along its [Link] sanctuary, about 100 kilometers away from
Gir National Park, has been identified as a potential site to accommodate the Asiatic [Link] are local pastoral
communities settled within Gir Protected Areas And the Barda WLS.
● Eurasian Otter: It is a semi-aquatic carnivorous [Link] range covers parts of three continents: Europe, Asia, and
[Link] India, it occurs in northern, northeast, and southern [Link] found in J & k ( live in chill region) .it comes
IUCN: Near threatened ,Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule II , CITES: Appendix I.
● Noble’s Helen :- An “extremely rare” swallowtail butterfly Noble’s Helen disappearing from its previously known ranges from
Myanmar and southern China to Vietnam has been recorded for the first time in India’s Namdapha National Park of Arunachal
[Link] butterfly of Arunachal Pradesh: Kaiser-I-Hind.
● Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary :- It is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve along with Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Bandipur
National Park, Nagarhole National Park, Mukurthi National Park, and Silent [Link] has the world’s largest recorded
population of the Asiatic elephant. Kabini and its three tributaries (Kabini is the tributary of the Kaveri rivers)
● invasive plant/ animal species :- Senna spectabilis,Lantana camara ,wattle ,Eucalyptus ,Parthenium,Pine ,process julifera
are major invasive plant .and Indian Bullfrog – Andaman and Nicobar, Cannibal Snail / Rosy wolf snail – Indian Ocean and
Amazon sailfin catfish – West Bengal is major invasive animal [Link], a widely grown invasive seaweed.
● Red-headed vulture :- was extensively found in India but its numbers drastically reduced after diclofenac poisoning. IUCN:
Critically [Link] to the rapid decline of vulture populations in Southeast Asia
● Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR):- The sanctuary comprises tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous forests and
[Link] Mammals: Tiger, Elephant, Lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri Tahr etc. Birds: Darters, Cormorants,
Kingfishers, the great Malabar Hornbill and racket-tailed Drongos. Reptiles: Monitor Lizards, Python, King Cobra [Link]
are six tribal communities nestled inside the reserve such as Mannans, Paliyans, Malayarayans, Mala Pandarams, Uralis and
Ulladans.
● Soliga ecarinata’:- The wasp( a flying insect ) has been named ‘Soliga ecarinata’ after the indigenous community that
resides in Biligiri Rangana Hills and Male Mahadeshwara Hills in Karnataka.
● Biodiversity Heritage Sites :-
● West Bengal recently notified four more biodiversity heritage sites (BHS) example - Char Balidanga and the state
Horticulture Research and Development Station campus ,Namthing Pokhar ,Amkhoi Fossil Park
●
● Hajong Tortoise Lake ,Borjuli Wild Rice Site ( Assam ) ,Silachari Caves ,Baramura waterfall(Tripura) ,Nallur Tamarind Grove (
Karnataka) ,Ameenpur Lake( Tripura ),Amkhoi Wood Fossil Park ,Arittapatti Biodiversity Heritage
Site( Tamilnadu ),Asramam, Kollam(Kerala),DialongVillage(Manipur),Ghariyal Rehabilitation Centre,( Lucknow)
● Red Sanders:- is a species found in the southern tropical dry deciduous forest of Andhra Pradesh (AP).Palakonda and
Seshachalam hill ranges of Andhra Pradesh are popular for red [Link] is known for its therapeutic properties and is in
high demand for its cosmetic and medicinal [Link] – ‘Endangered’ CITES – Appendix II Wildlife (Protection) Act,
1972 – Schedule IV
● Marine protected areas(MPAs) in India :- are defined as geographical regions that are set aside for conservation and
sustainable use of marine and coastal biodiversity. These areas are designated for the protection and preservation of their
unique ecosystems and the species that depend on them. India has enacted legislation for coastal and marine conservation
including:Environment (Protection) Act, 1986,Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991 ,National Biodiversity Act, 2002, The
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 provides for the establishment of protected areas by state [Link] a total of 31
MPAs in India.
● Dickinsonia: It is considered to be Earth’s oldest [Link] three fossils of the earliest known living animal — the
550-million-year-old ‘Dickinsonia’ — on the roof of the Bhimbetka Rock Shelter.
● Blackbuck: is native to India and [Link] India found in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, [Link] are
Grassland species and The fastest animal in the world, next to Cheetah. It is also State Animal of Punjab, Haryana, and
Andhra [Link] (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule [Link]: ‘near threatened’ ,Cites: Appendix [Link] (Tibetan
Antelope) Is in Near threatened
●
●
● Nilgai Antelope:- It is the largest antelope of [Link] is found in Nepal, India and [Link] lives in a lightly wooded forest,
wooded grassland, scrub areas. IUCN status : Least concern.
● Pangolin : Pangolins are nocturnal mammals that dig burrows and feed on ants and termites, and play a vital role in
ecosystem management, mostly in aerating and adding moisture to the [Link] habitats including primary and secondary
tropical forests, limestone and bamboo forests, grasslands and agricultural [Link] Indian Pangolin is found across the
Indian subcontinent; Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam also have the presence of Chinese [Link] are eight species of
pangolin:
○ 4 Species in Africa: Black-bellied pangolin, White-bellied pangolin, Giant Ground pangolin and Temminck's Ground
pangolin.
○ 4 Species in Asia: Indian pangolin, Philippine pangolin, Sunda pangolin and the Chinese pangolin.
●
● Hummingbird and Indian sunbirds
●
● Soil Organic Carbon: :- Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the amount of carbon stored in soil organic matter. It is an important
component of soil health and fertility, as it influences soil structure, nutrient cycling, water-holding capacity, and the ability of
soil to support plant [Link] shows the carbon held within the soil that is measurable, expressed as a percentage by weight
(gC/Kg soil).
● SDG Agrifood Accelerator Programme:- FAO and the SEED partnership launched the SDG Agrifood Accelerator
[Link] SDG Agrifood Accelerator Programme acknowledges that all 17 SDGs are interconnected and address
 challenges across a broad range of goals, from no poverty and zero hunger to good health, gender equality, and climate
action.
● Leopard :- The leopard is the smallest of the Big Cats (Of genus Panthera namely the Tiger, Lion, Jaguar, Leopard, and
Snow [Link] is a nocturnal animal (hunts by night). Melanism is a common occurrence in leopards, wherein the entire
skin of the animal is black in [Link] population in Madhya Pradesh> Karnataka> [Link] in sub-Saharan
Africa, in small parts of Western and Central Asia, on the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East [Link] Red List:
Vulnerable. CITES: Appendix-I. Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule-I.
● Great Seahorse :- Sea horses are tiny fish . They are found in shallow coastal waters in indo pacific zone .in India it
found in Gujarat to Odisha, apart from Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They are Slow
[Link] male gives birth to child as the female uses an ovipositor (egg duct) to place her eggs into a brood pouch
located at the base of the male’s tail where the eggs are later fertilized. It is Vulnerable in IUCN and under CITES:
Appendix II. Recently it migrated towards Odisha.
● Godekasht / Muletti / Yashtimadhu :- it is a scrub plant that has has anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-
bacterial, and boosts immunity it is used in Treatment of Asthma,weight loss etc .
● Solar geoengineering :- the earth by radiating absorbed sunlight back into space.
● Types of solar geoengineering
○ Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) :- SAI includes spraying large quantities of tiny particles (e.g. of Sulphur
Dioxides) into the earth’s stratosphere to reflect sunlight The concept of SAI is derived from sulphur clouds released
during volcanic eruptions.
○ Marine cloud brightening :- Marine cloud brightening proposes spraying sea salt into low-lying clouds to increase
their brightness and the ability to reflect sunlight.
● Bor Thekera (Garcinia pedunculata) :- It is an evergreen tree endemic to South Eastern [Link] has therapeutic properties
like anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, nephroprotective, even neuroprotective activity and protect
heart disease.
● Methane
●
● Methane Alert and Response System :- it was Launched at CoP [Link] is a part of International Methane Emission
Observatory (IMEO launch by UNEP).it is Satellite based system that enables government to detect emissions and take
action on it.
● Global Methane Climate and Clean air Forum :- It is an Initiate of Climate and Clean Air Coalition and Global Methane
[Link] works towards adhering to Global Methane Pledge.
● Global Methane Initiative :- GMI provides technical support to deploy methane-to energy projects around the world that
enable Partner Countries to launch methane recovery and use projects. India is a partner country.
● Global Methane Assessment 2030: it is Initiative of UNEP and Climate and Clean Air Coalition. It evaluates a scenario of
what would happen without efforts such as Global Methane Pledge.
● Global Methane Pledge(COP26) :- It is an effort led jointly by the United States and the European Union. It’s aim is to
reduce at least 30% of methane emission by 2030 (From 2020 level). India is not part of Global methane Pledge.
● India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2021
● It is the 17th biennial assessment of India’s forests by the Forest Survey of India, under MoEFCC.
● Key findings
● Forest cover( 21.71%) :- It includes all tree which have a canopy density of more than 10% and an area of 1 ha or more in
size . National Forest Policy of India, 1988 envisages a goal of achieving 33% of the geographical area of the country
under forest and tree cover.
○ Largest forest cover in India(Area wise ): Madhya Pradesh > Arunachal Pradesh > Chhattisgarh > Odisha >
Maharashtra.
○ Largest forest cover in India( percentage wise ):Mizoram > Arunachal Pradesh > Meghalaya > Manipur >
Nagaland
○ States showing a significant gain in forest cover: Andhra Pradesh > Telangana > Odisha > Karnataka >
Jharkhand.
○ States showing loss in forest cover: Arunachal Pradesh > Manipur > Nagaland > Mizoram > Meghalaya. This
means there is a decrease in forest cover in north east .
○ Very Dense Forest: All lands with tree canopy density of 70% and above. The relative composition of forest cover
under this category is 3.04%
○ Open Forest: All lands with tree canopy density of 10% and more but less than 40 %. The forest cover of 9.34% falls
under this category.
○ Scrub Forest: Lands with canopy density less than 10%. The geographical area under this category is 1.42%.
● Tree cover(2.91%) :- All of trees occurring outside RFA which are of size less than 1 ha including the scattered trees. tree
cover can be considered as a subset of TOF.
○ Maximum Tree Cover: Maharashtra > Rajasthan >Madhya Pradesh > Karnataka > Uttar Pradesh.
○ Maximum Tree Cover as percentage of geographical area: Chandigarh > Delhi > Kerala > Goa
● Recorded Forest Area (RFA):it refers to all the geographic areas recorded as forest in government [Link] comprise
Reserved Forests (RF) and Protected Forests (PF), which have been constituted under the provisions of the Indian Forest
Act, 1927.
● TOF (Trees Outside Forest): it refers to all trees growing outside RFA irrespective of patch size which could also be larger
than 1 [Link] extent of TOF: Maharashtra > Odisha > [Link] extent of TOF as a percentage of
geographical area: Lakshadweep > Kerala > Goa
● Conservation of Mangroves :- The mangrove cover in India is 0.15% of the country’s total geographical area which increase
as compared to [Link], is the world's largest single patch of Mangrove [Link] is first Mangrove forest in the
world, brought under scientific management, as early as in [Link] of India set up a National Mangroves
Committee in 1976.
 ○ The largest Mangrove area is reported in:Asia > Africa > North and Central America > South America. Oceania has
reported the smallest area of [Link] states that show significant gain in Mangrove cover are Odisha
and Maharashtra.
○ Important species of Mangrove ecosystems in India include: Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata,
Sonneratia alba, Avicennia alba, Bruguiera cylindrica, Heritiera littoralis, Phoenix paludosa, Morinda citrifolia &
Ceriops tagal.
● wetlands :-it cover 7.20% of the total area of the Tiger [Link] Sundarban Tiger Reserve has the largest area under
wetlands accounting for 96.76% of its total [Link] Tiger Reserve has the highest number of wetlands.
● Bamboo :- In India, bamboo grows naturally throughout the country except in the Kashmir [Link] compared to the ISFR
2019, the total bamboo bearing area in the country has decreased .States with Maximum Bamboo Bearing Area: Mizoram
> Arunachal [Link] with Minimum Bamboo Bearing Area: Madhya Pradesh> [Link]
Occurrence of Pure Bamboo: Madhya Pradesh > Maharashtra > [Link] has the largest diversity (India’s the
2nd largest) and is the largest producer of Bamboo in the world.
● Tiger population :- The Tigers in India account for 70% of the world's total Tiger population (3,890) followed by Russia and
Indonesia'.India is a party to the TX2 agreement of the WWF which is a global commitment to double the world's wild Tigers
by 2022.
○ top five Tiger reserves are: Pakke in Arunachal Pradesh > Achanakmar in Madhya Pradesh > Simlipal in Odisha >
Kali in Karnataka > Dampa in Mizoram.
○ Tiger reserves showing a significant gain in forest cover are: Buxa > Anamalai > Indravati.
○ The maximum losses in forest cover are recorded from:Kawal > Bhadra > Sundarbans
● Carbon Stock :- There is an increase of carbon stock as compared to the estimates of the 2019 [Link]'s Nationally
Determined Contribution of creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO, eq through additional forest &
tree cover.
○ State-wise Maximum carbon stock: Arunachal Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Chhattisgarh > Maharashtra.
○ state-wise Maximum per hectare carbon stock: Jammu & Kashmir > Himachal Pradesh > Sikkim > Andaman &
Nicobar Island.
● Geographical outcome :-
○ Highest Temperature Increase: Ladakh, Jammu-Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.
○ Least Temperature Rise: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, West Bengal, Goa, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh.
○ Highest Increase in Rainfall: The North-Eastern States and Upper Malabar Coast of India
○ Least Increase/ Decline in Rainfall: Part of North-Eastern States like Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim; North-Western
parts of the country namely Ladakh.
● OECM(IUCN - non binding) :- OECMs are areas outside of protected areas that are governed and managed to achieve
effective conservation of biodiversity in form of in-situ conservation . Aravali biodiversity park is first Indian sites of
[Link] of OECMs: agricultural systems, conserved water catchments, locally managed marine areas, and other
high conservation value [Link] was recognized by Convention on Biological diversity guidelines in 2018.
● Indian States’ electricity transition Report :- The report has been released by the Institute for Energy Economics and
Financial Analysis (IEEFA).Four Parameters considered for ranking are:
○ Decarbonisation: Evaluate states’ preparedness to shift from fossil-based power to Renewables
○ Performance of Power Systemg., Discom’s performance rating, outstanding loans
○ Readiness of Power Ecosystemg., Smart metering, feeder segregation
○ Policies and Political Commitmentsg., circular economy, battery policy etc.
● Jerdon’s narrow-mouthed frog, a montane species found in the Western [Link] is in ‘Near Threatened’, but researchers
are campaigning for it to be classified as ‘Endangered.’
● Compensatory afforestation :-
○ The compensatory afforestation programme ensures that forest lands getting ‘diverted’ for non-forest purposes is
mandatorily accompanied by afforestation on an equal area of [Link] was made a legal requirement through the
Compensatory Afforestation Fund (CAF) Act [Link] was mention in Forest Conservation Act 1980.
○ In 2002 to Supreme Court ordered the setting of CAMA or CAF(compensatory aforestation fund). Programmes with
compensatory afforestation component: Green India Mission,National afforestation programme,Tree plantation
exercises along the highways and railways,National rural employment guarantee scheme (MGNREGS),Namami
Gange, etc.
○ Afforestation is part of India’s climate pledges – adding a carbon sink of 2.5-3 GtCO2e through additional forest and
tree cover by 2030.
● Salient provisions of the CAF Act 2016
○ Project developers are required to fund the entire afforestation activity on these new lands.
○ Project developers are also asked to pay for the Net Present Value (NPV) of the forests being cleared, as the new
lands cannot be compared with the fully grown forests getting diverted.
○ The money is parked in special funds created for this purpose at the Central and state levels.
○ The money is first deposited in the Central fund, from where it gets disbursed to states where the projects are located.
○ State governments prepare an annual plan of operations → approved by the Compensatory
Afforestation Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) at the Central level → the state government
transfers funds to the state forest departments → carry out the work.
○ The Central fund can keep up to 10% of the total money for administrative expenses.
● Indian wolf :- it is found over peninsular India. Indian wolf is distributed across the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana,
Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Indian wolf: Least concerned
(IUCN Red list) ,Tibetan wolf: critically endangered ,Both species are protected as Schedule I animals under the Wildlife
Protection [Link] are listed on CITES Appendix I as endangered due to international trade.
● Horseshoe crabs :- They are marine and brackish water arthropods living largest in Odisha. Blood of Horseshoe crab is
very important for the preparation of rapid diagnostic reagents .it comes under Schedule IV of the Wildlife Protection Act
1972 ,IUCN Status: American horseshoe crab: Vulnerable and Tri-spine horseshoe crab: Endangered.
● The loss and damage (L&D) :- finance facility, which came into prominence during the COP27 (Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt) to
the UNFCCC, aims to provide financial assistance to nations most vulnerable and impacted by the effects of climate change.
● AR6: Climate Change 2023
● Despite progress in climate mitigation policies and legislation since the previous report in 2014, "warming is likely to exceed
1.5 °C in the 21st century".Climate Change 2023 concludes a five-year report on global temperature rise, greenhouse gas
emissions and climate impacts.
○ Limiting warming to "below 2 ° C" by 2030, according to the goals of the Paris Agreement, will be difficult to achieve,
but avoiding 1.5 ° C is still possible.
○ Human-caused climate change has affected climate and extreme weather in every region of the world - causing
loss and damage to nature and people.
○ Greenhouse gas emissions will soon increase global warming and reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2035.
○ Current warming is around 1.1°C, and current climate policies are expected to increase global warming by 3.2°C by
2100.
○ The IPCC is "strongly convinced" that the risks and adverse effects of climate change will increase with global
warming.
○ To keep within the limit of 1.5 ° C, emissions must be reduced by at least 43% by 2030 and at least 60% by 2035
compared to 2019. Ten years are important to achieve this.
● Candida auris: :- it is a yeast type Fungus can cause bloodstream infection, respiratory infection, central nervous system,
and organ infection and in the skin is infection. it spreaded contaminated surface in [Link] types of fungus listed by
WHO is Cryptococcus neoformans ( it lives in the environment (soil, decaying wood), Aspergillus fumigatus
(environmental mould) and Candida albicans ( found in human mouth, throat, gut, vagina, and skin).
● Long-Tailed Ducks :- it is Long-tailed ducks are slim, colourful sea ducks with long tails. That occurs around the Arctic and
[Link] to spend winter near major bodies of [Link] Status: Vulnerable.
● Smew Duck: They are among the most migratory birds, with arrivals at breeding grounds [Link] freshwater
lakes, reservoirs, flooded woods, ice-free rivers, sheltered bays, estuaries, lagoons and tidal [Link] found in both Eurasia
and Europe( not in Indian subcontinent).IUCN Status: Least Concern.
● Great Indian Bustard:- it live in Arid and semi-arid grasslands Found in India(Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) and the
adjoining regions of Pakistan. It comes under CITES Appendix I ,Schedule 1 (Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act
2002 ) and IUCN :critical endanger .it is protected in Desert National Park Sanctuary — Rajasthan ,Rollapadu Wildlife
Sanctuary – Andhra Pradesh ,Karera Wildlife Sanctuary– Madhya Pradesh. It is state bird of Rajasthan
● Sarus crane :- it is state bird of up .It is a large non-migratory crane found in Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and
[Link] is the world’s tallest flying bird classified as ‘Vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List and is a CITES Appendix II,
scheduled IV of WPA act [Link] India, it is usually found in wetlands.
● Flyway(total-9): A flyway is a geographical region within which a single or a group of migratory species completes its annual
cycle i.e. breeding, moulting, staging and non-breeding. Migratory birds from 3 flyways (CAF, East Asian Australasian Flyway
and Asian East African Flyway) visit [Link] Asian Flyway (CAF) Covers a large area of Eurasia between the
Arctic and Indian [Link] such as the Baer’s pochard (CR); northern bald ibis (CR), greater adjutant (EN) and
black-necked crane (Vu), Indian skimmer (Vu) etc.,Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or the Bonn Convention: an
intergovernmental treaty (under UNEP in1979 ) is the only global convention for the conservation of migratory species,
their habitats, and migration routes.
● Asian Waterbird Census (AWC) :- AWC (started in 1987) is part of the International Waterbird census coordinated by
Wetland InternationalIn India, AWC is coordinated by the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) (founded in 1883, an NGO)
and Wetland International (NGO).AWC supports the conservation of wetlands and water birds worldwide. AWC data is used
to promote national water bird and wetland conservation and for other initiatives such as: Global Species Programme (Red
List, by IUCN) ,Important Bird Area Programme (BirdLife international) ,Bonn Convention (for Migratory Species) Central
Asian flyway Action plan.
● Raptor:- A raptor is a bird of prey. A bird of prey is a carnivore (meat eater) that kills and eats mammals, reptiles,
amphibians, insects, rodents as well as other [Link]– Owls, Vultures, Hawks, Falcons, Kites, etc. Raptors help in long
distance seed dispersal. They are at top of food chain. They are indicator species. Raptor MoU Not a legally binding
agreement. It is under CMS .India is signatory of Raptor MoU
● Amur Falcon :-Amur Falcon arrives in Arunachal districts and Naga hills. It is World’s longest travelling [Link] breed in
SE Siberia and northern China, and migrate to India in winters in • Atapaka Bird Sanctuary at Kolleru [Link] migrate to
Doyang Lake in Nagaland, thus Nagaland is known as “Falcon Capital of the World,".It’s IUCN status is : Least Concern.
● Siberian Crane :- Eastern populations migrate, during winter to China, while western population winters in Iran and (formerly)
in Bharatpur and Kolleru Lake in India. It’s IUCN status : Critically Endangered and comes Schedule-I of Wild Life
(Protection) Act, 1972.
● Bar-headed Goose(IUCN-LC):- it is Found in central China and [Link] migrate Indian sub-continent during winter
and stay till the end of season .They have capacity to transport and consume oxygen at high rates in hypoxia
● Painted Storks(IUCN :- Near Threatened)-They prefer freshwater wetlands in all seasons and Also uses irrigation canals
and crop fields, particularly flooded rice fields during monsoon. It’s Breeding is always on large trees
● Grey Pelican(IUCN :- Near Threatened):- Species is found to breed in peninsular India, Sri Lanka and [Link] is not
migratory but are known to make local movements specially during winters in Sittang River in Burma, Kunthamkulan Bird
Sanctuary (TN), Kolleru Lake.
● lesser flamingos:- The lesser flamingo is the smallest species of flamingo, though it is a tall and large bird by most
standards, with pale pink [Link] returned Pulicat lake in Andra .IUCN: Near Threatened; CITES: Appendix II .
● Greater Scaup :- The greater scaup is a medium-sized diving duck belonging to the [Link] greater scaup species is
distributed in Asia, Europe, the United States, and [Link] Status: Least Concern
● Spot Bellied Eagle Owl: - The bold predatory bird, The bird makes a strange scream similar to humans and it is hence called
the ‘Ghost of the Forest’ in India and ‘Devil Bird’ in Sri [Link] is a forest-inhabiting species found in the Indian Subcontinent
and Southeast [Link] Status: Least Concern.
● Indian Skimmer :- The Godavari estuary (Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary) has become a prime habitat for Indian Skimmer.
The Indian Skimmer is native to India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and [Link]’s habitat are coastal
estuaries, sandy lowland rivers, lakes, marshes, estuaries in Western and eastern India, with breeding locations mostly along
the Chambal River in Central India. It’s IUCN status: Endangered species. Recently Satkosia wildlife sanctuary in India
has recorded the breeding of Indian Skimmers for the first time.
● Wildlife protection (amendment) act 2022
○ Implement of CITES :- CITES is an international agreement between governments to ensure international trade in
wild animals and plants not threaten the survival of the species.
○ Central government power :- Central Government can regulate or prohibit the import, trade, possession or
proliferation of invasive alien species (plant or animal species which are not native to India and may adversely impact
wildlife or its [Link] central government may also notify a conservation reserve.
○ schedules from Six (currently) to Four :
■ Schedule I Animal species that will enjoy the highest level of protection
■ Schedule II Animal species that will be subject to a lesser degree of protection
■ Schedule III Protected Plant species
■ Schedule IV Specimens listed in the Appendices under CITES (scheduled specimens)
○ Registration certificate for live specimens of scheduled animals: People possessing live specimens of scheduled
animals must obtain a registration certificate from the Management Authority.
○ Exception for ‘live elephant’: The act allows for Commercial Trade In Live Elephants. This is contrary to the previous
act (Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. For sanctuaries falling under Scheduled Areas (where FRA 2006 is applicable and
comes under the 5th Schedule), the management plan must be prepared after due consultation with the Gram Sabha
concerned
○ States can declare areas adjacent to National parks and Sanctuaries as Conservation Reserve, for protecting flora
and fauna, and their habitat. for sanctuaries falling under scheduled area are decided with consultation of gram
sabha.
● Microplastics: :- A synthetic solid particles sized ranging from 1 micrometer to 5 millimeters (mm), which are insoluble in
[Link] are particularly harmful to the oceans as they don’t readily break down into harmless molecules and adversely
affect the health of marine organisms, which mistake plastic for food.
● Snailfish :- it belong to the family of marine ray-finned [Link] snailfish have adapted to live in the freezing cold waters
of the Arctic and Antarctic, and in the extreme pressure conditions in the world’s deepest underwater trenches. It’s IUCN
status is Deficient Data ,Least Concern. they are the good predator and the swimmer.
● Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary(Goa) :- it is situated on River Netravali or which is of the Zuari [Link] different
flora Indian gaur, spotted deer, sambar deer, barking deer, wild boar, black-faced langur, Great Pied Hornbills, Black Panther,
Slender Loris and the Giant Squirrel is found. Other wildlife sanctuary in Goa as Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary, Mhadei Wildlife
Sanctuary, Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary, Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary, Mollem National Park, and Dr Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
,Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary .
● Tiger Census :- it is conducted every four years since 2006 by The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) with
partnership with state forest departments, and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). As per Wildlife protection act - State govt.
would notify the tiger reserve areas based on the recommendation of [Link] alternation of boundary can be done without
the recommendation of National Board for Wild Life and without the advice of the Tiger Conservation Authority.
● It’s poplution was recorded 3,167 in 2022, up from 2,967 in 2018 (growth by 200).Shivalik Hills and Gangetic Plains saw a
significant increase in the tiger population ,But Tiger occupancy in the Western Ghats and North east hill Jharkhand,
Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Telangana has declined.
○ small population of tigers in Simlipal is of high conservation priority. TR Periyar Tiger Reserve (TR), Kerala
is the best-maintained of all TRs followed by Satpura TR (Madhya Pradesh), Bandipur and Nagarhole
(Karnataka).The Nilgiri cluster (Nagarahole to Biligiriranga Hills.
● Census methodology:
○ double sampling method (introduced in 2006, after the pugmark surveys were found to be unreliable) is used in
the national tiger census, which involves ground-based surveys and camera-trap images.
○ information was plotted on a forest map prepared with remote sensing and GIS.
○ In the last phase, the data were extrapolated to areas where cameras could not be deployed.
○ M-STrIPES :-It was developed by NTCA & WII in 2010. It is usually a software-based monitoring tool. It is used in the
All India-Tiger Estimation.
● International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) :-India has proposed to launch a mega global alliance under its leadership to protect
big cats and assured support over five years with guaranteed funding of $100 million.
●
○ Bengal tigers – Endangered
○ Bali Tiger, Javan Tiger, Caspian Tiger - Extinct
○ Malayan and Sumatran Tiger – Critically Endange
● Aim
 ○ Protection and conservation of the seven major big cats — tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, puma, jaguar and
cheetah.
○ To provide a platform for “dissemination of information on benchmarked practices, capacity building.
○ India is the only country in the world to have tigers, lions, leopards, snow leopards and cheetahs in the wild. India
has all the big cats, except the pumas and jaguars, today.
● Governance structure:
○ General Assembly (consisting of all member countries)
○ A council (seven to 15 member countries elected by the General Assembly for a term of 5 years)
○ A Secretariat (headed by IBCA Secretary General for a specific term)
● Funding: 1st five years will be supported by India’s “total grant assistance” of $100 million.
● Membership: It will be open to 97 “range” countries, which contain the natural habitat of these big cats, as well as other
interested nations.
● Global Tiger Initiative(2008) :- it was launched as a global alliance of governments, international organizations . GTI’s
founding partners included the World Bank, the GEF , Save the Tiger Fund, and International Tiger Coalition The initiative is
led by the 13 tiger range countries (TRCs). Which are consist of Malaysia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India,
Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand, and Vietnam
● Critical Wildlife Habitats :- it is Envisaged in Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest
Rights) Act, [Link] act defines CWH as the “areas of national parks and sanctuaries where it has been specifically and
clearly established, case by case. State Government are needed to initiate the process for notification of a CHW but it can
only declared by Central Government. Habitat Rights of the PVTGs under CWH are recognized by The Ministry of Tribal
Affairs.
● EIA Notification, 2006 over the past five years changes :-
○ Allowing 20% expansion in production in the mining of minor minerals on the basis of public consultation.
○ In the case of legacy mining leases that were granted environmental clearance under the 1994 EIA notification
:- These projects now only have to conduct public consultation, not follow the entire process of the public hearing.
○ Reducing the time limit for public consultation and appraisal of projects from 45 days to 30 days.
○ Allowing for post-facto clearance of projects:- Projects may be constructed or expanded without obtaining
environmental clearance, leading to irreversible damage to the environment.
○ Exempting certain categories (highways of strategic importance, thermal power plant upto 15MW etc.) of projects from
the public consultation.
 ○ Star Rating System for state environment impact assessment authority’s (SEIAA) Performance:- SEIAAs may
be pressured to fast-track clearances without due diligence, potentially leading to a decrease in the quality of
environmental assessments.
● Safety Across Asia for the Global Environment (SAFE 2021):- This will be coordinated by United Nations Office on
Drugs and Crime . The project aims to prevent future pandemics due to zoonotic, or animal-to-human, disease transmission.
It is Funded by the European [Link] Asian countries – China, Thailand, Vietnam and Laos – were initially selected for
the survey under the project.
● Napier grass/elephant grass,:- is a productive and versatile grass native to Africa and Southeast Asia. It is widely used
as feed for livestock and in bioenergy applications. It has ability to withstand drought [Link] can be harvested 5-6
times [Link] grass is found in various parts of India, including Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, and Kerala.
● Mangrove Pitta bird :- The mangrove pitta is a species of passerine bird .it is native to the eastern Indian Subcontinent
(Coastal mangrove forests in Eastern India)and western Southeast Asia. it’s IUCN status is Near [Link]’s First
census location is done in Odisha
● Bhitarkanika National Park:- it is the second-largest Mangrove ecosystem in India. It is inundated with waters from rivers
Brahmani, Baitarani, Dhamra and Patasala forming a unique ecosystem. It is the breeding place for the Salt Water
Crocodiles. The Gahirmatha Beach which forms the boundary of the sanctuary in the east is the largest colony of the Olive
Ridley Sea Turtles.
● Toque Macaques :- The toque macaque is endemic to Sri Lanka and classified as Endangered (IUCN). It is reddish-brown-
coloured. The most characteristic feature is the toque-like swirl of hair on its head top.
● Helopeltis Theivora :- it is tea mosquito bug is spreading rapidly and affecting tea production in both low and high-elevation
plantations in Southern India.
● Biomass pellets :- These are a type of solid fuel made from compressed organic material (biomass) such as industrial waste
and co-products, food waste, agricultural residues, energy crops, and untreated [Link] such as NOx, SOx and
volatile organic compounds from pellet burning equipment are in general very [Link] are extremely dense and can be
produced with a low moisture content , which allows them to be burned with a high combustion [Link] are of two
kinds –
○ torrefied (Biomass processed at 250-350°C in the absence of oxygen) and non-torrefied pellets (biomass is
shredded, ground and sent to a pellet reactor, where it is compressed and bonded).
● Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) waves :- It is a type of plasma wave that is generated in the Earth’s
magnetosphere. These waves can resonate with charged particles, particularly ions, that are trapped in the magnetosphere,
causing them to move in a cyclical motion .it helps in understand the impact of energetic particles (esp. Killer electrons) in
 the radiation belts on the low orbiting [Link] electrons are electrons having speed close to the speed of light, which
form the radiation belt of planet Earth.
● Bats

●
● Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate Change(MEF) :- it was establish in 2009 by US President Barack Obama
for Facilitating dialogue among major emitting countries (both developed and developing) to advance efforts against climate
change.20 major economies including India, Australia, Brazil, China, UK, UAE, [Link] it’s member .it’s focus on
Achieving IEA’s “Credible Pathways to 1.5°C”, through Decarbonizing Energy; Reducing deforestation to net zero;
Launching a Methane Finance Sprint to cut methane emissions.
● Pollution Curbing Trees :- The level of Ascorbic acid in plants determines their tolerance against the adverse effect of
oxidizing pollutants (the higher the ascorbic acid, the higher the tolerance).Trees with high Air Pollution Tolerance Index
 (APTI) (a tool used to assess the tolerance capacity of tree and crop species against air pollution) value are pipal, neem,
mango and crops like maise, pigeon pea and safflower. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is involved in regulating photosynthesis,
hormone biosynthesis, and regenerating other antioxidants.
● Eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) Supreme Court order :- An area around a protected area like a national park or wildlife
[Link] are designated by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) (under the
Environment Protection Act, 1986).As per National Wildlife Action Plan (2002-2016), land within 10 km of the boundaries of
national parks and wildlife sanctuaries is to be notified as ESZ.
●
● Bluewashing :- It refers to a deceptive form of marketing in which an enterprise uses deceptive marketing techniques to
overstate its commitment to responsible social practices. It can be used interchangeably with the term greenwashing but
 has a greater focus on economic and social factors rather than the environment. Such as there is no any violation of
human right ,child labour rights, wages rights etc.
● Greenwashing :- A marketing tactic used by companies to deceive consumers into believing that their products or services
are environmentally friendly or sustainable.
● Whitewashing :- is the act of covering up vices, crimes or scandals by means of a biased presentation of data with the
intention to improve one's reputation.
● Carbon bomb :-it is “an oil or gas project that will result in at least a billion tonnes of CO2 emissions over its lifetime.”
● Ranthambore Tiger Reserve :- it is at the junction of the Aravali and Vindhya hill ranges in Tropical dry deciduous forest.
Here wildlife like Tigers, leopards, striped hyenas, common or hanuman langurs, rhesus macaques, jackals, jungle cats,
caracals, blackbuck, [Link] found.
● Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) is a regulatory( BEE) instrument to reduce Specific Energy Consumption in energy
intensive industries, with an associated market based mechanism to enhance the cost effectiveness through certification of
excess energy saving which can be traded.
● sixth mass extinction :- is driven by human activity, primarily (though not limited to) the unsustainable use of land, water
and energy use, and climate change.
● National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and National Air Quality Index (AQI) :-
○ The compliance of the NAAQS is monitored under the National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP). NAMP is
implemented by the [Link] standards (2009) comprise 12 pollutants as follows:
PM10 ,PM2.5 ,NO2 ,SO2 ,CO ,O3 ,NH3 ,Lead (Pb) ,Benzene ,Benzopyrene ,Arsenic and Nickel. Where National
Air Quality Index (AQI) was launched in 2014 under swatch Bharat Abiyaan to measure the air [Link] includes
all the NAAQS pollutants except benzene, benzopyrene, arsenic and [Link] Carbon dioxide is not considered an
air pollutant in both AQI and NAAQS.
○ NAAQS was more technical in nature and was not easy for the common man to comprehend. AQI was formulated for
common people
○ while the NAAQS 2009 considers 12 pollutants, the AQI covers 8 major pollutants.
● FEE(1981), Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE) is a non-governmental. it has largest international network in the
fields of Environmental Education and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD).FEE is recognised by UNESCO and
UNEP as a world-leader within the fields of Environmental Education and ESD.
○ It is mainly active through five programmes:
■ Blue Flag is one the world’s most recognised voluntary eco-labels awarded to beaches, marinas and
sustainable boating tourism operators.
 ■ Green Key is an international programme and eco-label awarded to accommodations and other hospitality
facilities (hotels, hostels,holiday parks, conference centres, that commit to sustainable business practices.
■ Young Reporters for the Environment is an international programme and competition that gives young people
aged 11 to 25 the opportunity to research and take action on sustainable development .
■ Learning About Forests (LEAF) The programme aims to reconnect young people with their forested
environment and to instil in them a sense of ownership of their natural surroundings.
■ Eco-Schools is the largest global sustainable schools programme and the subject of the present website.
● Bharat Stage Emission Standards :-

●
● they are formulated by the government to regulate and control the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engine
equipment, including motor vehicles. They are based on European emission standards. Currently, Bharat stage 6(2020 for for
all the new vehicles manufactured, sold, and registered in India) is being implemented in the whole country.
○ BS VI Norms Different from BS-IV
■ Sulfur Content – The BS-VI norms fuel only has a 10 ppm sulfur content, compared to the BS-IV fuels’ 50
ppm sulfur content.
■ Particulate Matter – The volume of particulate matter(PM 2.5) emission is between 20 to 40 micrograms per
cubic meter in BS-VI engines whereas it was 120 micrograms per cubic meter in BS-IV.
 ■ Nitrogen oxides emission – Under BS VI, the emission of nitrogen oxide would be decreased by 70% in
diesel engines and 25% in petrol engines whereas under BS-IV it was much higher.
■ Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology – Utilizing an aqueous urea solution, selective catalytic reduction
technology lowers nitrogen oxides in the system.
■ Mandatory on-board diagnostics (OBD) Kit – By using fault codes stored on a computer, the OBD unit will
be able to identify potential areas of malfunction, guaranteeing that the advanced emission control system
installed in a BS-VI car operates as efficiently as possible for the duration of the vehicle’s life.
■ RDE (Real Driving Emission) – It will be made available for the first time in India to monitor emissions in
actual environments rather than simply in lab settings.
● Note :- Euro standards(1992) regulate emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane
hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM).
● Kanger Valley National Park :- It derives its name from the Kanger River, which flows in its length. Here forest type is -Mixed
humid deciduous type of [Link] Giant Squirrel, Spotted Deer, Rhesus Macaque( found in Afghanistan, Pakistan,
India, Southeast Asia, and China and IUCN status : Least concern.), Grey Langur, Sloth Bear( native to Indian sub
continent,IUCN- vulnerable) and Indian Wolf,Orange Bat spotte(LC) is main [Link] waterfall and Kanger dhara
waterfall are located inside the National Park.
● Indian giant squirrel :- This species is endemic to India, with main sections of its distribution in the Western Ghats, Eastern
Ghats and Satpura [Link] status : Least Concern. It is state bird of Maharashtra.
● Dehing Patkai National Park :-It is famous for Assam Valley Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests bordering Arunachal Pradesh.
Dehing is the name of the river that flows through this forest and Patkai is the hill at the foot of which the sanctuary lies.
Fauna : Chinese pangolin, flying fox, wild pig, sambar, barking deer, gaur, serow and Malayan giant squirrels(IUCN status :
Near Threatened).It is the only sanctuary in India which is home to seven different species of wild cats - tiger, leopard,
clouded leopard, leopard cat, golden cat, jungle cat and marbled cat.
● Raimona National Park:It is bounded on the west by the Sonkosh river and the Saralbhanga river on the [Link] the rivers
are tributaries of [Link] river defines Raimona’s southern boundary. It also share a boundary with Bhutan .It is
famous for Golden Langur, Asian elephant, Royal Bengal tiger, Clouded leopard, Indian gaur, Wild water buffalo, Spotted
deer, Hornbill etc.
● Clouded leopard :- It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. It is the State animal of [Link] Leopard
prefers grassland, shrubs, subtropical and dense tropical forest up to a height of 7,000 feet .In India, it occurs in Sikkim,
northern West Bengal, Meghalaya subtropical forests, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, Assam, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.
Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary and Clouded Leopard national park(moist, deciduous forest and coffee and rubber plantation) in
Tripura is established.
● Hemis National Park(biggest national park in India) :- it is situated at high Altitude in Ladakh in pine forests, and alpine
tundra [Link] lies in the catchment area of Indus river banks and area of of Rumbak ,Markah. Here Snow leopard-
Ghost of the Mountain(Vulnerable),Bharal or Blue sheep( IUCN - LC),Himalayan Ibex(LC). It is also Called Snow-leopards
Capital of world.
● Dachigam National Park(J&K) :- It is famous for Himalayan moist temperate evergreen forest. Kashmir stag (hangul)[The
Hangul is the state animal of UT of Jammu & Kashmir and its IUCN status : Critically Endangered.], Himalayan serow, Snow
leopard is found here .
● Kuno Palpur National Park(MP) :- Kuno is primarily a grassland region. It is situated at Kuno River (main tributaries of
Chambal River) .It is part of the Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests. The protected area of the forest is home to the jungle cat,
Indian leopard, sloth bear(Found in Sri Lanka, Nepal, India, Bhutan and IUCN status is vulnerable), Indian wolf, striped
hyena, golden jackal, Bengal fox and dhole( found in southern and Central Asia with Russia. IUCN status is Endangered)etc.
it turns in national park in 2018 .Recently 8 cheetahs arrived from Namibia and were released into Kuno National Park in
2022.
● Madhav National Park(mp)Two lakes- Sakhya Sagar & Madhav Sagar and Madikhera dam situated [Link] falls in Northern
Tropical dry deciduous mixed forest as well as dry thorn [Link], hyena, sloth bear, and crocodile, Nilgai, Chinkara etc.
are main funna found here.
● Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary(Gujarat) it is largest wildlife sanctuary in the [Link] grass-covered areas, known as
baits as [Link] wild ass are located in Little Run of Kutch only . It’s IUCN status : Near Threatened.
● Red Pandas:- it’s IUCN status : [Link] pandas live in high-altitude forests of Nepal, India, Bhutan, Myanmar and
[Link] is also the state animal of Sikkim.
● Jaldapara National Park(West Bengal) :- The park is located in the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas, on the Torsa river’s
[Link] park holds the largest rhino population in India after Kaziranga National Park in Assam. Flora like shishu and khair
trees ,tall grasses, fern is found. park is surrounded by the Gorumara National Park.
● Nameri National Park(Assam) :- it is a national park in the foothills of the eastern [Link] shares its northern boundary
with the Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary of Arunachal Pradesh. It has two core areas: Nameri National Park and Sonai- Rupai
Wildlife [Link] river Jia-Bhoroli flows through Nameri National [Link] National Park provides habitat for Bengal
tiger, Indian leopard, clouded leopard(Vulnerable), marbled cat, leopard cat, hog deer, sambar(Vulnerable), dhole.
● Bannerghatta National Park(Karnataka):- The park is part of a wildlife corridor for elephants which connects the BR Hills
and the Sathyamangalam [Link] park is contiguous with Talli reserve forest and Bilikal forest. Here forest type is dry
deciduous forests, southern tropical moist [Link], Chital, Striped Hyena, Barking Deer, Peafowl are main flora.
● Nilgiri Thar :- it is endemic to the Nilgiri [Link]’s IUCN status is [Link] is stocky goat with short, coarse fur and larger
than females & of darker colour. It is found in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka.
● Tally Valley Wildlife Sanctuary(Arunachal Pradesh) :- Pange, Sipu, Karing, and Subansiri rivers flow through it. Clouded
Leopard and Pleioblastus Simone Bamboo are found here
● Guindy National & Zoological Park(Tamil Nadu)Park :- it has a role in both ex-situ and in-situ [Link] has Dry
evergreen scrub and thorn forests. Species like: Black buck, chital, jackal, pangolin and a variety of birds are found.
● New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG- UNFCC) :- The term is related to Climate Finance ,and expected to be finalised by
[Link] will replace the current climate finance goal of $100 billion annually from developed countries.
● Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF):- It is an initiative of [Link] approved the RSF fund – for low and middle-
income countries that are at risk d-ue to climate change.
● Infrastructure Resilience Accelerator Fund (IRAF) :- It was launched by the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure
(CDRI) at the India Pavilion, COP27, Sharm El Sheikh, [Link] is a multi-donor trust fund, established with the support of
UNDP and United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR).It will be managed by the United Nation Multi-Partner
Trust F-und Office (UN MPTFO), New York. It’s Objective is To support global action on disaster resilience of infrastructure
systems, especially in developing countries and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
● Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches (IFCMA) :-IFCMA is new forum by OECD. India also participated in
this [Link]'s aim is to help improve global impact of emissions reduction efforts through better data and information sharing.
● Project Greensand :- it will be the world’s first cross-border. It is a carbon storage project in Denmark's North Sea. project
aims to bury vast amounts of planet-heating carbon dioxide gas beneath the North Sea floor.
● Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture (KJWA 2017) :-it is programme under UNFCCC which recognises the unique
potential of agriculture in tackling climate [Link] opposed Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture [Link] is luxury
emission but survival emissions.
● Santiago Network(UNFCCC) :- it a network which will "connect vulnerable developing countries with providers of technical
assistance, knowledge, resources they need to address climate risks comprehensively.
● First Movers Coalition :- it is a global initiative launched by USA and WEF at 2021 United Nations Climate Change
Conference (COP26).This Coalition seeks to commercialize zero-carbon technologies .it’s main Aim :- To harness the
purchasing power of companies to decarbonize seven industrial sectors including Aluminum, Aviation, Chemicals, Concrete,
Shipping, Steel, and Trucking, which collectively account for 30% of global emissions.
● Global Stocktake (GST) :- Under the Paris Agreement, the first global stocktake will happen in 2023. GST refers to
proposed five-yearly-review of the impact of climate change action undertaken by countrie.
● World Restoration Flagships :-they are the winning ecosystem restoration initiatives that are recognized by the United
[Link] were chosen under the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. Recently, Namami Gange project
are choosen for world three restoration flagships.
● CLEAN action :- is a partnership of several non-profits and organisations like WWF, IRENA and BirdLife International formed
to protect nature during energy.
● REN21-is a think tank and global multi-stakeholder network which is focused on renewable energy policy. It’s
Headquarters: Paris, [Link] STATUS REPORT are released by REN 21.
● Keeling Curve:- It is a graph that represents the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Earth’s atmosphere since 1958 at
the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii.
● WHO’s current list of priority diseases includes: Covid-19 ,Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever ,Ebola virus disease and
Marburg virus disease ,Lassa fever ,Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) ,Nipah and henipaviral diseases ,Rift Valley fever ,Zika virus disease ,and Disease X(due to
unknown pathogens).
● Kappaphycus:- it is a invasive species in form of sea weeds that threat to coral in gulf of Mannar.
● carrageenan:- a polysaccharide extracted from the alga that finds use in industrial gums and as a smoothening agent in ice
cream, toothpaste, jellies, medicines and paint.
● Green Credit Scheme:- The scheme allows companies, village forest communities to identify land and begin growing
plantations. After three years, they would be eligible to be considered as compensatory forest land if they met the Forest
Department’s criteria.
● Green Credit Programme:- The idea is to create a market-based mechanism for undertaking environment-friendly activities
by providing additional incentives in the form of green [Link] this, the government will incentivise the companies,
individuals and local bodies that adhere to sustainable practises under the Environment (Protection) act.
● Inter agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC 1193):- is an international governmental forum for the
worldwide coordination of activities related to the issues of man-made and natural debris in [Link] is a member of this
[Link] project of ISRO is related to space debris.
● Carbon Payments for Development (CP4D) initiative :- UNDP set up a CP4D which is a facility designed to incentivize
private investments into countries’ NDC targets and development objectives.
● Waste Land Atlas :- it is Initiative of Ministry of Rural [Link] is conducted with the help of National remote sensing
center. It provides State and district wise distribution of different categories of wasteland areas.
● Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES- 2012) :- IPBES is an
independent intergovernmental body, established by [Link] is not a United Nations [Link] release the report on Global
Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.
● North Indian Rosewood :-It is a fast-growing, hardy, deciduous rosewood tree native to the Indian subcontinent(Himalayan
valleys) and southern [Link] India, the species is found in abundance and is not treated as an endangered [Link] red
list: Least Concern CITES: Appendix II.
● Sea Cucumbers (Thelenota):- they are marine animals with a leathery skin and an elongated body containing a single,
branched gonad. In India, other than the sea around Lakshadweep islands and Andaman Nicobar islands, the Gulf of
Mannar, Bay of Bengal in Tamil Nadu is also home to sea cucumbers.
● Protection status:
○ IUCN Red List: - Brown Sea Cucumber (Endangered), - Blackspotted Sea Cucumber (Least Concern), - Blue Sea
Cucumber (Data Deficient), etc.
○ Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I.
● DUGONG or sea cow :- it is State animal of A & N Islands Found in Gulf of Mannar and at Palk Bay in Tamil Nadu,
Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat , NOT found along the entire coast of India. It is World's only
vegetarian marine mammal. IUCN status: Vulnerable.
● Indian Ocean Sea Turtle Agreement (IOSEA) :- It is an agreement of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), a United
Nations backed initiative. India is a signatory to the agreement.
● Arribada :- Olive ridley turtles are best known for their synchronized nesting in mass numbers called Arribada. A significant
proportion of the world’s Olive Ridley Sea Turtle (VU) population migrates every winter to Indian coastal waters for nesting,
mainly at the eastern coast. Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary & Rushikulya Rookery Coast are the main Nesting sites in India.
● Saltwater Crocodile:- It is the largest of all living [Link] listed as least concern by IUCN. It is found throughout the east
coast of India.
● Sea Turtles:- These five species are found worldwide (including India), mainly in tropical and subtropical waters.
○ sea turtle family includes the Hawksbill, Loggerhead, Leatherback(Vulnerable), Green(Endangered) and Olive ridley
turtle(Vulnerable).
○ All seven species of sea turtles are currently listed as endangered (appendix I) under [Link] Indian coastal
waters supports five species of sea turtles found [Link] five species of sea turtles that occur in Indian
coastal waters are protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
● sea snot’:-marine mucilage that is formed when algae are overloaded with nutrients as a result of water pollution combined
with the effects of climate change.
● Baobab Trees :- they are deciduous trees found in mainland Africa, Madagascar, and Australia. They have barrel-like trunks
(5 to 20m in height), can live up to 2,000 years, and are known for their extraordinary [Link] are succulent trees
that store water in their trunk, allowing them to produce nutrient-dense fruit in dry seasons. It is endangered in IUCN list.
Recently Bhil tribe of Central India opposes commercial use of this tree.
● Tipping Points: it is thresholds where the earth’s systems can no longer stabilize. Crossing these points becomes more
dangerous with increased [Link] action to reduce carbon emissions is crucial to mitigate the environment and
reduce tipping points.
● Climate reparations :- it’s aim to rectify climate injustice by requiring those most responsible for climate change to provide
support to those who have been wronged. It works on the principle of Polluter pays principle, More responsibility of rich
countries, and Reparations-based approach to climate refugees.
● Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary(‘Mini Kaziranga’):It is located in flood plains of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, and is known
for having the highest density of one-horned rhinos (EN) in the [Link] -72% of the sanctuary is covered by wet savannah
dominated by Arundo donax and Saccharum. Funna-Leopard, Leopard cat, Fishing cat, Jungle cat, Feral Buffalo, Wild pigs,
Chinese pangolins, etc.
● Keeling Curve:- it is a record of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations measured at the Mauna Loa Observatory
in Hawaii.
● Sea Lettuce:it is a prominent species of green macroalgae, scattered widely across the vast Baltic Sea region .it has an
application in the food industry and for different biochemical applications.

● Bonn Climate Meet :- Delegates to the Paris Agreement met in Bonn, Germany, paving the way to some key decisions for
the UN Climate Conference (COP 28) in Dubai in 2023.
○ Global Stocktake:According to the Paris Agreement, the GST should take place every five years, starting in 2023.
actual meeting on GST would come in at [Link] is an exercise to assess progress in combating Climate Change
and determines ways to strengthen global efforts to address the gap in adequacy.
 ○ Santiago Network:- its aims to catalyze the technical assistance for, minimizing and addressing Loss and Damage
(L&D) at the local, national and regional level, in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse
effects of climate change.
○ Climate Finance Alignment:This includes examining the pool of donors and ensuring that the scale of financial
support matches the requirements to address the climate [Link] and many other countries emphasize the
importance of addressing climate finance at COP28.
● Miyawaki Method :-

●
●
● The native trees of the region are identified and divided into four layers — shrub, sub-tree, tree, and [Link] quality of
soil is analysed and biomass which would help enhance the perforation capacity, water retention capacity, and nutrients in it,
is mixed with it.A mound is built with the soil and the seeds are planted at a very high density — three to five sapling per
square [Link] ground is covered with a thick layer of mulch.
● Alligator gar fish: it is a ray-finned euryhaline fish and is one of the biggest freshwater fish in North America and the largest
species in the ‘gar’ [Link] predator fish has an alligator-like head and razor-sharp teeth. It was also found in some parts
of India like Bhopal, Kerala and from waterbodies of Maharashtra and Kolkata. IUCN status is the least concerned.
● Red sand boa:- The red sand boa (Eryx johnii) is a non-venomous snake that lives in the dry parts of the Indian
[Link]’s also known as the Indian sand boa. The red sand boa is a thick-set snake that’s usually reddish-brown, known for
its blunt tail, which it uses to mimic its head when it senses a threat. It is Classified as ‘Near Threatened’ by the International Union
for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with a declining population [Link] red sand boa is highly sought after in the illegal wildlife trade
due to its demand in the pet trade and its use in black magic.
● Orchids
○ It is a diverse group of flowering plants known for their vibrant and intricate flowers
○
 ○ The collaboration among India, Bhutan, and Nepal, along with strict government protection and management,
has led to a 20 per cent increase in their population over the past decade. India is estimated to be home to 3,262
rhinos.
○ Black rhino populations are increasing despite poaching pressure. However, South Africa is grappling with
devastating poaching losses of its white rhinos, particularly in certain reserves.
● Conocarpus trees :-it is a fast-growing mangrove shrub found in tropical and subtropical coastal areas globally, have been
planted to boost green cover in certain [Link] the winter season, these trees produce flowers, releasing pollen in
nearby [Link] is a genus comprising two species of flowering plants Conocarpus erectus: This species is
native to tropical America,Conocarpus lancifolius: Native to Somalia and Yemen.
● It is benefited due to Tolerant of saline, alkaline soils ,Able to withstand low water conditions Resistant to strong winds but it
was banned by Gujarat due to their adverse impacts on the environment and human health.
● Gangetic Dolphin
●
● Tuna:- Tuna refers to a group of saltwater fish belonging to the Thunnini tribe. These fish are known for their streamlined
bodies, powerful swimming ability, and wide distribution in warm [Link] is highly valued in the global fishing for its meat,
which is commonly used in various cuisines, especially in the form of sushi and sashimi. Some well-known species of tuna
include the Atlantic bluefin tuna, yellowfin tuna, and skipjack tuna.
● Axolotl:- Axolotl is a species of salamander, Salamanders are a group of amphibians that includes frogs and toads,it is found
in Mexico and critically [Link] have the ability to regenerate lost or damaged limbs, hearts, spinal cords, and even
parts of their brains without permanent scarring. They remain underwater throughout their life.
● COP 28 special
○ Loss and Damage (L&D) fund,:-It refers to the negative consequences arising from the unavoidable risks of climate
change, like rising sea levels, prolonged heatwaves, species extinction, crop failures, [Link] L&D fund addresses the
financial toll of climate change, estimated at over $1.5 trillion in [Link] fund, based at the World Bank but
managed independently, L&D fund was first announced during COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh (Egypt) in 2022. On
the of COP 28, member countries unanimously agreed to operationalize a Loss and Damage (L&D) fund, aimed at
compensating nations already facing the impacts of climate change.
○ Global Cooling Pledge:- signed by 63 countries, including the US, Canada, and Kenya at COP28, commits to
reducing cooling emissions by at least 68% by 2050. currently cooling account for 7% of global greenhouse gas
emissions and are expected to triple by 2050.
○ Santiago Network :- was established at COP 25 in Madrid as part of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss
and Damage (WIM).The network’ objective is to connect vulnerable developing countries with technical
assistance, knowledge, and resources. The resources are needed to address climate risks, such as rising sea
levels, melting glaciers, storms, and [Link] is adopted in COP28[Azerbaijan and Brazil will host COP29
(2024) and COP30 (2025)].
○ ALTÉRRA Fund :- UAE President at the COP28 climate summit in Dubai, announced the creation of a $30 billion
climate fund [Link] fund aims to attract $250 billion in investment by the end of the decade, with $25 billion
allocated to climate strategies and $5 billion to incentivize investment in the Global South. The fund’s investments will
be guided by four key pillars: Energy Transition ,Industrial Decarbonization , Sustainable Living, Climate
Technologies Top of Form
○ Global Green Credit Initiative(Global Platform for Nature’s Ecological Transformation) :- it was launched by
India’s Prime Minister( environment ministery ) at COP28, focuses on incentivizing voluntary environmental actions
with a primary focus on water conservation and [Link] notified under environment conservation act 1986 .it
 aims is to stimulate activities like tree plantation, water conservation, sustainable agriculture, and waste management
by providing incentives to corporations and private entities.
○ Green Industrialisation Initiative:-African leaders launched it during COP28, aiming to accelerate green growth in
African industries and attract finance and [Link] initiative builds on the existing $4.5 billion Africa green
investment from the UAE.
○ Global Stocktake :- it is process for countries to see where they’re collectively making progress towards meeting the
goals of the Paris Agreement. As per the Paris Agreement (2015), it was decided that countries would assess their
progress for the first time in 2023and, then, every five [Link] :-
■ Tripling renewable energy capacity by 2030 (to at least 11,000 GW by 2030)
■ Transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, to achieve net zero by 2050
■ ,Reducing non-CO2 emissions e.g., methane emissions globally by 2030, need to cut 43% of GHG emissions
by 2030, compared to 2019 ,
○ Climate finance:- starting at $100 billion annually, allocates $250 billion for mitigation, $100 billion for adaptation,
and $150 billion for loss and damage.
○ Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) framework :- enhance climate change adaptation like Climate-Induced Water
Scarcity Reduction, Climate-resilient food and Agriculture Production
○ Triple Nuclear Energy:- triple global nuclear energy capacity by 2050
○ Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA):- coalition involving governments, businesses, and organizations, focuses on
transitioning from unabated coal power to clean [Link] is not part of PPCA as it has not committed to phasing
out of coal.
○ Coal Transition Accelerator :- Introduced for knowledge-sharing and financial support in transitioning from coal
○ Coalition for High Ambition Multilevel Partnership (CHAMP):- 65 national governments signed commitments for
enhanced cooperation with subnational governments in climate strategies
○ Buildings Breakthrough Initiative:- Initiative is to make near-zero emissions and resilient buildings the new normal
by 2030. The initiative is co-led by France and the Kingdom of Morocco, coordinated under the umbrella of UNEP, and
hosted by the Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction.
○ Global River Cities Alliance (GRCA): led by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) under the Ministry of Jal
[Link] is a unique alliance covering 275+ global river cities in 11 countries, .funded by world bank ,ADB and AIIB.
River cites alliance stated in 2021 by [Link] affair ministry and jail Shakti ministry is the part of river GRCA.
○ LeadIT 2.0: launched at COP 28, focuses on co-development and transfer of low-carbon technology and financial
assistance to emerging economies.
 ○ Green Development Pact: provides pathways for nations in their journey towards achieving energy, climate,
environment and disaster resilience-related [Link] includes key ambitions such as tripling of global renewable
capacity by 2030.
○ Initiatives India opposes for climate action :- phasing out coal, Global Methane Pledge, Global Renewables and
Energy Efficiency Pledge,Loss and Damage Fund.
● Diel Vertical Migration (DVM):- synchronized movement observed in deep-sea marine animals, particularly zooplankton,
where they swim up to the ocean’s surface at night and return to deeper waters during the [Link] increases the carbon
sequestration [Link] is the largest daily migration on the planet by [Link] carbon-rich waste produced by these
predators eventually sinks to the ocean floor.
● Dodo :- it is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Mauritius,in the Indian Ocean. The closest living relative of
the dodo is the Nicobar pigeon. dodos were primarily herbivorous, feeding on fruits, seeds, and possibly small animals.
Due to the lack of natural predators on Mauritius, they had no fear of [Link] dodo extinct in 17 the century.