Fundamental of Surveying
(FUNSURV2)
MODULE 6
Transportation Engineering
Holy Angel University
School of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Transportation Engineering
Station # 6
Mass Diagram
Introduction After knowing how to solve the earthworks volume. Here comes t
application of designing the land profile. An economical project is
the job of an engineer.
Content This chapter focuses on
➢ Freehaul and Overhaul
➢ Waste and Borrow
➢ Mass Diagram
Objectives After this chapter, the student should be able to
➢ Design the cut and fill of earthworks
➢ Solve problem about Economical Hauling
References Charles D. Ghilani and Paul R. Wolf, 2015. Elementray Surveying: An Introduction to
Geomatics, 14th Edition
Instructor: Instructor’ Page 1 of 12`
Station 6 – Mass Diagram
Introduction to Mass Diagram
“Challenge yourself to be better”
Some author’s quote
Freehaul, Overhaul, Borrow and Waste
Normally, cost of excavation includes; cost of transporting of material (unwanted soil) from
either cut or fill for a maximum distance called the freehaul distance (F.H.D.), but transporting of
material for a distance greater than freehaul is called overhaul distance (O.H.D.).
Freehaul
Distance with which there is a fixed price for excavating, hauling and dumping regardless
of the distance moved.
Overhaul
Is the number of cubic meters of overhauled material multiplied by the overhaul
distance, this distance is measured between the center of gravity of cut and fill.
Borrow
It is the location away from the Right of Way and it is chosen by the Engineer. The
borrow pits soil should be comply with the followed specification.
Waste
It is the unwanted excavation material which should be disposed out of Right of Way.
Shrinkage or Swell Factor
It is well known that one cubic meter of excavation on amount will not occupies exactly 1
3
m of space in the fill, so adjusting is required. This can be done by using the shrinkage or
Instructor: Instructor’ Page 2 of 12`
Station 6 – Mass Diagram
Limit of Economic Haul (LEH)
Distance beyond which it is more economical to borrow or waste than to haul from the
project.
Free Haul Distance (FHD)
Distance material is moved without additional compensation to the contractor. Agreed
to before project starts.
Waste
Overhaul
Borrow
Formula:
𝐶𝑏 𝐶
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 𝐹𝐻𝐷
𝐶ℎ
Where:
Cb = Cost of Borrow
C = Distance between Stations
Ch = Cost of Haul
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Station 6 – Mass Diagram
Sample Problem:
1. The earthworks data of a proposed highway is shown on the tabulated data.
Length of Economic Haul = 450 m
Free Haul Distance = 50 m
Stationing of limits of economic haul:
=2+498.03 and 2+948.03
Stationing of limits of free haul
=2+713.12 and 2+763.12
Assuming the ground surface to be uniformly sloping towards the balancing point.
a.) Compute the overhaul volume
b.) Compute the volume of waste
c.) Compute the volume of borrow
Solution:
First, illustrate the problem
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Station 6 – Mass Diagram
a) Volume of Overhaul
Using ratio and proportion
Triangle 1:
ℎ 50
=
26.88 300
ℎ = 4.48
Triangle 2:
𝑎 50
=
241.97 300
𝑎 = 40.33
Using the trapezoid:
𝑎+ℎ
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑥 215.09
2
40.33+4.48
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑥 215.09
2
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 4819.10 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
b) Volume of Waste
Using the trapezoid:
𝑎+50
𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑥 58.03
2
40.33+50
𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑥 58.03
2
𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2620.92 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
Instructor: Instructor’ Page 5 of 12`
Station 6 – Mass Diagram
c) Volume of Borrow
Using ratio and proportion
Triangle 3:
𝑐 70
=
208.03 300
𝑐 = 48.54
Using the Trapezoid
𝑐+70
𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑥 58.03
2
48.54+70
𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑥 58.03
2
𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 5451.06 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
2. The given data off a proposed Manila-Cavite Coastal road is tabulated below. The free haul
distance is 50m, and the cost of borrow is 420 pesos per cu.m, cost of excavation is 350 pesos
per cu.m and the cost of haul is 21 pesos per meter station. Assuming the ground surface to be
uniformly sloping towards the balancing point.
a) Compute the length of economic haul
b) Compute the free haul volume
c) Compute the station limits of the free haul
Solution:
First, illustrate the problem
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Station 6 – Mass Diagram
a) LEH
𝐶𝑏 𝐶
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 𝐹𝐻𝐷
𝐶ℎ
(420)(20)
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 50
21
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = 450 𝑚.
b) Free haul Volume
Using ratio and proportion
Triangle 1: Triangle 2:
ℎ 41.13 47.85 𝑦
= =
𝑥 241.97 208.03 50−𝑥
ℎ = 0.176𝑥 𝑦 = 0.23(50 − 𝑥)
ratio and proportion of Triangle Area
1(ℎ𝑥) 1[𝑦(50−𝑥)]
=
2 2
1[(0.17𝑥)(𝑥) 1[(0.23(50−𝑥))(50−𝑥)]
=
2 2
0.86𝑥 = 50 − 𝑥
𝑥 = 26.88
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Station 6 – Mass Diagram
Substitute the value of x
ℎ = 0.176𝑥 = 0.176(26.88)
ℎ = 4.57
Using the triangle of h and x
ℎ𝑥
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐻𝑎𝑢𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 =
2
4.57(26.88)
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐻𝑎𝑢𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 =
2
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐻𝑎𝑢𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 61.42 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
c) Overhaul Volume
Using the trapezoid
41.13+ℎ
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑥 (241.97 − 𝑥)
2
41.13+4.57
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑥 (241.97 − 26.88)
2
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 4915 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
Mass Diagram
It is a diagram provides a suitable means for studying haul and overhaul to compute the total
payment. It’s x-axis represents the distance in stations, while the y-axis represents the cumulative
volume (the algebraic sum of excavations and embankment between any selected points) after
correction due to soil condition.
Characteristic of Mass Curve
1- Rising sections of the mass curve indicates areas where excavating exceeds fill, whereas falling
sections indicate where fill exceeds excavation.
2- Steep slopes reflect heavy cuts & Fills, while flat slopes indicate areas for small amount of
earthwork.
3- The difference in ordinates between any two points indicate net excess of excavation over
embankment or vise versa.
4- Any horizontal line dawn to intersect two points within the same curve indicates a balance of
excavation (cut) and embankment (fill) quantities between the two points.
5- Points of zero slope represent points where roadway goes from cut to fill or from fill to cut.
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Station 6 – Mass Diagram
6- The highest or the lowest points of the mass haul diagram represents the crossing points
between the grade line (roadway level) and natural ground level.
The Mass Diagram tell us:
1. Mass diagrams determine the average haul, free haul, and overhaul on a given segment of
roadway.
2. Mass diagrams tell the contractors and inspectors the quantity of material moved and how far
it can be economically moved.
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Station 6 – Mass Diagram
Instructor: Instructor’ Page 10 of 12`
Station 6 – Mass Diagram
Mass Diagram
• Right upward arrow indicates cut
• Right downward arrow indicates fill
• The peak indicates transition from cut to fill
• The valley indicates transition from fill to cut
Questions
1. Why do we need to know the Mass diagram?
2. Explain the freehaul and overhaul. (100 words)
3. What will happen if there is more waste than borrow?
4. Explain the meaning of shrinkage factor. (100 words)
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Station 6 – Mass Diagram
References: This part includes online references. This is to avoid plagiarism in the content of the
modules.
Chapter 6:
Charles D. Ghilani and Paul R. Wolf, 2015. Elementray Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics, 14 th
Edition
Jerry Nathanson, Michael T. Lanzafama, and Philip Kissam, 2011. Surveying Fundamentals and Practices,
6th Edition
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