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Memory Detailed Notes

Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information, with three stages: sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. The transition from short-term to long-term memory is facilitated by rehearsal and mnemonic devices, while various types of long-term memory include declarative and procedural memory. Forgetting can occur due to weak encoding or lack of retrieval cues, and memories are often reconstructed rather than replayed.

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4 views2 pages

Memory Detailed Notes

Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information, with three stages: sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. The transition from short-term to long-term memory is facilitated by rehearsal and mnemonic devices, while various types of long-term memory include declarative and procedural memory. Forgetting can occur due to weak encoding or lack of retrieval cues, and memories are often reconstructed rather than replayed.

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221907
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© All Rights Reserved
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MEMORY – Detailed Notes (Easy English

+ Examples)
What is Memory?
 Memory is the process of encoding (taking in info), storing (keeping info), and retrieving
(bringing it back).
 Example: You learn a friend's phone number (encoding), remember it (storage), and
recall it when needed (retrieval).

Stages of Memory (Three-Stage Model)


 Sensory Memory – Very short-term memory (1–2 seconds), includes Iconic (visual) and
Echoic (sound) memory.
 Example: Seeing a lightning flash and remembering its image briefly.
 Short-Term Memory (STM) – Lasts 15–25 seconds, holds 7±2 items, improved with
chunking.
 Example: Holding a code long enough to type it.
 Long-Term Memory (LTM) – Permanent storage, unlimited capacity, needs rehearsal to
transfer info from STM.

How Information Moves from STM to LTM


 Rehearsal – Repeating info helps transfer to LTM.
 Elaborative Rehearsal – Connecting new info to known info.
 Mnemonics – Tricks like VIBGYOR for rainbow colors.

Working Memory
 A mental workspace that manipulates information.
 Central Executive controls: Visual Store, Verbal Store, Episodic Buffer.
 Example: Doing mental math while remembering numbers.

Types of Long-Term Memory


 Declarative Memory: Semantic (facts) and Episodic (events).
 Example: Semantic – Paris is capital of France; Episodic – Your last birthday.
 Procedural Memory: Skills like riding a bike or typing.
Brain and Memory
 Hippocampus helps form new memories.
 Damage to it can stop new memories from forming.

Why Do We Forget?
 Weak encoding, brain overload, stress, lack of retrieval cues.

Retrieval Cues
 Recall – Without hints (short-answer questions).
 Recognition – With options (MCQs).
 Tip-of-the-tongue – You know it but can't say it.
 Retrieval Cue – Signal like a smell or word helps recall info.

Levels of Processing Theory


 Deeper understanding leads to better memory.
 Example: Creating a story with facts helps remember better.

Explicit vs Implicit Memory


 Explicit – You try to remember (e.g., studying for test).
 Implicit – Happens automatically (e.g., typing).
 Priming – Seeing 'yellow' makes you think 'banana'.

Flashbulb Memories
 Emotional, vivid memories of shocking events.
 Example: Remembering where you were during a big news event.

Constructive Memory
 Memories are rebuilt, not replayed.
 Schemas are mental beliefs that shape memories.
 Example: If you think teachers are strict, you may misremember a kind one as strict.

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