ENGINEERING DRAWING

Introduction

By
Dr Vishisht Bhaiya
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT),
(Institute of National Importance as declared by Government of India)
Surat, Gujarat 395007.
Email: Vishisht@[Link] Mo. No.:7976218462
 ENGINEERING CURVES
Part- I {Conic Sections}

ELLIPSE PARABOLA HYPERBOLA

[Link] Circle Method [Link] Method [Link] Hyperbola

(coordinates given)
[Link] Method 2 Method of Tangents
( Triangle Method) 2 Rectangular Hyperbola
[Link] Method (P-V diagram - Equation given)
[Link] Locus Method
[Link] of Circle Method (Directrix – focus) [Link] Locus Method
(Directrix – focus)
[Link] Metho

[Link] Locus Method Methods of Drawing

(Directrix – focus) Tangents & Normals
To These Curves.
 CONIC SECTIONS
ELLIPSE, PARABOLA AND HYPERBOLA ARE CALLED CONIC SECTIONS
BECAUSE
THESE CURVES APPEAR ON THE SURFACE OF A CONE
WHEN IT IS CUT BY SOME TYPICAL CUTTING PLANES.
OBSERVE
ILLUSTRATIONS
GIVEN BELOW..

Ellipse

Section Plane

a
Section Plane

bol
Through Generators Hyperbola
Parallel to Axis.
a
Par

Section Plane Parallel

to end generator.
 COMMON DEFINITION OF ELLIPSE, PARABOLA &
HYPERBOLA:
These are the loci of points moving in a plane such that the ratio of it’s distances
from a fixed point And a fixed line always remains constant.
The Ratio is called ECCENTRICITY. (E)
A) For Ellipse E<1
B) For Parabola E=1
C) For Hyperbola E>1

Refer Problem nos. 6, 9 & 12

SECOND DEFINATION OF AN ELLIPSE:-
It is a locus of a point moving in a plane
such that the SUM of it’s distances from TWO fixed points
always remains constant.
{And this sum equals to the length of major axis.}
These TWO fixed points are FOCUS 1 & FOCUS 2
Refer Problem no.4
Ellipse by Arcs of Circles
 ELLIPSE
Problem 1 :- BY CONCENTRIC CIRCLE METHOD
Draw ellipse by concentric circle method.
Take major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long.
3
Steps: 2 4
1. Draw both axes as perpendicular bisectors
of each other & name their ends as shown. C
2. Taking their intersecting point as a center,
draw two concentric circles considering both 1 5
3
as respective diameters. 2 4
3. Divide both circles in 12 equal parts &
1 5
name as shown.
4. From all points of outer circle draw vertical
lines downwards and upwards respectively. A B
[Link] all points of inner circle draw
horizontal lines to intersect those vertical 10 6
lines.
6. Mark all intersecting points properly as 10 9 7 6
those are the points on ellipse. 8
7. Join all these points along with the ends of D
both axes in smooth possible curve. It is
required ellipse.
9 7
8
Steps:
1 Draw a rectangle taking major
and minor axes as sides. ELLIPSE
2. In this rectangle draw both BY RECTANGLE METHOD
axes as perpendicular bisectors of
each other..
3. For construction, select upper Problem 2
left part of rectangle. Divide Draw ellipse by Rectangle method.
vertical small side and horizontal Take major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long.
long side into same number of
equal parts.( here divided in four
parts)
4. Name those as shown..
D 4
4
5. Now join all vertical points
1,2,3,4, to the upper end of minor 3 3
axis. And all horizontal points
i.e.1,2,3,4 to the lower end of 2 2
minor axis. 1
1
6. Then extend C-1 line upto D-1
and mark that point. Similarly
extend C-2, C-3, C-4 lines up to A 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 B
D-2, D-3, & D-4 lines.
7. Mark all these points properly
and join all along with ends A
and D in smooth possible curve.
Do similar construction in right
side [Link] with lower half of
the [Link] all points in
smooth curve. C
It is required ellipse.
 Problem 3:- Draw ellipse by Oblong method.
Draw a parallelogram of 100 mm and 70 mm long
sides with included angle of [Link] Ellipse in it. ELLIPSE
STEPS ARE SIMILAR TO BY OBLONG METHOD
THE PREVIOUS CASE
(RECTANGLE METHOD)
ONLY IN PLACE OF RECTANGLE,
HERE IS A PARALLELOGRAM.
D
4 4

3 3

2 2

1
1

A 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 B

C
PROBLEM 4.
MAJOR AXIS AB & MINOR AXIS CD ARE
100 AMD 70MM LONG RESPECTIVELY ELLIPSE
.DRAW ELLIPSE BY ARCS OF CIRLES BY ARCS OF CIRCLE METHOD
METHOD.

As per the definition Ellipse is locus of point P moving in

a plane such that the SUM of it’s distances from two fixed
STEPS: points (F1 & F2) remains constant and equals to the length
[Link] both axes as [Link] the of major axis AB.(Note A .1+ B .1=A . 2 + B. 2 = AB)
ends & intersecting point
[Link] AO distance [Link] major
axis, from C, mark F1 & F2 On AB . p4 C
( focus 1 and 2.) p3
[Link] line F1- O taking any distance, p2
mark points 1,2,3, & 4
[Link] F1 center, with distance A-1 p1
draw an arc above AB and taking F2
center, with B-1 distance cut this arc.
Name the point p1
[Link] this step with same centers but A
B
O
taking now A-2 & B-2 distances for F1 1 2 3 4 F2
drawing arcs. Name the point p2
[Link] get all other P points.
With same steps positions of P can be
located below AB.
[Link] all points by smooth curve to get
an ellipse/
D
 PROBLEM 5.
DRAW RHOMBUS OF 100 MM & 70 MM LONG
DIAGONALS AND INSCRIBE AN ELLIPSE IN IT.

ELLIPSE
STEPS: 2 BY RHOMBUS METHOD
1. Draw rhombus of given
dimensions.
2. Mark mid points of all sides &
name Those A,B,C,& D
3. Join these points to the ends of A B
smaller diagonals.
4. Mark points 1,2,3,4 as four
centers.
5. Taking 1 as center and 1-A 3 4
radius draw an arc AB.
6. Take 2 as center draw an arc CD.
7. Similarly taking 3 & 4 as centers
and 3-D radius draw arcs DA & BC.
D C

1
PROBLEM 6:- POINT F IS 50 MM FROM A LINE AB.A POINT P IS MOVING IN A PLANE
SUCH THAT THE RATIO OF IT’S DISTANCES FROM F AND LINE AB REMAINS CONSTANT
AND EQUALS TO 2/3 DRAW LOCUS OF POINT P. { ECCENTRICITY = 2/3 }
ELLIPSE
DIRECTRIX-FOCUS METHOD
STEPS: ELLIPSE
1 .Draw a vertical line AB and point F A
50 mm from it.

DIRECTRIX
2 .Divide 50 mm distance in 5 parts.
3 .Name 2nd part from F as V. It is 20mm
and 30mm from F and AB line resp. 45mm
It is first point giving ratio of it’s
distances from F and AB 2/3 i.e 20/30

30mm
4 Form more points giving same ratio such
as 30/45, 40/60, 50/75 etc.
[Link] 45,60 and 75mm distances from
line AB, draw three vertical lines to the (vertex) V
right side of it. F ( focus)
6. Now with 30, 40 and 50mm distances in
compass cut these lines above and below,
with F as center.
7. Join these points through V in smooth
curve.
This is required locus of [Link] is an ELLIPSE.

B
PROBLEM 7: A BALL THROWN IN AIR ATTAINS 100 M HIEGHT
AND COVERS HORIZONTAL DISTANCE 150 M ON GROUND. PARABOLA
Draw the path of the ball (projectile)- RECTANGLE METHOD

STEPS: 6 6
[Link] rectangle of above size and
divide it in two equal vertical parts
[Link] left part for construction. 5 5
Divide height and length in equal
number of parts and name those
1,2,3,4,5& 6 4
[Link] vertical 1,2,3,4,5 & 6 to the
4
top center of rectangle
[Link] draw upward vertical
lines from horizontal1,2,3,4,5 3 3
And wherever these lines intersect
previously drawn inclined lines in
sequence Mark those points and 2 2
further join in smooth possible curve.
[Link] the construction on right side
rectangle [Link] all in sequence. 1 1
This locus is Parabola.
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
Problem no.8: Draw an isosceles triangle of 100 mm long base and
110 mm long [Link] a parabola in it by method of tangents. PARABOLA
METHOD OF TANGENTS
Solution Steps: C
1. Construct triangle as per the given
14 1
dimensions.
2. Divide it’s both sides in to same [Link] 13
2
equal parts. 12
3. Name the parts in ascending and 3
11
descending manner, as shown. 4
4. Join 1-1, 2-2,3-3 and so on. 10
5
5. Draw the curve as shown [Link] to 9
all these lines. The above all lines being 6
8
tangents to the curve, it is called method 7
of tangents. 7 8
6
9
5 10
4 11
3 12
2 13
1
14
A B
PROBLEM 9: Point F is 50 mm from a vertical straight line AB.
Draw locus of point P, moving in a plane such that
it always remains equidistant from point F and line AB.
PARABOLA
DIRECTRIX-FOCUS METHOD
SOLUTION STEPS:
[Link] center of line, perpendicular to PARABOLA
AB from point F. This will be initial
point P. A
[Link] 5 mm distance to its right side,
name those points 1,2,3,4 and from those
draw lines parallel to AB.
3. Take C-1 distance as radius and F as
center draw an arc
cutting first parallel line to AB. Name
upper point P1 and lower point P2.
(VERTEX) V
[Link] repeat this process by taking
C F
again 5mm to right and left and locate 1 2 3 4
P3P4. ( focus)
[Link] all these points in smooth curve.

It will be the locus of P equidistance

from line AB and fixed point F.

B
 Problem No.10: Point P is 40 mm and 30 mm from horizontal
and vertical axes [Link] Hyperbola through it.
Solution Steps: HYPERBOLA
Extend horizontal line from P to right
THROUGH A POINT
side. 2
2Extend vertical line from P upward. OF KNOWN CO-ORDINATES
3 On horizontal line from P, mark
some points taking any distance and
name them after P-1, 2,3,4 etc.
4 Join 1-2-3-4 points to pole O. Let
them cut part [P-B] also at 1,2,3,4
points.
5From horizontal 1,2,3,4 draw
vertical lines downwards and
6From vertical 1,2,3,4 points [from 1
P-B] draw horizontal lines.
7Line from 1 horizontal and line from
1 vertical will meet at [Link] P
mark P2, P3, P4 points.
2 1 1 2 3
8Repeat the procedure by marking
four points on upward vertical line 1
from P and joining all those to pole O.
Name this points P6, P7, P8 etc. and 40 mm 2
join them by smooth curve.
3

30 mm
Problem no.11: A sample of gas is expanded in a cylinder
from 10 unit pressure to 1 unit [Link] follows
law PV=[Link] initial volume being 1 unit, draw the
curve of expansion. Also Name the curve. 10 HYPERBOLA
Form a table giving few more values of P & V
9 P-V DIAGRAM
P V = C
+++ +++ +

8
10 1 = 10
5 2 = 10 7
4 2.5 = 10
2.5 4 = 10
2 5 = 10
6
1 10 = 10

PRESSURE
5

( Kg/cm2)
Now draw a Graph of
Pressure against Volume. 4
It is a PV Diagram and it is Hyperbola.
Take pressure on vertical axis and 3
Volume on horizontal axis.
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VOLUME:( M3
)
PROBLEM 12:- POINT F IS 50 MM FROM A LINE AB.
A POINT P IS MOVING IN A PLANE SUCH THAT THE
RATIO
OF IT’S DISTANCES FROM F AND LINE AB REMAINS A HYPERBOLA
CONSTANT AND EQUALS TO 3/2
DRAW LOCUS OF POINT P. { ECCENTRICITY = 3/2 }
DIRECTRIX
30mm FOCUS METHOD
STEPS:
1 .Draw a vertical line AB and point F

45
50 mm from it.

mm
2 .Divide 50 mm distance in 5 parts.
3 .Name 3rd part from F as V. It is 30 mm
and 20 mm from F and AB line resp. (vertex) F ( focus)
It is first point giving ratio of it’s V
distances from F and AB = 3/2 i.e 30/20
4 Form more points giving same ratio such
as 45/30, 60/40, 75/50 etc.
[Link] 30. 40 and 50 mm distances from
line AB, draw three vertical lines to the
right side of it.
6. Now with 45, 60 and 75 mm distances in
compass cut these lines above and
below, with F as center.
7. Join these points through V in smooth
curve.
This is required locus of P. It is Hyperbola. B
Problem 13:
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q )
1. JOIN POINT Q TO F1 & F2
2. BISECT ANGLE F1Q F2 THE ANGLE BISECTOR IS NORMAL
3. A PERPENDICULAR LINE DRAWN TO IT IS TANGENT TO THE CURVE.

ELLIPSE
p4 C TANGENT & NORMAL
p3
p2
p1

A B
O
F 1 2 3 4 F
L

1 2
MA
NOR

Q TAN
GE
NT
D
 ELLIPSE
TANGENT & NORMAL
ELLIPSE
A
Problem 14:

DIRECTRIX
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE
T
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q )

[Link] POINT Q TO F.
(vertex) V
[Link] 900 ANGLE WITH F ( focus)
THIS LINE AT POINT F 0
90
[Link] THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX N
AT T
4. JOIN THIS POINT TO Q AND EXTEND. THIS IS
TANGENT TO ELLIPSE FROM Q
[Link] THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE. Q
N

T
 PARABOLA
TANGENT & NORMAL
T PARABOLA
Problem 15:
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL A
TO THE CURVE
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q )

[Link] POINT Q TO F.
[Link] 900 ANGLE WITH
THIS LINE AT POINT F VERTEX V
[Link] THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX 900
F
AT T ( focus)
4. JOIN THIS POINT TO Q AND EXTEND. THIS IS
TANGENT TO THE CURVE FROM Q
[Link] THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR N
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE.

Q
B N

T
 HYPERBOLA
TANGENT & NORMAL
Problem 16 A
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q )

[Link] POINT Q TO F.
[Link] 900 ANGLE WITH THIS LINE AT (vertex)
V
F ( focus)
POINT F 900
[Link] THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX AT T
4. JOIN THIS POINT TO Q AND EXTEND. THIS IS N
TANGENT TO CURVE FROM Q
[Link] THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE.

N Q

T
 ENGINEERING CURVES
Part-II
(Point undergoing two types of displacements)

INVOLUTE CYCLOID SPIRAL

1. Involute of a circle 1. General Cycloid 1. Spiral of
a)String Length = πD One Convolution.
2. Trochoid
b)String Length > πD ( superior) 2. Spiral of
3. Trochoid Two Convolutions.
c)String Length < πD ( Inferior)
4. Epi-Cycloid
2. Pole having Composite
shape. 5. Hypo-Cycloid

3. Rod Rolling over

AND Methods of Drawing
a Semicircular Pole.
Tangents & Normals
To These Curves.
 DEFINITIONS
CYCLOID: SUPERIORTROCHOID:
IT IS A LOCUS OF A POINT ON THE
PERIPHERY OF A CIRCLE WHICH IF THE POINT IN THE DEFINATION
OF CYCLOID IS OUTSIDE THE
ROLLS ON A STRAIGHT LINE PATH.
CIRCLE

INFERIOR TROCHOID.:
INVOLUTE: IF IT IS INSIDE THE CIRCLE
IT IS A LOCUS OF A FREE END OF A STRING
WHEN IT IS WOUND ROUND A CIRCULAR POLE EPI-CYCLOID
IF THE CIRCLE IS ROLLING ON
ANOTHER CIRCLE FROM OUTSIDE
SPIRAL:
IT IS A CURVE GENERATED BY A POINT HYPO-CYCLOID.
WHICH REVOLVES AROUND A FIXED POINT IF THE CIRCLE IS ROLLING FROM
AND AT THE SAME MOVES TOWARDS IT. INSIDE THE OTHER CIRCLE
 INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE
Solution Steps: Problem no 17: Draw Involute of a circle.
1) Point or end P of string AP is
exactly πD distance away from A. String length is equal to the circumference of circle.
Means if this string is wound round
the circle, it will completely cover P2
given circle. B will meet A after
winding.
2) Divide πD (AP) distance into 8
number of equal parts. P3
P1
3) Divide circle also into 8 number
of equal parts.

2 to p
4) Name after A, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. up 3
to
to 8 on πD line AP as well as on p
circle (in anticlockwise direction).

op
1t
5) To radius C-1, C-2, C-3 up to C-8
draw tangents (from 1,2,3,4,etc to
circle). P4 4 to p
6) Take distance 1 to P in compass 4
and mark it on tangent from point 1 3
on circle (means one division less
5
than distance AP). 2
6
op

7) Name this point P1

5t

8) Take 2-B distance in compass 1

and mark it on the tangent from 7 A 8
6 to p

7
point 2. Name it point P2. P5 to P
p P8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9) Similarly take 3 to P, 4 to P, 5 to
P up to 7 to P distance in compass P7
and mark on respective tangents P6 πD
and locate P3, P4, P5 up to P8 (i.e.
A) points and join them in smooth
curve it is an INVOLUTE of a given
circle.
 Problem 18: Draw Involute of a circle.
INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE
String length is MORE than the circumference of circle.
String length MORE than πD
Solution Steps: P2
In this case string length is more
than Π D.
But remember!
Whatever may be the length of P3 P1
string, mark Π D distance

2 to p
horizontal [Link] the string
and divide it in 8 number of 3
to
equal parts, and not any other p

op
distance. Rest all steps are same

1t
as previous INVOLUTE. Draw
the curve completely.

4 to p
P4 4
3
5
2
op
5t

6
1
P5 7
8
p8 1 P
6 to p

7
to
p
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P7
165 mm
P6 (more than πD)
πD
Problem 19: Draw Involute of a circle.
String length is LESS than the circumference of circle. INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE
Solution Steps: P2 String length LESS than πD
In this case string length is Less
than Π D.
But remember!
Whatever may be the length of P3
P1
string, mark Π D distance
horizontal [Link] the string
and divide it in 8 number of

2 to p
3
equal parts, and not any other to
p
distance. Rest all steps are same
as previous INVOLUTE. Draw

op
1t
the curve completely.
4 to p
P4 4
3
5
2
op
5t

6
1
6 to p

P5
7
to 7 P
p 8
P7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P6
150 mm
(Less than πD)

πD
 PROBLEM 20 : A POLE IS OF A SHAPE OF HALF HEXAGON AND SEMICIRCLE.
A STRING IS TO BE WOUND HAVING LENGTH EQUAL TO THE POLE
PERIMETER INVOLUTE
DRAW PATH OF FREE END P OF STRING WHEN WOUND COMPLETELY.
OF
(Take hex 30 mm sides and semicircle of 60 mm diameter.) COMPOSIT SHAPED POLE
SOLUTION STEPS:
Draw pole shape as per
dimensions. P1
Divide semicircle in 4
parts and name those P
along with corners of
hexagon.
P2
Calculate perimeter
length.

1 to P
Show it as string AP.
On this line mark 30mm

2
t
from A

oP
o
Mark and name it 1
P

At
Mark πD/2 distance on it
from 1
And dividing it in 4 parts
P3
name 2,3,4,5. 3 to P 3
Mark point 6 on line 30 4
mm from 5 2
Now draw tangents from 5 1
all points of pole
oP

and proper lengths as

4t

done in all previous 6 A

5 to P

involute’s problems and 1 2 3 5 6 P

6t

4
complete the curve.
oP

P4 πD/2
P6
P5
PROBLEM 21 : Rod AB 85 mm long rolls
over a semicircular pole without slipping
from it’s initially vertical position till it
becomes up-side-down vertical. B
Draw locus of both ends A & B.
A
Solution Steps? 4
If you have studied previous problems 4 B
properly, you can surely solve this also. 1
Simply remember that this being a rod, A
it will roll over the surface of pole. 3 3
Means when one end is approaching,
other end will move away from poll.
OBSERVE ILLUSTRATION CAREFULLY!

πD 2

A
B
2 2
1 2
3
1

A 4
A
1
B
B 3

4
PROBLEM 22: DRAW LOCUS OF A POINT ON THE PERIPHERY OF A CIRCLE
WHICH ROLLS ON STRAIGHT LINE PATH. Take Circle diameter as 50 mm CYCLOID
p4
4
p3 p5
3 5

C p2 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 p6
2 6
C8
p1
1 p7
7
P p8

πD

Solution Steps:
1) From center C draw a horizontal line equal to πD distance.
2) Divide πD distance into 8 number of equal parts and name them C1, C2, C3__ etc.
3) Divide the circle also into 8 number of equal parts and in clock wise direction, after P name 1, 2, 3 up to
8.
4) From all these points on circle draw horizontal lines. (parallel to locus of C)
5) With a fixed distance C-P in compass, C1 as center, mark a point on horizontal line from 1. Name it P.
6) Repeat this procedure from C2, C3, C4 upto C8 as centers. Mark points P2, P3, P4, P5 up to P8 on the
horizontal lines drawn from 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 respectively.
7) Join all these points by curve. It is Cycloid.
PROBLEM 25: DRAW LOCUS OF A POINT ON THE PERIPHERY OF A CIRCLE
WHICH ROLLS ON A CURVED PATH. Take diameter of rolling Circle 50 mm
And radius of directing circle i.e. curved path, 75 mm.

Solution Steps:
1) When smaller circle will roll on EPI CYCLOID :
larger circle for one revolution it will
cover Π D distance on arc and it will be
decided by included arc angle θ.
2) Calculate θ by formula θ = (r/R) x
Generating/
3600. Rolling Circle
3) Construct angle θ with radius OC 4 5
and draw an arc by taking O as center C C
C C
OC as radius and form sector of angle 3 6 2 3
θ. C 1 4 C
4) Divide this sector into 8 number of 7 5

C
equal angular parts. And from C 2

6
onward name them C1, C2, C3 up to
1 P
C8. r = CP

C
5) Divide smaller circle (Generating

7
circle) also in 8 number of equal parts.
Directing Circle
And next to P in clockwise direction
R C
name those 1, 2, 3, up to 8.
8
6) With O as center, O-1 as radius r 3600
draw an arc in the sector. Take O-2, =
+

R
O-3, O-4, O-5 up to O-8 distances with
center O, draw all concentric arcs in O
sector. Take fixed distance C-P in
compass, C1 center, cut arc of 1 at P1.
Repeat procedure and locate P2, P3,
P4, P5 unto P8 (as in cycloid) and join
them by smooth curve. This is EPI –
CYCLOID.
 PROBLEM 26: DRAW LOCUS OF A POINT ON THE PERIPHERY OF A CIRCLE
WHICH ROLLS FROM THE INSIDE OF A CURVED PATH. Take diameter of
rolling circle 50 mm and radius of directing circle (curved path) 75 mm.
HYPO CYCLOID
Solution Steps:
1) Smaller circle is rolling
here, inside the larger
circle. It has to rotate
anticlockwise to move P 7
ahead.
2) Same steps should be P1
6
taken as in case of EPI –
CYCLOID. Only change is 1 P2 C
C C
in numbering direction of 8 C
number of equal parts on C 1
2 3 C
5 4
the smaller circle. P3 5
2 C
3) From next to P in
6
anticlockwise direction, 4 P4 C
name 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. 3
4) Further all steps are 7 P8
P5
P6 P7
that of epi – cycloid. This
is called

C
8
HYPO – CYCLOID.
r 3600
=
+

R
O

OC = R ( Radius of Directing Circle)

CP = r (Radius of Generating Circle)
 Problem 27: Draw a spiral of one convolution. Take distance PO 40
mm.
IMPORTANT APPROACH FOR CONSTRUCTION!
FIND TOTAL ANGULAR AND TOTAL LINEAR
DISPLACEMENT SPIRAL
AND DIVIDE BOTH IN TO SAME NUMBER OF EQUAL PARTS. 2

P2
Solution Steps 3 1
P1
1. With PO radius draw a circle
and divide it in EIGHT parts. P3
Name those 1,2,3,4, etc. up to 8
2 .Similarly divided line PO also in
EIGHT parts and name those P4
4 O P
1,2,3,-- as shown. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
3. Take o-1 distance from op line P7
and draw an arc up to O1 radius P5 P6
vector. Name the point P1
4. Similarly mark points P2, P3, P4
up to P8
5 7
And join those in a smooth curve.
It is a SPIRAL of one convolution.
6
Problem 28
Point P is 80 mm from point O. It starts moving towards O and reaches it in two
revolutions [Link] Draw locus of point P (To draw a Spiral of TWO convolutions).

IMPORTANT APPROACH FOR CONSTRUCTION! SPIRAL

FIND TOTAL ANGULAR AND TOTAL LINEAR DISPLACEMENT of
AND DIVIDE BOTH IN TO SAME NUMBER OF EQUAL PARTS. two
convolutions
2,10
P2

3,11 P1 1,9
SOLUTION STEPS: P3

Total angular displacement here

P1
is two revolutions And P9
0
Total Linear displacement here P1
is distance PO. 1
16 13 10 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 P
Just divide both in same parts i.e. 4,12
P4 P8 8,16
P1
P1
Circle in EIGHT parts. 2
5
( means total angular displacement P1 P1
in SIXTEEN parts) 3 4

Divide PO also in SIXTEEN parts. P7

P5
Rest steps are similar to the previous
problem. P6
5,13 7,15

6,14
 Involute
STEPS:
DRAW INVOLUTE AS USUAL. Method of Drawing
MARK POINT Q ON IT AS DIRECTED.
Tangent & Normal
JOIN Q TO THE CENTER OF CIRCLE C.
CONSIDERING CQ DIAMETER, DRAW
A SEMICIRCLE AS SHOWN. INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE

al
rm
No
MARK POINT OF INTERSECTION OF
THIS SEMICIRCLE AND POLE CIRCLE
Q
AND JOIN IT TO Q.

THIS WILL BE NORMAL TO INVOLUTE. Ta

ng
en
DRAW A LINE AT RIGHT ANGLE TO t
THIS LINE FROM Q.

IT WILL BE TANGENT TO INVOLUTE.

4
3
5
C 2
6
1
7
8
P
P8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

πD
 CYCLOID
STEPS:
DRAW CYCLOID AS USUAL. Method of Drawing
MARK POINT Q ON IT AS DIRECTED.
Tangent & Normal
WITH CP DISTANCE, FROM Q. CUT THE
POINT ON LOCUS OF C AND JOIN IT TO Q.

FROM THIS POINT DROP A PERPENDICULAR

ON GROUND LINE AND NAME IT N

JOIN N WITH [Link] WILL BE NORMAL TO

CYCLOID.

al
DRAW A LINE AT RIGHT ANGLE TO

Norm
THIS LINE FROM Q.

IT WILL BE TANGENT TO CYCLOID. CYCLOID

Q
Tang
ent

CP
C C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7
C8

P N
πD
 Spiral.
Method of Drawing
SPIRAL (ONE CONVOLUSION.) Tangent & Normal
2 t
en
No

a ng
rm
T
P2
al

3 1 Difference in length of any radius vectors

Q P1 Constant of the Curve =
Angle between the corresponding
radius vector in radian.
P3
OP – OP2 OP – OP2
= =
π/2 1.57

4 P4 O P = 3.185 m.m.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
P7 STEPS:
*DRAW SPIRAL AS USUAL.
P5 P6 DRAW A SMALL CIRCLE OF RADIUS EQUAL TO THE
CONSTANT OF CURVE CALCULATED ABOVE.

* LOCATE POINT Q AS DISCRIBED IN PROBLEM AND

5 7 THROUGH IT DRAW A TANGENTTO THIS SMALLER
[Link] IS A NORMAL TO THE SPIRAL.

*DRAW A LINE AT RIGHT ANGLE

6
*TO THIS LINE FROM Q.
IT WILL BE TANGENT TO CYCLOID.
Thank you