MISSILE AERODYNAMICS

ASSIGNMENT: 1
AE23001

MISSILES DEVELOPED
BY INDIA

BY:
SHANKAR B
2023501038
INTRODUCTION:
The Integrated Guided Missile Development
Programme (IGMDP) was an Indian Ministry of Defence programme for
the research and development of the comprehensive range of missiles. The
programme was managed by the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) and Ordnance Factories Board in partnership with
other Indian government political organisations. The project started in 1982–83
under the leadership of Abdul Kalam who oversaw its ending in 2008 after
these strategic missiles were successfully developed.
By the start of the 1980s, the Defence Research and Development
Laboratory (DRDL) had developed competence and expertise in the fields of
propulsion, navigation and manufacture of aerospace materials based on
the Soviet rocketry technologies. Thus, India's political leadership, which
included Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Defence Minister R.
Venkataraman and V.S. Arunachalam, the Scientific Advisor to the Defence
Minister, decided that all these technologies should be consolidated.
This led to the birth of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme
with Dr. Abdul Kalam, who had previously been the project director for
the SLV-3 programme at the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), was
inducted as the DRDL Director in 1983 to conceive and lead it. While the
scientists proposed the development of each missile consecutively, the Defence
Minister R. Venkataraman asked them to reconsider and develop all the missiles
simultaneously
GUIDED MISSILES DEVELOPED BY IGMDP:
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam started multiple projects simultaneously to develop the
following types of Indian Guided Missiles.
1. Short Range Surface to Surface Missile (SSM) ‘Prithvi’
2. Long Range Surface to Surface Missile (SSM) ‘Agni’
3. Medium Range Surface to Air Missile (SAM) ‘Akash’
4. Short Range Surface to Air Missile (SAM) ‘Trishul’
5. Anti-tank Guided Missile (ATGM) ‘Nag’
The Agni missile was initially conceived in the IGMDP as a technology
demonstrator project in the form of a re-entry vehicle, and was later upgraded to
a ballistic missile with different ranges.

PRITHVI:
The Prithvi missile is a family of tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic
missiles (SRBM) and is India's first indigenously developed ballistic missile.
Development of the Prithvi began in 1983, and it was first test-fired on 25
February 1988 from Sriharikota, SHAR Centre, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. It has
a range of up to 150 to 300 km. The land variant is called Prithvi while the
naval operational variant of Prithvi I and Prithvi III class missiles are code
named Dhanush. Both variants are used for surface targets.
The Prithvi is said to have its propulsion technology derived from the
Soviet SA-2 surface-to-air missile. Variants make use of either liquid or both
liquid and solid fuels. Developed as a battlefield missile, it could carry a nuclear
warhead in its role as a tactical nuclear weapon.
The initial project framework of the IGMDP envisioned the Prithvi missile as a
short-range ballistic missile with variants for the Indian Army, Indian Air Force
and the Indian Navy. Over the years the Prithvi missile specifications have
undergone a number of changes. The Prithvi I class of missiles were inducted
into the Indian Army in 1994, and it is reported that Prithvi I missiles are being
withdrawn from service, being replaced with Prahar missiles. Prithvi II missiles
were inducted in 1996. Prithvi III class has a longer-range of 350 km, and was
successfully test fired in 2004.

PRITHVI-II-MISSILE

AKASH:
Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile developed as part of India's
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme to achieve self-sufficiency
in the area of surface-to-air missiles. It is the most expensive missile project
ever undertaken by the Union government in the 20th century. Development
costs skyrocketed to almost US$120 million, which is far more than other
similar systems. Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile with an
intercept range of 30 km. It has a launch weight of 720 kg. Akash flies
at supersonic speed, reaching around Mach 2.5. It can reach an al tude of
18 km. A digital proximity fuse is coupled with a 55 kg pre-fragmented
warhead, while the safety arming and detona on mechanism enables a
controlled detona on sequence. A self-destruct device is also integrated. It is
propelled by a solid fuelled booster stage. The en re Akash SAM system allows
for a acking mul ple targets (up to 4 per ba ery). The Akash missile's use
of ramjet propulsion system allows it to maintain its speed without
decelera on, unlike the Patriot missiles. The missile is supported by a mul -
target and mul -func on phased array fire control radar called the 'Rajendra'
with a range of about 80 km in search, and 60 km in terms of engagement.
The missile is completely guided by the radar, without any active guidance of its
own. This allows it greater capability against jamming as the aircraft self-
protection jammer would have to work against the high-power Rajendra, and
the aircraft being attacked is not alerted by any terminal seeker on the Akash
itself.
Design of the missile is similar to that of the SA-6, with four long tube ramjet
inlet ducts mounted mid-body between wings. For pitch/yaw control four
clipped triangular moving wings are mounted on mid-body. For roll control four
inline clipped delta fins with ailerons are mounted before the tail. However,
internal schema shows a completely modernised layout, including an onboard
computer with special optimised trajectories, and an all-digital proximity fuse.
The Akash system meant for the Indian Army uses the T-72 tank chassis for its
launcher and radar vehicles. The Rajendra derivative for the Army is called the
Battery Level Radar-III. The Air Force version uses an Ashok Leyland truck
platform to tow the missile launcher, while the Radar is on a BMP-2 chassis and
is called the Battery Level Radar-II. In either case, the launchers carry three
ready-to-fire Akash missiles each. The launchers are automated, autonomous
and networked to a command post and the guidance radar.
The first test flight of Akash missile was conducted in 1990, with development
flights up to March 1997.
The Indian Air Force (IAF) has initiated the process to induct
the Akash surface-to-air missiles developed as a part of the Integrated Guided
Missile Development Programme. The Multiple target handling capability of
Akash weapon system was demonstrated by live firing in a C4I environment
during the trials. Two Akash missiles intercepted two fast moving targets in
simultaneous engagement mode in 2005 itself. The Akash System's 3-D central
acquisition radar (3-D car) group mode performance was then fully established.

TRISHUL:
Trishul was a low-level quick-reaction short range surface-to-air
missile developed in India by the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) as part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development
Programme (IGMDP). It can also be used as an anti-sea skimmer from naval
ship against low flying missile, attack helicopter and aircraft.
The Trishul missile project was commissioned in 1983 as a part of Integrated
Guided Missile Development Programme. The primary objective was to
produce short range surface to air missile with a reaction time below 6 seconds.
In 1985, Trishul made its first unguided flight from Satish Dhawan Space
Centre, Sriharikota. The missile made its first full range guided flight in 1989
but without television guidance (TVM) which was originally planned.
Indian Army and Indian Air Force (IAF) wanted Trishul to replace the Soviet-
era 9K33 Osa. By the late 1990s, DRDO pushed Trishul as an alternative to
Barak 1 for Indian Navy. One of the biggest challenge faced by DRDO is to
make Trishul skim just 5 meters above the sea waves at supersonic speed.
Trishul has a range between 300 m (980 ft) to 9 km (5.6 mi). DRDO also made
an enhanced 11 km (6.8 mi) range variant for the Indian Air Force. It is
powered by a Dual-thrust propulsion stage using high-energy solid
propellant. Trishul weighs 130 kg (290 lb) and is capable of carrying a 15 kg
(33 lb) warhead. Trishul is 3 m in length and 20 cm in diameter. The modified
naval variant use command to line-of-sight guidance mechanism. The missile
can be employed against sea skimmers with a fire control radar. Trishul flies
at supersonic speed. It has a low altitude radio altimeter and height lock loop
control.

NAG:
Nag is India's third generation "fire-and-forget" anti-tank missile. It is an all
weather, top attack missile with a range of 0.5 to 4 km.
The missile uses an 8 kg high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) tandem
warhead capable of defeating modern armour including explosive reactive
armour (ERA) and composite armour. Nag uses imaging infra-red
(IIR) guidance with day and night capability. Mode of launch for the IIR seeker
is LOBL (lock-on before launch). Nag can be mounted on an infantry vehicle; a
helicopter launched version will also be available with integration work being
carried out with the HAL Dhruv.
Separate versions for the Army and the Air Force are being developed. For the
Army, the missiles will be carried by specialist carrier vehicles (NAMICA-Nag
Missile Carrier) equipped with a thermographic camera for target acquisition.
NAMICA is a modified BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicle licence produced as
"Sarath" in India. The carriers are capable of carrying four ready-to-fire missiles
in the observation/launch platform which can be elevated with more missiles
available for reload within the carrier. For the Air Force, a nose-mounted
thermal imaging system has been developed for guiding the missile's trajectory
"Helina". The missile has a completely fiberglass structure and weighs around
42 kg.
Nag was test fired for the 45th time on 19 March 2005 from the Test Range
at Ahmednagar (Maharashtra), signalling the completion of the developmental
phase. It will now enter the production phase, subject to user trials and
acceptance by the Indian Army.
Further versions of the missile may make use of an all-weather milli-metre
wave (MMW) seeker as an additional option. This seeker has reportedly been
developed and efforts are on to integrate it into the missile.

NAG MISSILE
AGNI:
The Agni missile is a family of medium to intercontinental range ballistic
missiles developed by India, named after one of the five elements of nature.
Agni missiles are long-range, nuclear weapons capable, surface-to-surface
ballistic missiles. The first missile of the series, Agni-I was developed under
the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (lGMDP) and tested in
1989. After its success, the Agni missile programme was separated from the
GMDP upon realizing its strategic importance. It was designated as a special
programme in India's defence budget and provided adequate funds for
subsequent development. As of November 2019, the missiles in the Agni series
are being inducted into service.
Agni-I:
The two-stage Agni technology demonstrator, with a solid-fuel first stage, was
first tested at the Interim Test Range in Chandipur in 1989. It was capable of
carrying a conventional payload of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) or a nuclear warhead.
This original technology demonstrator evolved into the solid-fuel Agni-1 and
Agni-2 missiles. India first developed the two-stage 2000 km range Agni-2,
testing it in 1999. It then used the first stage of this system to develop the
700 km range single-stage Agni-1, which was first tested in January 2002
Weighing 12 tonne with a length of 15 metres, Agni-1 has a range of 700–
900 km and is capable of carrying a conventional payload of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb)
or a nuclear warhead at a speed of 2.5 km/s. Agni missiles consist of one (short
range) or two stages (intermediate-range). These are rail and road mobile and
powered by solid propellants. Agni-I is used by the Strategic Force Command
(SFC) of the Indian Army. The latest missile test
occurred on 13 July 2012, when India test-fired
Agni I successfully at Abdul Kalam Island off
Orissa coast. On 11 April 2014 the missile was test
fired for the first time in a night trial exercise to its
full range of 700 km from the Wheeler island off
the Odisha coast. The missile randomly picked
from the production line was test-fired by
the Strategic Forces Command after 11 pm. This
test was the first night after 2 previous tests failed
due to technical glitches. The missile was test fired
from a mobile launcher with logistics support
from DRDO at the Integrated Test Range as part of the regular training exercise
by the armed forces.
Agni-II:
Agni-II with a range of 2,000–2,500 km is 20 metres long, has a diameter of one
metre, and weighs around 18 tonnes. Agni–II uses solid propellant in both of its
two stages. They are claimed to be a part of the "credible deterrence" against
China and Pakistan. India stated that its nuclear and missile development
programmes are not Pakistan-centric, that the Pakistani threat is only a marginal
factor in New Delhi's security calculus, and that Agni is at the heart of
deterrence in the larger context of Sino-Indian equation.
The 2000 km range nuclear weapon capable missile, already inducted into the
country's arsenal, was successfully launched as a training exercise by the
Strategic Forces Command on 9 August 2012. India on 7 April 2013 conducted
the latest test of its nuclear-capable Agni-II strategic ballistic missile from a
missile testing range in Odisha. The test was conducted from Abdul Kalam
Island (formerly known as Wheeler Island) in Bhadrak district, by army
personnel as part of a training exercise. India successfully conducted the first
night trial of nuclear-capable intermediate-range ballistic missile Agni-II from
the Abdul Kalam Island of the Odisha coast at 16 Nov 2019. The 20-metre-long,
two-stage ballistic missile has a strike range of 2,000 km To 3000 km. It has a
launch weight of 17 tonnes and can carry a payload of 1,000 kg.

Agni-II
Agni-III:
Agni-III is the third in the Agni series of missiles. Agni III uses solid propellant
in both stages. Agni-III was first tested on 9 July 2006 from Wheeler Island off
the coast of the eastern state of Odisha. After the launch, it was reported that the
second stage of the rocket did not separate and the missile had fallen well short
of its target. Agni-III was again tested on 12 April 2007, this time successfully,
again from Wheeler Island. On 7 May 2008, India again successfully test-fired
this missile. This was the third consecutive test; it validated the missile's
operational readiness while extending the reach of India's nuclear deterrent to
the most high-value targets of the nation's most likely adversaries. Agni-III has
a range of 3,500 km, and can take a warhead of 1.5 tonnes.

Agni-II
Agni-IV:
Agni-IV is the fourth in the Agni series of missiles which was earlier
known as Agni II prime. Agni-IV was first tested on 15 November 2011 and 19
September 2012 from Wheeler Island off the coast of the eastern state of Orissa
for its full range of 4,000 km. The missile lifted off from a road-mobile launcher
at 11.48 a.m. and after climbing to an altitude of over 800 km, it re-entered the
atmosphere and impacted near the pre-designated target in the Indian Ocean
with a remarkable degree of accuracy following a 20-minute flight. Carrying a
payload of explosives weighing a tonne, the missile re-entered the atmosphere
and withstood temperatures of more than 3,000 °C. With a range of 3,000–
4,000 km, Agni-IV bridges the gap between Agni II and Agni III. It was again
successfully test-fired on 20 January 2014. Agni IV can take a warhead of 1
tonne. It is designed to increase the kill efficiency along with a higher range
performance. Agni IV is equipped with state-of-the-art technologies, that
include indigenously developed ring laser gyro and composite rocket motor. It is
a two-stage missile powered by solid propellant. Its length is 20 metres and its
launch weight is 17 tonnes. It can be fired from a road-mobile launcher.
 Agni-IV
Agni V:
Agni-V is a solid fueled intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed
by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India. It will
greatly expand India's reach to strike targets more than 7,000 km away. Agni-V
was first test fired on 19 April 2012 at 08:07 am IST from Abdul Kalam
Island off the coast of Orissa, the test was successful. The second test launch of
Agni-V was successfully done on 15 September 2013 at 08:43 am IST
from Abdul Kalam Island (formerly known as the Wheeler Island). In January
2015, the canisterized version was successfully tested from Wheeler Island.

Agni-V

CONCLUSION:
India’s journey in missile development reflects determination, scientific
excellence, and strategic foresight. From the early Prithvi missile to advanced
Agni intercontinental systems, and from the supersonic BrahMos to hypersonic
test vehicles, India has demonstrated significant progress toward achieving
complete self-reliance in missile technology.
These missile systems not only enhance military preparedness but also serve as
strong tools of deterrence, ensuring peace through strength. The establishment
of a credible nuclear triad, advanced air defense systems, and precision strike
capabilities has significantly improved India’s defense posture. With ongoing
developments in hypersonic weapons, artificial intelligence integration, and
advanced guidance systems, the future of India’s missile program looks
promising.
In conclusion, the missiles developed by India are not merely weapons but
symbols of technological empowerment, national security, and strategic
independence. Continued investment in indigenous research and development
will ensure that India remains secure and globally competitive in defense
technology.