POLYGRAPHY

Mr. ALMERIAN B. TAYOBONG, RCrim, LPT, MSCJ, CCS, CSP

“A large part of criminal
work is nothing more than
a battle against lies”

-Hans Gross
TABLE OF SPECIFICATION FROM THE PRC
Within the U.S. federal government,
a polygraph examination is also
referred to as a
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DETECTION
OF DECEPTION (PDD) examination.
Several other technologies are also
used in the field of lie detection, but
the polygraph is the most famous
 History
The idea that lying produces physical
side-effects has long been claimed. In West
Africa persons suspected of a crime were made
to pass a bird's egg to one another. If a person
broke the egg, then he or she was considered
guilty, based on the idea that their nervousness
was to blame. In ancient China the suspect held
a handful of rice in his or her mouth during a
prosecutor's speech. Since salivation was
believed to cease at times of emotional anxiety,
the person was considered guilty if by the end
of that speech the rice was dry.
Definition of Terms
What is POLYGRAPHY?
• Refers to the scientific method of
detecting deception accomplished with the
help of an instrument capable of recording
simultaneously changes in pulse rate,
blood pressure, respiration and skin
resistance which indicates disturbances
usually emotional of a lying subject when
being questioned.
What is POLYGRAPHY?
• From
the two Greek words: “Poly” which
means many or more; and “Graphos” which
means writings.
• Thescientific detection of deception with the
use or aid of Polygraph.
•Recently known as Forensic
Psychophysiology
 What is Polygraph?
• Alsoknown as Deceptograph, or
Lie- Detector, or the “Pneumo-
Galvano- Sphygmo- Cardio-
Graph”
• An instrument or device capable
of recording bodily chan
ges
occurring in the blood-
pressure/pulse rates, respiration,
and the electrical properties of the
emotional excitement, especially ofor An analog polygraph
skin( or the galvanic-skin-reflex
lying,
GSR), when
whichquestioned.
are indicative of
Computerized Polygraph System
• 1992– The polygraph
made its official
entrance into the
computer age
• Dr.
John Kitcher and
David C. Raskin
 Who is the first man used the word
Polygraphy?
A. Cesare Lombroso
B. Hans Gross
C. Thomas Jefferson
D. Allen Bell
 Who is the first man used the word
Polygraphy?
A. Cesare Lombroso
B. Hans Gross
C. Thomas Jefferson
D. Allen Bell
Polygraph Examiner/Polygraphist

• Means any person who uses any device o

r i n s t r u m e n t to te s t o r q u e s t i o n
individuals for the purpose of detecting
deception.
What is Subject or Examinee?
• Meansany person who undergoes a
detection of deception examination.
What is Chart or Polygrams?
• Refersto the composite records of the
Pneumograph, galvanograph and
Cardiosphymograph tracings recorded from
series of questions.
Determine the difference between
Normal and Specific Response
Normal Response Specific Response
• Isthe tracing on the • Isone that is exhibited b y
charts wherein the a s u b j e c t t o particular
questions, w h i c h c o n s
subject answered
t i t u t e a deviation
in the irrelevant
from the subject
questions individual norm.
Determine the difference between
Response and Reaction
Response Reaction
•Is an y ac t i vi ty o r • Itis an action or mental
inhibition of previous attitude evoked by an
external influence.
a c t i v i t y o f a n
organism resulting • Asany activity aroused in
from stimulation an o r g an i s m b y a
stimulus.
 Terms to Ponder
• Deception - Is an act of deceiving or misleading which
is usually accompanied by lying
• Lying – Is the uttering or conveying falsehood.
• Detection– Is the act of discovering the existence or
presence of something hidden or obscured.
Is an emotional response to specific danger that
• Fear-
appears to beyond a person’s defensive power.
– Is the force or motion reaching the
• Stimulus
organism from the environment and excites the
 Objectives
• To ascertain if a person is telling the truth
• To obtain additional investigative leads
• To
locate fruits or tools of crime or whereabouts
of wanted person
• To identify other person involved
• To
obtain valuable information to reluctant
witness
• Most important is the elimination of innocent
Uses of Polygraph
1. It is an aid to the investigator
2. Speed up the process of investigation
3. Eliminate innocent subjects
4. The investigator can concentrate to one
subject to determine the truth or
deception
 Limitations of the Polygraph
1. It is invaluable investigative aid, but
never a substitute for an investigation
2. It is not a lie-detector, it is a scientific
diagnostic instrument
3. It does not determine fact, it records
responses to that which the subject knows
to be true, and
4. It is only accurate as the examiner is
Historical Background of
Polygraph
• In the middle of 19 t h
century Dr. Hans Gross
defined “ search for
truth” as a basis and g o a
l o f a l l c r i m i n a l
investigation. He stated, “
Alargepartofcri
m i n a l w o r k i s
nothing more than a
battle against lies.”
 Development of Pneumograph
Component
A. Vittorio Benussi – He detected deception with a
Pneumograph, an instrument that graphically
measures the inhalation. He demonstrated the
changes in breathing patterns by noting the changes in
respiration-expiration ratio during deception.
B. Harold Burtt – He determined that respiratory
changes were indication of deception. He found
out that changes in systolic blood pressure were
greater value in determining deception than in
changes in respiration.
 Development of Galvanograph
A. Luigi Galvani – He is an Italian physiologist who was
accorded the distinction for developing the galvanic skin
reflex (GSR) or galvanometer, which records electrical
bodily resistance in terms of ohms (lowest current ever
recorded).

B. Sticker – He made the first suggestion for using

Galvanograph for detecting deception.

C. Veraguth – He was the first one to use the term “

psychogalvanic reflex .” He believed that the electrical
phenomenon is due to the activity of sweat glands.
 Development of Cardio-
Sphymograph
A. Angelo Mosso- He studied fear and its
influence on the heart. He also developed the
sphygmomanometer.
B. Cesare Lombroso – He employed the first
scientific instrument to detect deception, which
is known as Hydrosphymograph, this instrument
measures changes in pulse and blood pressure
when suspects were asked about their involvement
or knowledge of specific crime.
 Development of Cardio-
Sphymograph
C. William Moulton Marston
– He was considered as the
Father of Modern
Polygraphy.
• H e d e a l t w i t h t h e
sphygmomanometer and made
researchers on the usefulness of
sphygmomanometer in detecting
lies, which was used to obtain
periodic discontinuous blood
pressure reading during the course
of a test.
 Development of Cardio-
Sphymograph
D. John Larson – He
developed an instrument
that c o ntinually and
simultaneously measures
blood pressure pulse and r
espiration. H e
designed the “first two r
ecordingchannel
polygraph”inthe
history.
1921
A device recording both blood-pressure and
galvanic skin response was invented in
1920 by Dr. John A. Larson of the
University of California and first applied in
law enforcement work by the Berkeley Police
Department under its nationally renowned
police chief August Vollmer. P.R. B.P. , R
Berkeley police officer Frank L. Waterbury uses the first practical lie detector testing
machine in 1923 to question an unidentified accused man who is later proven innocent
after being identified by three witnesses.
 Development of Cardio-
Sphymograph
E. Leonarde Keeler –
Heinventedthe“
Keeler Polygraph” w h i
chisanimprovem
e n t o f Larson’s
apparatus.
Detectives Administering Lie Detecting Test to Ivan Grilec Leonarde Keeler's ...
Sir James Mckenzie
•A famous heart specialist. It was said that
“polygraph” exist as early as 1906 but it is not
being used to detect deception.
• He 1st describes the instrument in an
article entitled “The Ink Polygraph” which
appeared in the British Medical Journal in
1908.
John E. Reid
•Alawyer from Chicago, Illinois who d e v e l o
p e d t h e C o n t r o l Q u e s t i o n
Technique (CQT) a polygraph technique that
incorporated control questions. The Reid Co
ntro l Questio n was a m aj o r breakthrough
in polygraph methodology.
1945
• Thepolygraph was first introduced in the
Philippines at the crime laboratory of the
Military Police. They sent Mr. Jose Navarro
and Mr. Conrado Dumlao to the
U.S. for polygraph training
1992
•The polygraphmade its official
entrance into the computer age.
Other Pioneers in the Field of
Deception Detection
• Francis Galton – he developed the much
acclaimed psychological test known as Word
Association Test, whereby the patient is
presented with group of words sufficiently
separated in time to allow the patient to utter
his first thought generated by each word.
Carl Gustav Jung – later developed the
• Dr.
work and experiment of Galton.
Other Pioneers in the Field of
Deception Detection
Bell – He is an American inventor w h
• Allen
o developed a device called
Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE).
This instrument detects slight trembling in
the voice; this may be interpreted to
determine if person is telling the truth.
• Anton Mesmer – He was the 1st one that
introduce hypnotism as a method of
detecting lies and deception.
Modern Polygraph
• Is a computer outfit with sensors.
• Sensors are used to measures and record a
number of physical changes that are related to
the nervous system.
KNOWN METHOD
OF DETECTING
DECEPTION
What is Ordeal?
•A medieval form of judicial trial. A severe test of
character or endurance.
• Ancientmethod of trial in which the accused was
exposed to physical danger which was supposed to
be harmless if he was innocent.
• Is
a term of varying meaning closely related in the
Medieval Latin “Dei Indicum” meaning “Miraculous
Decision”
 Known Methods of Ordeal
• TheRed-Hot Iron Ordeal – The placing of
hot iron onto tongue of suspects and guilt is
established when tongue gets burn.
• Ordealof Balance – By balancing of stick on
the lever, or by balancing through walking on
rods or ropes.
• BoilingWater Ordeal – By plunging the
suspect’s feet in the giant pot full of boiling
 Known Methods of Ordeal
Smell-Out technique – An African
• The
method through smelling-out” of foul odors.
• TheSacred Ass Ordeal – As practiced by
the Hindus of India, wherein cow or an ass is
secretly placed inside a closed and very dark
room, and suspects are told to enter said
room one at a time to touch the tail of the
cow, if the cow would make a loud sound,
 The Observation Methods
A. Blushing and paling
B. Squinting of the eyes
C. Excessive activity of the Adam’s apple
D. A forced laugh
E. Rolling of eyeballs from one direction to
another
 The Observation Methods
A. Fidgeting, tapping, or drumming of fingers on
the chair or other surfaces;
B. Swing of legs, or of one leg over the other
C. Unnecessary movements of hands and feet
Ayur Veda
•AHindu book of health and science” The
earliest known reference of the methods for
detecting deception.
• Come before lie detection
• Basis
of the invention of polygraph
machine
• Traditional way not science
Dharmasastra of Gautama
• Discuss the nature of lie.
• “No
Guilty is incurred in giving false
evidence in case the life of man depends
thereon”
Vassistra of Dharmasastra
• “Man may speak on untruth when their
lives are in danger or the loss of their
property is imminent.”
• Justification for lying
Regular Police Methods
• This Method sought to answer the legal
investigation process to the following:
1. The 5W’s and 1 H
2. The 3 I’s
Determine the difference between
Interview and Interrogation
Interview Interrogation
1. Nature is voluntary 1. Process is compulsory.
2. Witness may or may not 2. Suspect should answer the
answer questions questions.

3. Mode: merely asking 3. Technique: Questions should

questions be propounded to the suspect

4. Answer or statement may be 4. Answers are very important

necessary to the case, or not either as Confession or
Admission
5. Subjects are often victims
Determine the difference between
Admission and Confession
Admission Confession
•I t i s a s e l f -in • It
is a declaration of facts
c r i m i n a t o r y directly acknowledging the
truth of the guilty as c h
statement of facts by the
arged,orofsome e s s
accused, that does not entialpartofthe
acknowledge the offense commission of the criminal
committed, with w h i c h act itself.
h e i s b e i n g charged
What is the difference between confession and
admission?
RULES 130 under Revised Rule of Courts
Sec. [Link] of a party. — The act,
declaration or omission of a party as to a
relevant fact may be given in evidence against
him
Section [Link]. — The declaration of an
accused acknowledging his guilt of the
offense charged, or of any offense
necessarily included therein, may be given in
evidence against him. (29a)
What are the Tripod Foundations of Polygraph
Technique?

1. The Mechanical Basic Premise

2. The Physiological Basic Premise

3. The Psychological Basic Premise

What are the Physiological Phenomena as basis of
detecting deception as per Tripod Foundation ?

1. Blood Pressure and heart beat frequency

the systolic and diastolic
[Link] as a means of detecting deception
the expiration and inspiration
Hypnotism Method
(Friedrich) Anton Mesmer – The first
• Franz
to introduce hypnotism as a method of
deception detection in 1778.
• The
basis of hypnotism is through the
recovered memory.
• The
subject is not actually asleep but in a
complete state of relaxation
Word- Association Test Method
• Anothermethod of detecting deception,
which was introduced in 1879 by Sir Francis
Galton.
• Thisprocess is being done by giving the
subject a list of carefully selected stimulus
words or objects with the instructions to
respond with the very first word that may
come to Subject’s mind.
Truth Serum Test
• Introduced by DR. Edward Mandel House
• This method involved the intravenous
injection or oral taking of various drugs.
Hyoscine bromide, morphine, chloroform,
sodium amytal which may produce a
condition of anesthesia.
• it depressed the cerebral activity to the
point of unconsciousness.
Intoxication
• Employsalcoholic beverages as stimuli to
obtain truth.
• Interrogationmustbemade only during the
excitatory effect of alcohol.
• “In
Vino Veritas” which means “In wine
There is Truth”
THANK YOU….