Citations
Whenever you lift any idea or ideas from any referenced materials, you must duly acknowledge
the source.
This includes verbatim quotations, paraphrased statements, diagrams, tables etc. Sources can be
cited in the text in various ways, while full bibliographical details of the reference materials are
listed at the end of the write-up.
The American Psychological Association (APA) is a popular style commonly used by researchers
in documentation or reference citation. It is also called the author-date method of parenthetical
documentation or in text citation.
1. For a paraphrase; the source can be cited in either of three ways.
a. At the beginning
Nkpa (1992) confirms that derived scores have been shown to be more useful than raw scores in
the identification of students’ potentials.
b. In the middle
The National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), like most tertiary institutions in Nigeria,
according to Okonkwo and Osuji (2003), makes use of the two modes of assessment for her
students.
c. At the end
Our educational system needs a radical departure from the conventional face-to-face system to the
unorthodox open and distance learning system (Osuji and Salawu, 2006).
2. For Quotations;
a. if the quotation is verbatim, it is enclosed in quotation marks. You have to insert the source
(author, year of publication)
According to Osuji (2006), “The simplest but crude and unreliable method of estimating variability
which is usually affected by the presence of two extreme scores is the range”.
b. If you have to effect any change like underlining or italicizing of words for emphasis, you have
to enclose the words “italics added” in brackets immediately after the underlined or italicized
words.
c. If you insert any remarks into quoted material, you should enclose it in square brackets.
d. If you have to omit any word or words from a quotation, you have to indicate the omission by
using three dots (…).
3. If you want to make reference to more than one publication of an author for the same year, you
have to use the letters (a, b, c, d etc) to distinguish between the different works
Our educational system needs a radical departure from the conventional face-to-face system to the
unorthodox open and distance learning system (Osuji, 2006a; Osuji, 2006b; Osuji, 2006c).
4. If you are going to cite two or more publications in the same parenthesis, they should be arranged
chronologically.
Our educational system needs a radical departure from the conventional face-to-face system to the
unorthodox open and distance learning system (Jegede, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006).
Our educational system needs a radical departure from the conventional face-to-face system to the
unorthodox open and distance learning system (Otto-Peters, 1980; Okeke, 1984, Jegede, 2001,
Alaezi, 2005 and Koul, 2006).
5. When you want to cite joint authors
a. If you have only two authors, both names should be cited each time the publication is cited in
the text
Our educational system needs a radical departure from the conventional face-to-face system to the
unorthodox open and distance learning system (Okonkwo and Osuji, 2003).
b. If you have more than two, but less than six authors, all the authors are cited in the first time the
publication appears in the text, subsequently, you can cite only the first author followed by “et. al”
Our educational system needs a radical departure from the conventional face-to-face system to the
unorthodox open and distance learning system (Osuji, Salawu, & Aiyedun, 2006).
Subsequently, The National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), like most tertiary institutions in
Nigeria, according to Osuji [Link]. (2006)., makes use of the two modes of assessment for her
students.
c. If the authors are a corporate body, you have to give the name of the body in full in the first
instance. Subsequently, citations of the publication will bear the abbreviated name
National Educational Research and Development Council (1989) subsequently can be NERDC
(1989)
6. On the literature cited (reference) page, all works cited in the texts or consulted should be shown
arranged in alphabetical order by author. When there are multiple works by the same author, list
them by date, the most recent last. Single spacing is used for references but double-spaced between
references.
Hanging indention will be used. The following information must be presented, in order of how
they are properly arranged in the list of references.
Author (Surname and initial of author/s)
Baraceros, E.
Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E.
Almeida, A., Gaerlan, A. & Manly, N.
Date of completion/publication (Enclose in parenthesis)
(2017)
(2017, March)
(2017, March 27)
Title of article (Sentence caps or all words are lower case except for the first word, after a colon
and proper nouns)
α, β, γ, … of Mathematics proficiency: Constructs of excellence by highly mathematical proficient
students
Predictors of students’ performance in College Algebra
Title of book and edition number (Written the same as an article)
Research fundamental: From concept to output
Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research
(4th Edition)
Title of journal and volume number and pages
The Asian Intellect Research and Education Journal (Vol. 12)
Economic Papers: A Journal of Applied Economics and Policy, Vol. XXII (1)
The Asian Intellect Research and Education Journal (Vol. 12): 64-72
Degree earned and name and address of school graduated
Master or Arts in Education – Major in Educational Management. Cagayan State University-
Aparri, Aparri, Cagayan
Doctor of Philosophy in Mathematics Education. Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State
University, Agoo, La Union
Place of publication and Name of Publisher
QC: Adriana Publishing Co., Inc.
Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Boston, MA: Pearson
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) number
doi: 1038/0278.6133.24.2.226
Website where the literature was retrieved and date of retrieval
Retrieved on August 28, 2018 from the Center for Innovation for Research and Teaching.
[Link]