Chapter 1 : Development
Development means the growth of an individual, a society, a nation or the entire world.
Development involves thinking about the betterment of life and working towards progress.
*Most common Development Goals:
→ Income is the most important component of development.
→Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like-
Equal treatment in society
Security & safety
Respect of others
Quality standard of living
Pollution free environment
Peace, freedom, education, etc. All these are important goals.
*Characters of Development goals :
→Development goals are ever changing.
→Different persons can have different developmental goals.
→ Since people come from different situations, their developmental goals differ.
*National Development:
→Is to the progress of the nation as a whole.
→National development is related with the ability of a nation to improve standard of living
of its citizens.
→Increase in Per Capita Income, GDP, Literacy Rate etc. are the attributes of National
development. It is measured by- Average Income/Per Capita Income.
*Measures of Development (Income and other goals)
MEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT
INCOME -MONETARY OTHERS-NON MONETARY
(WORLDBANK) (UNDP)
PER CAPITA HDI
INCOME
GDP(GROSS BMI
DOMESTIC PRODUCT)
PUBLLIC FACILITIES
Per capita Income: The average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total
population. This average income is also called per capita income.
𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿
Percapita Income = 𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑂𝑀𝐸
𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿
Gross Domestic Product or GDP is referred to as the total monetary value of all the final
goods and services produced within a country, during a given period.(usually a year)
*World Bank measure of Development:
World Bank considers only the per capita income as the indicator of the development. As Income
considered most important attribute as it provides basis of all other services & necessary goods.
High income countries: US $ 49300 or more /annum
Low-income countries: US $ 2500 or less/annum
It groups countries on the basis of income through its WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT
*United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Measure of development :
UNDP has used the criterion of Human Development Index (HDI) to measure the development
of countries. HDI is calculated on the basis of income, education and health of people.
Per capita income : When the total national income of the country is divided by its population, we get
the per capita income.
Life expectancy: It measures the average age of a person in a country. This indicates the overall health
facilities & quality of life in a country.
Literacy rate: It is the number of people above 7 years of age who are able to read and write with
understanding. More is the literacy rate, more developed a country will be.
Gross Enrolment ratio: It measures the education gained at three levels—
Primary, secondary and higher education level.
Net Attendance Ratio: is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15
years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same
age group.
Infant Mortality Rate : It is the number of children that die before attaining one year of age as a
proportion of 1000 live births in a year. It indicates the development of health facilities in a country.
* Public Facilities :
→Facilities which are provided by the government considered as public facility like Schools,
hospitals, community halls, transport, electricity etc.
→These facilities are provided at minimum affordable cost with an intention to serve the citizens
with no profit no loss basis.
→We need public facility because we are not able to purchase all things by money. We cannot
able to buy a pollution free environment with the help of money.
→The government's main objective is to provide these public facilities to citizens and to
manage social and economic activities more smoothly.
→The important characteristic of a public facility is that once it is provided, its benefits can be
shared by many people. For instance, a school in the village will enable many children to get
educated.
*Sustainable Development: Sustainable Development refers to development which take place
without damaging the nature. It is helpful to fulfil the needs of the human being without
harming the available resources and environment for the future generation.
Question/Answers
[Link] do we calculate Body Mass Index (BMI).
ANS. One way to find out if adults are undernourished is to calculate what nutrition
scientists call Body Mass Index (BMI). This is easy to calculate. Take the weight of the
person in kg. Then take the height in metres.
Divide the weight by the square of the height. If this figure is less than 18.5 then the
person would be considered undernourished. However, if this BMI is more than 25, then
a person is overweight.
[Link] between World Bank measure and UNDP Measure.(TB Q.5)
WORLD BANK MEASURE UNDP MEASURE
[Link] main criteria used by the World 1. The main criteria used by UNDP to publish
Bank to publish World Development Report is Human Development Report is its income,
its per capita income education and health of people.
2. World Bank measures the same only on the 2. UNDP measures development on the parameters of
basis of per capita income education, health and per capita Income.
3. World Bank classifies them into three categories: rich 3. UNDP ranks the countries on the basis of
countries, middle income countries and poor countries. development
4. World Bank has a narrow framework to 4. UNDP has a broader framework to measure
measure the same. development. looks at those factors which help in
improving the quality of life & helps in making the
citizens more productive.
[Link] do we use average ? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your example
related to development? (TB Q6)
ANS. With related to development ,averages are used to compare different countries/ regions.
since countries have different populations comparing total income will not tell us what an
average person is likely to earn.
Limitations:
1)They don't give us the true picture regarding the distribution of income/hide disparities.
2) Average don't give us any information regarding the non materialistic goods and services.
[Link] with eg. how people may have conflicting development goals.
ANS. This means that development for one may not be development for the other. Their goals may clash.
What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for
the other.
→Example :The Sardar Sarovar Dam is an example of conflicting developmental goals for the people who
are being affected by it. While the people of Gujarat are happy as they will get water for irrigation and
drinking in the areas which are deficient in water but the people of Madhya Pradesh are not at all happy
because their villages and large part of land will submerge in water thereby leaving them landless and
uprooted from their place of work with insufficient compensation.
Q5. Mention any two limitations of per capita income as an indicator of development.
ANS. The total income of a country divided by its total population gives the Per Capita Income.
Money cannot buy all the goods and services that are needed to live well. So income by itself is not a
completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use. For example,
money can not buy a pollution-free environment or ensure that one gets unadulterated medicines, unless
one can afford to shift to a community that already has all these things.
Q6. “Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well” Do you agree
with this statement? Justify your answer with suitable arguments.
ANS. Yes, I agree with the statement because money income and material goods alone are not an
adequate indicator of a good quality of life. Money cannot buy all the goods and services one
needs to live well.
Money cannot buy a pollution free and dean environment with fresh air.
It cannot protect us from infectious diseases and guarantee good health for us.
Money cannot assure that medicines available in the market are not adulterated.
To live well one needs non-material factors such as equal treatment, freedom, security, equal
opportunity to learn, a pollution free environment, good and safe working conditions etc.