“Trust the Lord with all your ur heart, do not lean on your own understandin.

g” —Proverbs 3:5 — EAPP —FMMF

Types of Written Text Based on A memoir is a narrative, written

Genre from the perspective of the author,
about an important part of their life. It’s
Fantasy
often conflated with autobiography, but
The genre typically has no basis there are a few important differences.
in scientific fact or speculation. It An autobiography is also written from
includes implausible supernatural and the author’s perspective, but the
magical elements, such as the wizards narrative spans their entire life (begins
of J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series, or with his childhood, proceeds through his
the dragons, giants, and White Walkers education, and ends in his present life
of George R. R. Martin’s A Game of as an entrepreneur). Although it’s
Thrones. Further, it incorporates subjective, it primarily focuses on facts
fantastical elements that have always – the who-what-when-where-why-how of
been a part of storytelling, as evidenced their life’s entire timeline.
by the gods, monstrous beasts, and
To define memoir, we loosen the
magic found in ancient mythologies,
constraints of an autobiography.
folklore, and religious texts around the
Memoir authors choose a pivotal
globe.
moment in their lives and try to
Biographies recreate the event through storytelling.
The author’s feelings and assumptions
A biography is simply the story of
are central to the narrative. Memoirs
a real person’s life. It could be about a
still include all the facts of the event,
person who is still alive, someone who
but the author has more flexibility here
lived centuries ago, someone who is
because she is telling a story
globally famous, an unsung hero
as she remembers it, not as others can
forgotten by history, or even a unique
prove or disprove it. (In fact, “memoir”
group of people. The facts of their life,
comes from the French “mémoire” or
from birth to death (or the present day
“memory.”)
of the author), are included with life-
changing moments often taking center Realistic Fiction
stage. The author usually points to the
Realistic fiction is a type of fiction
subject’s childhood, coming-of-age
work. It is characterized by stories that
events, relationships, failures, and
could plausibly occur in reality, lacking
successes in order to create a well-
elements of fantasy, science fiction, or
rounded description of her subject.
the supernatural. Realistic fiction stories
However, writing a biography requires
are typically not based on true events,
extensive research about the subject.
but the stories and characters could
Do not confuse Biographies to exist in the real world without seeming
autobiographies; the former is written out of place or unusual. While other
from the perspective of others, while genres of fiction may involve conflicts
the latter is written by the person that endanger the fate of thousands of
himself. people, or even the world, realistic
fiction often focuses on a single person
or a small group. Its resolutions also
Memoir tend to be far less flashy than in other
stories, usually revolving around the
personal growth of the protagonist. This
“Trust the Lord with all your ur heart, do not lean on your own understandin.g” —Proverbs 3:5 — EAPP —FMMF

genre exists in many forms of fiction, Brochures

including novels, short stories,
A type of small magazine that contains
television shows, movies, and graphic
pictures and information on
novels.
a product or a company. It can
Forms be powerful tool for marketing a brand
and its products and services, with
Forms are everywhere in our daily
visuals and text to engage the target
lives. From enrolling in college, applying
audience. Distribute them in store, at
for scholarships, or even just setting up
events, or via mail – electronic or
a bank account, forms are a necessary
physical. A brand can raise their brand
part of the process. The way you fill out
awareness with an attention-grabbing
a form can determine whether or not
brochure. A common style of brochure
your application is accepted or
is a single sheet, often folded in thirds
processed without
to make it the right size to fit inside an
delays. Inaccuracies or missing details
envelope.
can not only frustrate the people
reviewing your forms but also lead to Maps
rejection or other complications.
A map is a graphic
For students, understanding how representation, typically on a flat
to fill out forms correctly can make the surface, of the features of an area, such
difference between getting the school as geographical, geological, or
of your choice or missing out. Whether geopolitical features of Earth or another
it’s the school admission forms, celestial body. Globes are maps
scholarship applications, or forms represented on a spherical surface,
for extra-curricular activities, your while incorporating textual elements.
ability to fill out these documents
Magazines
accurately reflects your attention to
detail. It’s a small task, but it can have A genre represents a category
a big impact. defined by distinctive styles or themes,
commonly applied to literature, music,
As basic as it sounds, most people
film, and art. Essentially, it groups
tend to struggle in filling a form. The
together types that share recognizable
basic guide include: (1) Read
traits and patterns that audiences
instructions carefully; (2) Gather
anticipate.
needed information; (3) Write legibly;
(4) Be concise and accurate; (5) Avoid When it comes to magazines,
abbreviations and slangs; (6) Review genre refers to the central subject
before submission; and (7) Seek help if matter around which the content is
needed. organized. Regional magazines might
focus on various genres such as music,
Bill
film, entertainment, or cultural topics.
Bill as text refers to receiving a Ultimately, a magazine is
billing statement via text message or a type of thin book with large pages and
creating a text-based invoice a paper
(a request for payment of money owed, cover that contains and photographs an
or the piece of paper on which it is d is published every week or month.
written).
Article
“Trust the Lord with all your ur heart, do not lean on your own understandin.g” —Proverbs 3:5 — EAPP —FMMF

An article is a piece of writing that nonfiction literature includes history,

educates, informs and/or colorfully biographies, autobiographies, memoirs,
illustrates a topic using purpose-driven and science and nature.
writing, provocative insights and a
Types of written text based
unique perspective designed to engage
on complexity of themes/ ideas:
an audience (e.g., blogs, interviews,
how-to's, press releases, news items, Precise/Concrete/Accessible VS.
research, etc.). Vague/Abstract/Complex
Types of Written Text Based on Professional writing should be
Content precise: accurate, unambiguous. Vague,
overly general, subjective, or
Fiction
ambiguous terms may be interpreted
Fiction in literature is created differently by different audience
from the imagination, not presented as members, thus confusing the intent of
fact, though it may be based on a true your message. As with concrete vs.
story or situation. Types of literature in abstract language, you do not want to
the fiction genre include the novel, choose words and phrasing that could
short story, and novella. The word is be interpreted multiple ways. Choose
from the Latin “fictiō” which means “the words that most precisely, concisely,
act of making, fashioning, or molding.” and accurately convey your point.
There are different types of fiction Additionally, concrete and precise
texts, the main types are: prose, poetry, language is specific, language that
and drama. details an idea, action, sensation, event.
You will give clearer information if you
Fiction texts have a creative
write with specific rather than general
element to them and tend to use
words. Evoke senses of taste, smell,
literary devices. Within each type of
hearing, sight, and touch with specific
fiction, there are different genres. For
word choices. For example, you could
example, there are different genres of
say, “My shoe feels odd.” But this
prose fiction: science fiction (or sci-fi),
statement does not give a sense of why
historical fiction, and romance fiction.
your shoe feels odd, since “odd” is an
Non-Fiction abstract word that does not suggest
any physical characteristics. Or you
Nonfiction is literature that,
could say, “My shoe feels wet.” This
regardless of the subject matter, has a
statement gives you a sense of how
simple goal: to provide information. It
your shoe feels to the touch. It also
should be based on facts and
gives a sense of how your shoe might
conclusions of the author’s research or
look and sound when you walk, painting
expertise, as opposed to the creativity
a picture for your readers.
of the author’s imagination. Granted,
storytelling skills are required when Example:
writing a great work of nonfiction, but
Abstract: The waiting room was
the content is still expected to be
unpleasant. What makes this setting
accurate. In addition to this, modern
unpleasant? Replace this term with
nonfiction is prose — writing that
specific, descriptive language.
sounds like everyday speech and is not
written in meters, like poetry. Types of
“Trust the Lord with all your ur heart, do not lean on your own understandin.g” —Proverbs 3:5 — EAPP —FMMF

Concrete: The waiting room was cold, realm within the broader spectrum of
antiseptic-smelling, and crowded with human communication. It's the
sick people who were coughing, language employed in literary works,
groaning, or crying. encompassing novels, poems, plays,
and essays, where the writer
Types of written text based on
consciously crafts their words to evoke
language forms
specific emotions, create vivid imagery,
Written language and convey deeper meaning. This
language transcends the everyday,
Written language is a system of
utilizing a heightened awareness of
communication that uses symbols or
style, structure, and the power of
characters to represent spoken
words.
language, enabling the recording and
transmission of information across time At its core, literary language
and space. This form of language plays stands apart from conversational
a crucial role in the development of language by its deliberate
complex societies, allowing for the intentionality. It's not simply about
documentation of laws, literature, and conveying information; it's about
cultural practices, thereby preserving crafting experiences, creating worlds,
knowledge for future generations. and leaving a lasting impression on the
reader. Figurative language falls under
Written language mainly concerns the
literary language.
use of morpheme, semantics, and
syntax in English. Figurative language

Fun fact: The origins of written Figurative language refers to the

language can be traced back to around use of words in a way that deviates
3200 BCE in Mesopotamia, where from the conventional order and
cuneiform was first developed. meaning in order to convey a
complicated meaning, colorful writing,
Spoken language
clarity, or evocative comparison. It uses
The term spoken language refers an ordinary sentence to refer to
to the array of verbal communication something without directly stating it.
patterns used by people to express
Fiction writers use figurative
thoughts, ideas, and emotions vocally.
language to engage their audience
Unlike written language, which is
using a more creative tone that
visually represented through letters and
provokes thinking and sometimes
symbols, spoken language focuses on
humor. It makes fiction writing more
the sounds of speech and the ways
interesting and dramatic than the literal
these sounds are combined and
language that uses words to refer to
understood by speakers and listeners.
statements of fact.
Spoken language mainly concerns
Four types of academic writing
the use of phonetics.
based on style EPND
Literary language
Expository
Literary language, often referred
An expository text is a piece of
to as 'poetic language' or 'formal
writing that seeks to describe or explain
language,' is a distinct and captivating
an event, image, person, or thing. The
“Trust the Lord with all your ur heart, do not lean on your own understandin.g” —Proverbs 3:5 — EAPP —FMMF

purpose of an expository text is to A narrative text usually presents a

inform and educate the reader about a sequence of events that are connected
single subject. Expository texts are by characters, conflict, and a
often written with the assumption the meaningful resolution. When done right,
reader does not have prior knowledge it pulls the reader into another world-
about the subject. Authors of expository one where they can feel, think, and
texts try to write as clearly as possible, imagine right alongside the characters.
in a highly organized fashion, to aid Think of your favorite stories, whether
reader comprehension reading it's Harry Potter, The Lion King, or a
comprehension. Examples of expository childhood tale told by your
texts include textbooks, encyclopedia grandparents. They're all narrative
entries, news stories, how-to texts!
instructions (such as user manuals and
Descriptive
recipes), scientific studies, business
letters, and press releases. It uses facts The aim of descriptive writing is
and logic to describe and inform. to help the reader visualize, in detail, a
character, event, place, or all of these
Persuasive
things at once. The author might
In persuasive text, writers seek to describe the scene in terms of all five
present an argument on topics in such a senses. Descriptive writing allows the
way that readers will accept the point of writer a great deal more artistic
view as legitimate. The objective of freedom than expository writing does.
persuasive text is to change readers' Appears to sense.
minds or influence their actions
Howard Gardner’s Theory of
regarding the issue. Authors' opinions
Multiple Intelligences (1983)
are clearly stated and supported by
citable, relevant evidence. To Gardner argued that intelligence
corroborate their points of view, authors is not a single measurable ability (like
often incorporate substantiating IQ) but a set of distinct capacities. Each
evidence as well as possible person may excel in different areas:
contradictory evidence, which they then
Linguistic Intelligence – the
critique to further validate their stance.
ability to use language effectively in
These rhetorical strategies help authors
writing and speech.
build a strong argument. Persuasive
texts are frequently found in advertising Example: lawyers constructing
campaigns. Appears to the Logos, arguments, poets crafting verses.
pathos, and ethos.
Logical-Mathematical
Narrative Intelligence – skill in reasoning,
problem-solving, and working with
Narrative text is a kind of text
numbers.
that tells a story. It can be based on
true events, completely made up, or Example: scientists conducting
even a mix of both. The main purpose experiments, engineers designing
of a narrative text is to entertain and systems.
sometimes to inform or teach a moral
lesson. Spatial Intelligence – the ability
to visualize and manipulate space and
patterns.
“Trust the Lord with all your ur heart, do not lean on your own understandin.g” —Proverbs 3:5 — EAPP —FMMF

Example: architects planning structures, evidence-based arguments, precise

pilots navigating routes. language, citations.
Musical Intelligence – Common Jargon:
sensitivity to rhythm, pitch, and
Citation – referencing sources to
melody.
support claims.
Example: composers writing
Abstract – concise summary of a
symphonies, singers interpreting songs.
scholarly paper.
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence –
using the body skillfully for expression
or precision. Thesis Statement – central argument or
claim.
Example: athletes performing sports,
surgeons conducting delicate Methodology – explanation of research
operations. process.
Interpersonal Intelligence – Discourse – structured discussion within
understanding and interacting with a discipline.
others.
Peer Review – evaluation by experts
Example: teachers motivating students, before publication.
managers resolving conflicts.
Non-Academic Texts
Intrapersonal Intelligence –
Definition: Informal writing
self-awareness and reflection.
intended for general audiences, often
Example: philosophers analyzing opinion-based or [Link]:
motives, writers exploring identity. Casual tone, personal perspective,
storytelling style, lacks citations.
Naturalistic Intelligence –
recognizing and categorizing elements Common Jargon:
of nature.
Opinion – personal viewpoint without
Example: biologists classifying species, evidence.
farmers working with crops.
Narrative – storytelling style.
Existential Intelligence –
Blog – informal online article.
grappling with profound questions of
meaning, mortality, and human Commentary – casual remarks or
existence. reflections.
Example: theologians debating ethics, Colloquialism – everyday language or
spiritual leaders guiding communities. slang.
Academic vs. Non-Academic Personal Anecdote – short personal
Texts story.
Academic Texts Types of Academic Texts
Definition: Scholarly writing Persuasive – argues a position
intended for research, education, or with evidence. Example: an essay
professional [Link]: advocating for renewable energy
Formal tone, structured format, policies.
“Trust the Lord with all your ur heart, do not lean on your own understandin.g” —Proverbs 3:5 — EAPP —FMMF

Descriptive – presents detailed between cultural capital and education

accounts of phenomena. Example: a reveals multifactorial causation.”
report describing cultural practices in
Objectivity – impartial stance,
Mindanao.
reliance on verifiable evidence.
Critical – evaluates strengths and Example: “Survey results show 70%
weaknesses of ideas. Example: a prefer online learning.”
literature review comparing
Formality – professional register,
globalization theories.
avoidance of colloquial expressions.
Analytical – dissects concepts Example: “The findings suggest a
into components and explores paradigm shift in consumer behavior.”
relationships. Example: a paper
Precision – exact definitions,
analyzing causes and effects of
careful distinctions, accurate data.
inflation.
Example: “The sample consisted of 120
Characteristics of Texts participants aged 18–25, surveyed over
six months.”
Formal vs. Informal – Formal uses
professional tone (“The study
indicates…”); Informal uses casual
language (“I think this shows…”).
Characteristics of a Good
Explicit vs. Implicit – Explicit
Academic Writing
states ideas clearly (“The project failed
due to lack of funds”); Implicit suggests ✓Transparent
meaning indirectly (“The outcome was
1. Use of Good Ideas.
uncertain”).
2. Has a clear sense of Audience,
Complex vs. Simple – Complex Purpose, Genre.
uses layered ideas (“Socio-economic
Rhetorical Questions: So what?
stratification perpetuates inequality”);
Simple uses straightforward language 1. What is the issue?
(“Rich and poor are treated 2. What is/are the information
differently”). surrounding the issue?
3. What is the context?
Objective vs. Subjective –
4. Why is this important?
Objective is fact-based (“Data shows a
3. Use of Conjunctions.
20% increase”); Subjective is opinion-
based (“I feel it’s increasing”). Conjunctions are words that
*connect words, phrases, or clauses* in
Specific vs. Holistic – Specific
a sentence.
focuses on details (“GDP rose 3.2% in
2024”); Holistic looks at the bigger Types of Conjunctions
picture (“The economy is improving”).
[Link] Conjunctions (FANBOYS)
Four Core Features of Academic
Texts For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

Complexity – advanced "I wanted to go, *but* it was raining."

vocabulary, layered reasoning, nuanced "She’s smart *and* talented."
arguments. Example: “The correlation
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
“Trust the Lord with all your ur heart, do not lean on your own understandin.g” —Proverbs 3:5 — EAPP —FMMF

After, Although, Because, If, Since, ● Uses proper references and

When, While, Until citations.
● No plagiarism
"I stayed home *because* it was
raining." Text Structures
"*Although* it was late, he kept 1. Chronological/Process/Sequence
working." 2. Cause and Effect
3. Problem and solution
3. Correlative Conjunctions
4. Compare and Contrast
*Either...or, Neither...nor, Both...and, 5. Definition or Description
Not only...but also*
"*Either* you come with me, *or* stay
here."
Technique on how to summarize a
"She’s *not only* smart *but also* kind.
text
4. Use of sources judiciously
1. SWBST
(CRAAP)
5. Clear and direct diction. •Somebody - who is the story about?
“Do not have double meaning” •Wanted - what does the character
want?
6. Specific and detail-oriented
7. Be consistent with your tone •But - identify the problem that the
and style. main character encountered.
If it starts with present tense, then •So - how does the main character
finish it with present tense. solve the problem?
8. Use a strong voice. •Then - tell me how the story ends.
Active voice [Link] method
- The subject does the action. •State - name of the book, articles, or
story.
- _Subject + Verb + Object_
•Assign - name of the author
Clear, direct sentences (most
writing/speech). •Action - what does the author is doing
(tells, explain)
- Ex: "The chef cooks the meal.”
•Complete - complete the sentence or
Passive voice
summary with keywords and important
- The subject receives the action. details.

- _Object + is/am/are + Verb (past 3. 5 W + 1 H

participle) + by + Subject
•Who - is the story about?
- Focus on the object/action (formal,
•What did they do?
science, reports).
•When - did the action take place?
- Ex: "The meal is cooked by the chef.”
•Where did the story happen?
9. Be mechanically competent.
“Trust the Lord with all your ur heart, do not lean on your own understandin.g” —Proverbs 3:5 — EAPP —FMMF

•Why - did the main character do what •Climate Change

s/he did?
•Climate change is affecting people
•How - did the main character do what worldwide.
s/he did?
In the increased carbon
4. First, Then, Finally production in the industrialized world,
unpredictable weather temperature,
•First - what happened first? Include the
unprovoked storms, and scarcity of
main character and main event/action
resources have become a norm in
•Then - what key details took place people's lives around the world.
during the event/action?
Outlining
•Finally - what were the results of the
Outlining is the process of structuring
event/action?
ideas in a logical order before writing. It
5. Give me the Gist acts like a roadmap, helping writers
stay focused and ensuring all points are
Into a single sentence or few words (15-
covered clearly.
20 words)
1. Topic Outline
focus: who is it about?
Description: Uses short words or
What happens?
phrases to represent main ideas and
Why does it matter? supporting details.

Example: The little red riding hood Best for: Quick planning, brainstorming,
or when you want flexibility in wording
“A girl is tricked by a wolf on her way to later.
her grandmother’s house but is saved
by a woodcutter.” Ex. I. Introduction

Thesis Statement A. Importance of exercise in daily life

A one (could be two) sentence B. Thesis: Exercise improves both

claim commonly found at the end of the physical and mental health.
introduction that presents your
II. Physical Benefits of Exercise
argument towards a subject.
A. Stronger muscles B. Better heart
How to write a Thesis Statement:
function C. Weight management
•Must take a position of a subject
III. Mental Benefits of Exercise
•Specific
A. Stress relief B. Improved mood
•Answer the "so what" questions.
C. Better sleep quality
Example/s: •Effects of AI use in schools
IV. Social Benefits of Exercise
•AI is bad for students
A. Opportunities for teamwork B.
AI has become an avenue for
Building friendships C. Community
students to solely rely on for their
involvement
academic responsibilities such as
assignments and academic paper. V. Conclusion
“Trust the Lord with all your ur heart, do not lean on your own understandin.g” —Proverbs 3:5 — EAPP —FMMF

A. Restate thesis: Exercise enhances B. Exercise provides opportunities to

overall well-being. build friendships and expand social
networks.
B. Call to action:
C. Community fitness programs
2. Sentence Outline
foster a sense of belonging and
Description: Uses complete sentences involvement.
for each point, making the structure
V. Conclusion
more detailed and precise.
A. Restate thesis: Exercise is vital for
Best for: Academic writing, research
physical, mental, and social health.
papers, or when clarity is essential.
B. Final thought: Incorporating exercise
Ex. I. Introduction
into daily routines leads to a happier,
A. Exercise is an essential part of healthier, and more connected life.
maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
B. Thesis: Regular exercise improves
physical health, mental well-being, and
social connections.
II. Physical Benefits of Exercise
A. Exercise strengthens muscles,
making everyday tasks easier to
perform.
B. Cardiovascular workouts improve
heart function and reduce the risk of
heart disease.
C. Consistent physical activity helps
manage weight and prevents obesity.
III. Mental Benefits of Exercise
A. Exercise reduces stress by releasing
endorphins that promote relaxation.
B. Physical activity improves mood
and decreases symptoms of anxiety
and depression.
C. Regular exercise contributes to
better sleep quality and overall mental
stability.
IV. Social Benefits of Exercise
A. Team sports and group activities
encourage teamwork and cooperation.
“Trust the Lord with all your ur heart, do not lean on your own understandin.g” —Proverbs 3:5 — EAPP —FMMF
“Trust the Lord with all your ur heart, do not lean on your own understandin.g” —Proverbs 3:5 — EAPP —FMMF