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Nuclei Notes

The document discusses the structure and composition of atomic nuclei, highlighting the nucleus's small size compared to the atom and its composition of protons and neutrons. It explains concepts like atomic number, mass number, isotopes, isobars, and isotones, along with the principles of nuclear binding energy and mass-energy equivalence. Additionally, it covers the stability of nuclei, nuclear forces, and the relationship between binding energy and nuclear stability.

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6 views22 pages

Nuclei Notes

The document discusses the structure and composition of atomic nuclei, highlighting the nucleus's small size compared to the atom and its composition of protons and neutrons. It explains concepts like atomic number, mass number, isotopes, isobars, and isotones, along with the principles of nuclear binding energy and mass-energy equivalence. Additionally, it covers the stability of nuclei, nuclear forces, and the relationship between binding energy and nuclear stability.

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babbykumar104188
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© All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
In every atom, the positive charge and mass are densely concentrated at the centre of the ‘atom forming its nucleus. The radius of the nucleus is smaller than the radius of an atom bya factor of 10%. This means the volume of a nucleus is about 10°"? times the volume of the atom, v_ YOUR STUDY GOALS 131 Composition of Nucleus 132 Classification of Nuclei 133 Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy 134 Nuclear Energy V YOUR PRACTICE GOAL ~ Objective Type Questions (28 Qs; MCQs, A-R, Matching) Case Based Questions-4 ~ Subjective Questions (5 VSAs, BSAs, 6 LAS) — Numerical Problems-& 13.1 Composition of Nucleus The nucleus was first discovered in 1911 by Lord Rutherford and his associates in experiment on scattering of a-particles- ‘The outcomes of his experimental observations are ‘© Atom consists of a small, central, massive and positive core surrounded by orbiting electrons. # The size of the nucleus is of the order of 10° m, thus it is 10000 times smaller than the size of atom. * Nucleus is not a composite body, it is made of nucleons (proton and neutron). «+ The positive charge of the nucleus is due to the protons present in the nucleus. Atomic Mass Unit ‘The mass of an atom is measured by a unit called atomic mass unit (amu). It is denoted by u. Its defined as 5 th of the masses of an atom of !2C. ‘mass ofone "°C atom _ 1.992647 x10-™ kg 12 12 660539 x10” kg ie. lu= lu Nuclei + Atomic masses are measured by an instrument called mass spectrometer. Discovery of Neutron ‘The nuclei of atoms contain neutral particles. This hypothesis was verified in 1932 by James Chadwick. Chadwick observed that when beryllium was bombarded with a-particles, some neutral radiations were emitted, which could knockout protons from lighter nuclei such as those of helium, carbon and nitrogen. Application of the principles of conservation of energy and momentum showed that these neutral radiations could not be photons. Chadwick assume that the neutral radiation consists of a new type of neutral particles called neutrons. He estimated the mass of a neutron being roughly equal to mass of a proton. However, unlike a free proton, a free neutron is unstable. ‘The composition of a nucleus can be described by using the Fyflowing terms and symbols. (omic Number (Z) TX Me number of protons present inside the nucleus of atv atom of the element. It is also equal to the number of electrons revolving in various orbits around the nucleus of the neutral atom and denoted by Z. “Atomic number, Z = Number of protons Number of electrons (in a neutral atom) Mass Number (A) {tis the total number of protons and neutrons inside the atomic nucleus of the element and denoted by A. “Mass number, A = Number of protons _+Number of neutrons = Number of electrons (in a neutral atom) + Number of neutrons = Atomic number + Number of neutrons = Z+n «The term nucleon is also used for neutron and proton. ‘Thus, the number of nucleons in an atom is its mass number A. «Nuclear species or nuclides are shown by the notation 4.X, where X is the chemical symbol of the species. 405 13.2 Classification of Nuclei Nuclei are classified on the basis of number of protons and number of nucleons present inside the nucleus as given below. 1. Isotopes The atoms of same elements having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons are called isotopes. e.g. The isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen and chlorine are VH!,,H3, Hs 0", ,0, 0%, CP Properties of Isotopes ‘The main properties of isotopes are as follows (i) Allisotopes of an element have same atomic ‘numbers, hence these are located at single place in periodic table. Gil) Mass numbers of all isotoes of an element are different. (ii)AIl isotopes of an element have same chemical properties due to same electronic configuratio {iv) The physical properties of all isotopes of an elem are different due to different number of neutrons nucleus. (¥) Due to same chemical properties, isotopes of an element cannot be separated by chemical process. 2. lsobars ‘The atoms of different elements having the same mass number (A) but different atomic number (Z) are called isobars. ;H® and He’, ,0'7 and gF'” are examples of isobars. Properties of Isobars ‘The main properties of isobars are as follows (i) Isobars are placed at different positions in periodic table because they have different atomic numbers. (ii) Isobars have different chemical properties because they have different atomic numbers. 3. Isotones ‘The atoms of different elements having equal number of neutrons (A ~ Z) but different number of protons are called isotones. sLi? and ,Be®,,H® and ,He*are examples of isotones. 406 Example 1. Ina nucleus of »,U™™, find the number of protons and the number of neutrons. Sol. Number of protons, Z = 92 csNumber of neutrons, n= A= Z= 238-92 = 146 Size of Nucleus From the various experiments performed on atom and nucleus, it was observed that the volume of the nucleus is directly proportional to the number of nucleons (mass number) constituting nucleus. IER is the radjus of the nucleus having mass number A, then GaR? «A = Real? = R=R,a™ where, Ry =1.2X10~'°m is the range of nuclear size. Itis also known as nuclear unit radius. Ais different for different clements, therefore atomic nuclei of different element have different size. Note Fermi (im) is found to be a convenient unit of length in ‘puclear physics. It is given as, fermi (Im) = 10°" m lear Density 4 the ratio of mass of nucleus to its volume. the average mass of a nucleon and A is the mass ‘number of element, then the mass of nucleus = mA. If R is the nuclear radius, then volume of nucleus = ‘ ZR? = ‘ n(RA"3)? = targa ‘Aaj endity ot nica maitae ee Menace, Volume of nucleus mA Bey or 3 RRA ‘Thus, the density of nucleus is a constant, independent of A, for al nuclei. ‘The density of nuclear matter is approximately 23x10" kg/m’. This density is very large as compared to an ordinary matter. Example 2. Obtain the approximate value of the radius ofanucleus 4; U™™. (Take, Rg= 1.210"' m) Sol. Given, A= 238, Ry = 1.210" m As R= RAM = 1.2107 (238)! R=7.437 «10° m Allénone Physics Class 12th Example 3. Find the ratio of radii of two nuclei of mass number 27 and 64, respectively. Sol. ‘The radius (R) of nucleus of an atom depends on the ‘mass number (A) as R = RyA”?, where Ry is constant for all nuclei. Rea BofA Rk, |; Here, A, = 27 and A, = 64 + BG" [Q)] ean Example 4, Given the mass of iron nucleus as 55.85 u and A= 56, Find the nuclear density. ‘nce Sol. Given, mass,m = 55.85 = 5585 x1.67 x10" kg Angra Sn(Ryaly= tne} xd 3 3 Volume, Vv. 3 Nuclear density, p= aR A 2335.85 x 1.67 x 107” 4x2 (12x 10 = 2.2910" kg/m? 13.3 Mass-Energy and Binding Energy Mass-Energy Relation Einstein showed that mass and energy are equivalent. i.e,, mass can be converted into energy and vice-versa, Einstein's mass-energy equivalence equation is where, £ is the energy, m is the mass and c is the of light in vacuum (approximately equal to 3x10"m/s). Rest Mass and Effective Mass ‘The mass of a particle measured in a frame of reference in which the particle is at rest is called its rest mass, usually denoted by mg, The rest mass-energy of a particle would be m,c*, which is enormously large on account of large value ofc. If K is kinetic energy of the particle, then its total energy, E=me? Rest mass-energy #KE = mye +R Nuclei where, m is called effective mass of the particle, when it is moving. Clearly, m > mg. The conservation law of energy states that the initial energy and final energy are equal, provided the energy associated with mass is also included. Mass Defect and Binding Energy of Nucleus ‘The mass of nucleus is little less than the sum of masses of individual neutrons and protons. This missing mass is known as the mass defect. It can be defined as the difference in masses of nucleus and neucleons is called as mass defect. It is denoted by Am. ie. Am=(Zm,y + Nm,)~ My where, Zim, Nip and M y are the masses of proton, neutrons and nucleus of an atom, respectively. Mass defect represents the binding energy of the nucleus, ice. the binding energy of a nucleus is equivalent to the mass defect, which is liberated during the formation of nucleus. From Einstein's equation, E, = Amc? , Ey, is the binding energy of nucleus to separate a 8 into its component (proton and neutron) we have to supply a energy equal to the binding of energy (E,). It can be defined as The amount of external energy of Amc? is required to break the nucleus into its constituent particles is called binding energy. Average Binding Energy Per Nucleon of a Nucleus It is the average energy spent to remove a nucleon from the nucleus to infinite distance. Itis given by total binding energy divided by the mass number of the nucleus. Binding energy per nucleon ‘Total binding energy 5 = RnB CRETBY gy |p Fo Number of nucleons A Example 5. A given coin has a mass of 3.0 g. Calculate the nuclear energy that would be required to separate all the neutrons and protons from each other. For simplicity assume that the coin is entirely made of $$ Cu atoms (of mass 62.92960 u). \NCERT Sol. [Link] of coin =3g ‘Atomic mass of CwA = 63, ‘Atomic number of Cu, Z= 29 Mass of Cu, my = 62.92960 u ‘Avogadro's number = 6023 10? Mass of proton, mm, = 1007825 u ‘Mass of neutron, m,= 1.008665 4 [Nuclear energy required to separate neutrons and protons, Ea? Each atom of copper contains 29 protons and 34 neutrons. ‘Therefore, mass defect ofeach atom using the relation, m-=[Zmy +(A=Z) mlm orm ‘Am=[29x 1,007825+ 34x 1.008665) ~ 62.92960 =0591935u Number of atoms in 3 g coin = 602% 10 3 a ‘Total mass defect ofall atoms, (Am yay = 05591935 2.868% 10" = 1.6977% 10% ‘The nuclear energy required (E,) to separate all the neutrons and protons from each other and can be ‘calculated by using the relation, _ Ey (Atay X= (AIM ag CX = 2868x107 = 1.6977 10 x 931 = 1.58% 10 Example 6. Find the binding energy per m 19 Ca"® nucleus. Given, my (39Ca®) = m, = 1.008665 uandm, = 1.007825 u. (Take, 1 amu = > MeV) Sol. In a nucleus of Ca”, Number of protons = 20 ‘Number of neutrons = 40 ~ 20 = 20 Total mass of 20 protons and 20 neutrons = 20m, +20m,=20(m, +m,) = 20 (1.007825 + 1.008665) = 403298 0 Mass defect, Am = 40.3298 ~39.962589 0367211 u Teal binding energy = mex 22! ey =Amx931MeV = 0367211931 =341873441 MeV 341873441 2, per nuceon, £,, = STS =8547 MeV/nucleon 408 Binding Energy Curve It isa plot of the binding energy per nucleon B,, versus the mass number A for a large number of nuclei. 310 L Si Scing energy per naon MeN) [2 a 20 ass number (A) —+ Binding energy per nucleon asa function of mass number gett The following are the features of the plot (i) Average BE/nucleon for lighter nuclei like |H', 1H?, ,H? is small. (ii) For mass numbers ranging from 2 to 20, there are arply defined peaks corresponding to ,He', 4C", ,0"*, etc. These peaks indicate that these hhuclei are relatively more stable than the other ei in their neighbourhood. (ili) The BE curve has a broad maximum peak in the range A = 30 to A = 120. It is practically constant corresponding to average binding energy per nucleon as 8.5 MeV. The peak value for the above given range is8.8 MeV per nucleon for ..Fe™. (iv) As the mass number increases, the BE/nucleon decreases gradually falling to about 7.6 MeV per nucleon for 4, U™"*, due to coulomb repulsion between the protons. Therefore, heavy nuclei are relatively less stable. Conclusions Following conclusions are obtain from the graph (i) Avery heavy nuclei having lower Ey, are unstable in nature, to become more stable it break into two smaller nuclei and energy is released. This process is known as nuclear fission. eg. A nucleus A = 240 breaks into two A having higher £,., and more stable than A (i) Two light nuclei (A $10) fuse to form a heavier nucleus to become more stable by releasing energy in this process, such process is called as nuclear fusion. Allnone Physics Class 12th Nuclear Stability + The stability of a nucleus is determined by the value of its binding energy per nucleon. Higher the binding energy of nucleon, more stable is the nucleus. + The stability of a nucleus is also determined by its neutron to proton ratio. A plot of number of neutrons and number of protons is shown in the figure below. '* The solid line shows the nuclei with equal number of protons and neutrons. Only light nuclei are on this line, ie. they are stable, if they contain approximately same number of protons and neutrons. i i ‘Number of neutrons fn) —* oS888825885 Coa a aw Ow OO Neerbar ot protons @)—e Graphical representation of number of neutrons versus number of protons «© The long narrow region shown in the figure whi contains the cluster of dotted lines representing stable nuclei is referred to as the valley of stability. ‘+ Heavy nuclei are stable only when they have more neutrons than protons. + Experimental study shows that the more stable nuclei contain even number of protons or neutrons or both. Nuclear Force «Nuclear forces are the strongest attractive forces between nucleons. They hold nucleons together in the tiny nucleus, inspite of strong electrostatic forces of repulsion between them. an Potent onray (MoV) z my Graphical representation of potential energy versus distance for a par of nucleon. Nucl + Nuclear force is non-conservative and does not obey inverse square law. It is non-central force. + The constancy of the binding energy in the range 30< A<170isa consequence of the fact that the nuclear force is short-ranged. + From the plot, itis concluded that potential energy is minimum at a distance r,(= 0.8 fm) which means, the force is attractive for distances larger than 0.8 fm and repulsive for the distances less than 0.8 fm between nucleons. Some of the important characteristics of these forces are as given below. (i) Nuclear force amonga pair of neutrons, a pair of ( Quick Test 1 Conceptual Questions ‘1. Does the radius of nucleus depends on its mass number ? 2, The mats of a nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of constituent neutrons and. ons. Comment. 4Heand } He nuclei have the same mass number. Do they have same binding energy? NCERT Exempar y do stable nuclei never have more protons than eutrons? NCERT Exemplar 5. Proton and neutron exist together in an extremely small space within the nucleus. How is this possible, while protons repel each other? 6. What is the significance of nuclear binding energy per \, nucleon in nuclear stability? 13.4 Nuclear Energy ‘Nuclear energy is the energy released during the transformation of nuclei with less total binding energy to the nuclei with greater binding energy. ‘Two distinct ways of obtaining energy from nucleus are as follows: 1. Nuclear fission 2. Nuclear fusion Nuclear Fission Nuclear fission is the phenomenon of splitting of a heavy nucleus (usually A > 230) into two or more lighter nuclei by the bombardment of proton, neutron, G-particle, etc. Energies associated with nuclear processes are about a million times larger than chemical process. 409 protons and neutron-proton pair, is approximately. the same. This shows that nuclear force is independent of charge. (ii) The nuclear forces are very short range forces. (iii) The nuclear force is strongest force in nature. (iv) Nuclear force between two nucleons falls rapidly to zero as their distance is more than afew femtometres (fm). This leads to saturation of forces in a medium or large sized nucleus, ie. each nucleon interacts with its immediate neighbours only, rather than with all the other nucleons in the nucleus. (v) The nuclear forces are dependent on spin or angular momentum of nuclei, 7. Which property of nuclear forces is responsible for constancy of E, per nucleon? Comment. Numerical Questions B. (0) Whats the nuclear density of 3*Th? (i) Isthe nuclear density of am particle 3H. than ess than or equal to Th? Explain. (Gil) Determine the nuclear density of an pat 9, Calculate the energy equivalent of 2 of sub 20. Obtain the binding energy (in MeV) of anit GIN), given m (34N)= 1400307 u, Answers 8. (i) 2310" kg/m? (iti) 2310” kg/m? 9. 18x10!) 10,104.67 MeV For Solutions, See QR Code on Pg. 423 In fission, a heavy nucleus like 3}°U breaks into two smaller fragments by the bombardment of thermal neutron (low energy or slow moving). eg. 2U+ n—o Bat BKrt+3qn' + Q (Energy released) Q-value here refer to the energy released in the nuclear process, which can be determined using Einstein's mass-energy relation, E = mc’. ‘+ The Q-value is equal to the difference of mass of products and reactants multiplied by square of velocity of light. Energy released per fission of 3)° U is 200.4 MeV. 410 + The fragment nuclei produced in fission are highly unstable. They are highly radioactive and emit B-particles in succession until each reaches to a stable end product. Nuclear Chain Reaction In the nuclear fission reaction, there is a release of extra neutrons. The extra neutrons bring about the fission of three more nuclei and produce nine neutrons, which in turn can bring about the fission of nine nuclei and so ‘on. Thus, a continuous chain of nuclear fission is set-up called nuclear chain reaction. It starts a huge ‘amount of energy release in short time (in few microseconds). ‘The chain reactions may be of two types (i) Uncontrolled Chain Reaction During fission reaction, released neutrons causes further fissions, then number of fissions increase rapidly with time. So, the reaction becomes very fast and huge amount of energy is liberated in each fission with violent explosion. The cycle repeats to give a self-sustaining reaction and gives off energy at a rate that increases rapidly with time. This is called uncontrolled chain reaction. It is used in nuclear mb. (ii) Controlled Chain Reaction By some means, the reaction is controlled in such a way that only one of the neutrons emitted in a fission causes another fission, then the fission rate remains constant and the energy is released steadily. Such a chain reaction is called a controlled chain reaction. © Itis used in a nuclear reactor. ‘The sustained feasibility of nuclear chain reaction depends on the multiplication factor or reproduction factor K. te of production of neutrons Rate of loss of neutrons « IfK =1, the operation of reactor is said to be critical. Itis what we wish to be for steady power operation. = If K >1, the reaction rate and reactor power increases, exponentially. In this case, reaction is super-critical and can even explode. « IFK <1, the reaction gradually stops, and the condition is called sub-critical Alllinone Physics Class 12th Nuclear Fusion ‘Nuclear fusion is the phenomenon of fusing of two or more lighter nuclei forming a single heavy nucleus. For fusion to take place, the two nuclei must come close enough so that nuclear force is able to affect them. Since both the nuclei experience coulomb's repulsion. Therefore, they must have enough energy to ‘overcome this coulomb barrier. eg. |H'+,H'—> ,H?+,e" +v+042MeV ,H? +H? — He? + gn! +327 MeV H?+,H? —9,H?+,H!+ 4.03 MeV + Fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclet is the source of energy of most of the stars including the sun, Teach TP ‘Unstable nucleus undergoes a decay. this is refered to as alae decay. Theses of aint dee ocr ature ‘© cedecay in which a helium nucleus He is emitted. ‘© Brdecay in which electrons or positrons are ‘© yedecay in which high energy photons are Energy Generation in Stars ‘Thermonuclear fusion is the source of e1 stars. The interior of the sun has a tem 15x10’ K, which is considerably less thai temperature required for fusion of particl ‘energy. Fusion in the sun involves protons whose ‘energies are much above the average energy. When fusion is achieved by raising the temperature of the system, so that particles have enough KE to overcome the coulomb repulsive behaviour. It is called thermonuclear fusion. ‘The fusion reaction in the sun is a multi-step process in which the hydrogen is fused into helium. The proton-proton (p, p) cycle by which this occurs is represented by the following sets of reactions: H+} H ~ ?H+e' +v+0.42 MeV et te” > y+ y+1.02 MeV 2H+!H > 3Hety+5.49 MeV jHe+ }He — } Het |H+}H+12.86 MeV For the fourth reaction to occur, the first three reactions must occur twice, in case two light helium nuclei unite to form ordinary helium nucleus. If we consider the combination 2())+ 2(i)+ 2(ii)+ (iv), the net effect is 4|H+ 2c” + }Het 2v+6y + 26.7 MeV Nuclei or (41 H+4e~) 9 (Het 2e7)+ 2v+6y + 26.7 MeV Thus, four hydrogen atoms combine to form {He atom with a release of 26.7 MeV of energy. + As the hydrogen in the core gets depleted and becomes helium, the core starts to cool. The star begins to collapse under its own gravity, which increases the temperature of the core. «The age of the sun is about 5x10°yr and it is estimated that there is enough hydrogen in the sun to keep it going for another 5 billion years. Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion ‘The natural thermonuclear fusion in a star is replicated in a thermonuclear fusion device. The aim of controlled thermonuclear fusion is to generate the steady power by heating the nuclear fuel to a temperature in the range of 10°K. At these temperature, the fuel is a mixture of positive ions and electrons (plasma). ‘The challenge is to confine this plasma, since no container can stand such a high temperature. Several coyries around the world including India are foping techniques in this connection. If successful, jon reactors will hopefully, supply almost unlimited to humanity. Example 7. How long can an electric lamp of 100 W be kept glowing by fusion of 2 kg of deuterium? Take, the fusion reaction as TH+ ?}H—> 3H#43.27 MeV Sol. Given, P= 100W ‘According to question, fusion reaction is given as 2+ 3H-—> He n+ 3.27 MeV ++ Energy released in fusion of 2 deuterium atoms, E,=3.27 MeV Number of atoms present in 2g of deuterium = 6x10” [Number of atoms present in 2kg of deuterium = 6x10 x 10°= 6 x10 + Energy released in fusion of 2kg of deuterium atoms 7 4 6x 10% MeV =22 coxsohauy = 981x 10% Mev = 981 x 10™ x 10° x 16 x 10" = 15.696 x 10! J ++ Energy consumed by bulb per second an PMS =100) + Time for which bulb will glow = 15.696 x 10" = 497 x 10" year 100 * Difference between Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion Fission is the splitting of 2 Fusion isthe combining of large nucleus into two ormore two or mare lighter nuclei, Fission can often be initiated Fusion requires extremely with litle or no energy input. high temperature and pressure toovercome clecrostatic a _ ofm Energy release during fission Energy release is isless than the energy release _ the energy release in fission. ‘1. Mention the two distinct ways to obtain e amucleus. 2. What isthe significance of multiplication (0, when (i) K-=1 and (i) K>1? ‘3. Complete the following fission reaction and calculate the amount of energy it releases. Int Pu Mises Bixe+ @) Numerical Questions 4. Determine the energy released in the following fusion reaction. 'H+lH — }He+y | 5. The sun ic believed to be geting its energy from the fusion ‘of four protons to form a helium nucleus and a pair of positrons. Calculate the release of energy per fusion in MeV. Mass of proton= 1.007825 amu, mass of positron | 0.000549 amu and mass ofhelium nucleus = 4.002603 am. (Take, 1 amu =931.5 MeV) | 6. An unstable heavy nucleus at rest breaks into two nuclei ‘which move away with velocities inthe ratio of 8: 27 ‘What isthe ratio ofthe rai of the nuclei? ‘neerr Answers 4. S94MeV §.257MeV 6.3:2 | For Solutions, See QR Code on Pg. 423 Composition of the Nucleus. {ts composition incudee protons (pesvo) Aang neutrons (neta. Ste R=, AS 21.2, A'P tm, very smal Compara to tho ouora atom (= 10 Dansity Exremaiy hig, approximainy 2.3 107 kgin?, Nuclear Stability In refers tothe abity ofa nucieus to remain Intact woul undorgoing rsonctve ceay ity depends on the balance n 10 proton (np ratio, eng ‘clear force and binging energy wit ‘Stain nucle een exiting von mucoon ‘umbers or mage numbers Nuclear Force tis cna ofthe strongest tren in natu, acts oni in me range of me onda of ow lami enetes (-8.2 x 10°") balances oe olactosiae force banweon protons nro eucieus. Ropuison Binding Energy The energy requed to break up a nucleus into te constiver protons anc noutrons ana to separate thom 1 such ope eistance ‘hat Mey may oot interact wid each oer Tro bing onorgy ofa rucous X's gen by Eh + (R= Zh, oo é eae 2 Nuclear Binding Energy per Nucleon mela om nace. Mis obianes by thang tho bang enargy ofa nucleus by fsgmass number ea Mind Map Concept related to Nucleus + Nucieons Protns ond ners preset inthe cet alam ave aleve own as Pons = Atomic Number Th number a prs te fcuk clo he atc mabe te een 1s dnote oy 2 + Mass Number The a nanbe of prot ant neuter resort ancl sealed mass umber oho eames donatey + Nuclear Mace Th a mas ote peta ane naar poser na nals eal he nse + Nucl A ruc specter of natn Charatan ks stm pmber Zana mate umber &rprsenied ts 4 Isotopes, isobars and Isotones «Isotopes The aoms oan element, which have the sn ato umbor bu Geren! mass raat vo cates otopee Example 17Ci°9 and 170!” have same number ctprotons. ‘tsobars The otos of citornt elements (tear ate nub) having to same mass ruber ae eae sobs. Example 3H ond 2a, as bah have samo As} -taotones Th ris having he sare rbd nouns av eed stone. 1 Example #iC\ and 3K aoietenas, as boh cna tho sae numb of neon, ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 Binding Enorgy Curve ‘he valve of ring energy po ncleon ota suis gues a oaso ot ho say of at ruses Greco sho bang energy per roster oa nosis, mae sation roa crop omar ncn on ose nantor MMass-eneray relation itoaicesty ‘Abert Einstein, ie expressed as E = ‘This equation signifies tat mass ang ‘eran aby a proton, neuron oan apace, gos Spt up eo two salir re ‘i neary comparable masses. tas 4K 10 EXAM PATTERN QUESTIONS Objective Type Questions % Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 2. Atomic mass unit (1) is Competency Based Que G3) 1/12 of massof "C atom (b) 1/1 of mass of "Caton (6) 1/12 of mass of 8C atom (4) 1/6 of mass of "Caton 2. Ratio of radius of an atom 1 the radius of its nucteus is around Competency Based Que, @) 0 by 108 (©) 10! 3. The radius of 7) X nucleus is R. The radius of 3° nucleus will be a) oR OW the nuclear radius of (0) 36 5. ‘The ratio of the nuclear densities oF two nuclei having mass numbers 64 and 123 is BSE 2023 ay yd oe a 5 3 ‘ 6. The gravitational force between a H-atom and another particle of massa will be given by Newton's law Mom F=G where risin km and (2) M = Magne m, 0) M= M. ~ Fa 13600. (6) Mis not relate to the mass of he hycrigen atom, W)M= » m, (0 | magnitude of the potential energy’ of electron i the H-atom, 7. M, and M, denote the atomic masses of the parent and the daughter nuclei respectively in radioactive decay. The Q-value foral} decay is Q, and that for a Bo decay is Q,. Hm, denotes th then which of the following statements is correct? 2) Q.= (M,~ MyetandQ, = (Ml, = ML b)Q, = (My Mydefand Q.= (AL, = Ae mass of an electron, amd cBse 2023 Als 3.6 fm, the approximate nuclear radius of “Cu (in fm) is Competency Based Que. 10. 11. . The curve of bind (0) Q= OM, -M, 2m ye and Q,=un Mate! (0) Q)= OM, — M+ 2m." and Qa fimde The difference in mass of "X nucleus and total mass of | its constituent nucleons is 21,00 u. The binding energy per nucleon for this naicleus is equal to the energy case 2023 ‘equivalent of uy iu «ay2tu wnergy per nucleon as a function ‘of atomig mass suanber has 4 sharp peak for helium nucleus, This implies that helium nucleus is ¢8€ 2023 (a) radioactive (b) unstable (c) easily tinstonah (a) more stable [Link] shan its neighbours Which of the following statements about nuclear forces is not true? (a) ‘The nuclear torce henczen nen nce fall to enw as thei dist thon stew fermtometres. Ja weaker than the Coulomb (i) ‘The nuslear torce smu (0) The foree ts attractive tor distances larger than Sto and rephlsive u they are separated by distances Tess thar (18 fn (4) The nuclear force between newtron-neutroy rotor nesitren and proton pyaton is approximately lergoes a radioactive cls of the When a nucleus in an atom decay, the electeonte energy le (a) do aut change for any type of radivactisity (0) chauige fort aid P-radioactivity but Het for (6) change true rislinaetivity but not for others (A) change tors tadiwactvity but wot for others . Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen whose aucleus triton neutrons and 1 proton, Free neutrons are fone of the neutrons in triton nucleus, This contains decay into p + c+ ¥. decays, then it would transform into He does not happen, hecause wergy less than that of a He nucleus as (€) both the neutrons in triton have to decay simultancously resulting ina nucleus with 3 protons, whichis nota He? nucleus (d) free neutrons decay due to external perturbations ‘which is absent in triton nucleus 413. Heavy stable nuclei have more neutrons than protons. ‘This is because of the fact that (a) neutrons are heavier than protons (b) electrostatic force between protons are repulsive (0) neutrons decay into protons through beta decay (d) nuclear forces between neutrons are weaker than that between protons 14, In a nuclear reactor , moderators slow down the neutrons which come out in a fission process, The moderator used have light nuclei. Heavy nuclei will not serve the purpose, because (a) they will break up (b) elastic colision of neutrons with heavy nuclei will not slow them down (6) the net weight ofthe reactor would be unbearably high (¢) substances with heavy nuclei do not occur in liquid oF {gascous state at room temperatur in a nuclear reaction 23° U-» $Th + 3He, the value of and Z are (a) A=234,Z294 (b) A=238,2=94 (© A=264,2=90 (@) A=238,2 290 infusion reaction occurring in the sun, (a) hydrogen is converted into carbon (6) hydrogen and helium are converted into carbon and ‘other heavier metal/clements (©) helium is converted into hydrogen (4) hydrogen is converted into helium 427, Fusion process, like combining two deuterons of forma He nucleus are impossible at ordinary temperatures and pressure. The reason for this can be traced tothe fact () nuclear forces have short range (6) nuclear density is very high (6) the original nuclei must be completely ionized before fusion can take place (4) the original nuclei must first break up before ‘combining with each other. +18. Match the Column {with Column I. ‘A. Sie of nucleus 1 BL_Nuclear density Allinone Physics Class 12th <1 (b) AI, B-2, C3, D4. ES EL (d) AZ B4,C-3, D1 ES (a) A-4,B3,C-5,D- (0) A4,B3,62, Process in which light nuclet combine Energy requires to separate nucleons D. Alpha decay 4. Processin which reaction __ products cause further reaction _ 3,C-5, D4, Esl (0) A-2,B5,C1,D3.E4 (d) Ad, B-3,C-2, LES. @ Assertion-Reason Directions (Q. Nos. 20-29) in the following ‘statements are given- one labelled: other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct. these questions from the codes (a),(b),(¢) below. (@) Both Assertion and Reason are true and ‘correct explanation of Assertion. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason the correct explanation of Assertion. (©) Assertion is true but Reason is false. (4) Assertion is false but Reason is true. 20. Assertion (A) Nuclear density is very large as ‘compared to ordinary matter. Reason (R) Nuclear density increases with the increase ‘of mass number. ‘Competency Based Que. 24. Assertion (A) The curve between the binding energy per nucleon versus mass number drops at high mass numbers (30 < A <170) as well as at low mass numbers (A<30). Reason (R) Nuclei with middle mass numbers (30 < A <170)have higher binding energy per nucleon. ‘Competency Based Que. 22. Assertion (A) Nuclear force between neutron-neutron, proton-neutron and proton-proton is approximately the same, Reason (R) The nuclear force does not depend on the electric charge. Nuclei 23. Assertion (A) Nuclei having mass number about 60 are least stable. Reason (R) When two or more light nuclei are combined into a heavier nucleus, then the binding energy per nucleon will decrease. Sqp 2026-25 24, Assertion (A) The nucleus }X is more stable than the nucleus $Y. Reason (R). 7X contains more number of protons. ‘Competency Based Gus. Assertion (A) Naturally, thermonuclear fusion reaction is not possible on earth. 8 Reason (R) For thermonuclear fusion to take place, extreme condition of temperature and pressure are required ‘Competency Based Que. 26. Assertion (A) In radioactive decay an electron is, emitted by the nucleus. Reason (R) Electrons are present inside the nucleus. 27. Assertion (A) Nuclear force acting between proton-proton is less than force acting between proton-neutron inside a nucleus. 9 (R) Proton being positively charged. repel each other by coulombian force. Assertion (A) Higher the binding energy of nucleon, ore stable isthe nucleus. Reason (R) The stability of nucleus is determined by the value of its binding energy per nucleon Case Based Questions Directions ([Link]. 29-32) These questions are case study based questions, Read the following paragraph ‘and answer the questions on the basis of same. 29. The nucleus was first discovered in 1911 by Lord Rutherford and his associates by experiments on scattering of a-particles by atoms. He found that the ‘scattering results could be explained, ifatoms consist (of a small, central, massive and positive core surrounded by orbiting electrons. The experimental results indicated that the size of the nucleus is of the ‘order of 10°" mand is thus 10000 times smaller than the size of atom. Competency Based Que (i) Ratio of mass of nucleus with mass of atom is approximately @1 @) 19, © 10° (a) 10" 5 (Gi) Masses of nuclei of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium are in ratio. (@) 1:2:3 () tent (©) 12:2 (12:4 (fii) Density of a nucleus is (a) more for lighter elements and less for heavier dlements (b) more for heavier elements and less for lighter 170) eases with the increase in mass number. Explain. ‘onse 2023 Draw a graph showing the variation of potential energy ‘of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. Indicate the region in which the nuclear force is (i) attractive and (i) repulsive. cese20a3 11. Binding energy per nucleon versus mass number curve for nuclei is as shown in the figure. W, X, Yand Z are four nuclei indicated on the curve. Indentify which of the following nucle is most likely to undergo (i) nuclear fission ry (i) nuclear fusion ws Justify your answer. 8 a7 12, (i) Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion giving an example ofeach. a) (it) Explain the release of energy in nuclear fission and fusion on the basis of binding energy per nuclear curve, eB 2023 (2%) i) Ima typical nuclear reaction eg, PH+] H+ }He+)n+3.27 MeV, although number ‘of nucleons is conserved, yet energy isreeased. How? Explain. ro (ii) Deuterium undergoes fusion as per the reaction 24 ?H— BHe+ bn43.27MeV Find the duration for which an electric bulb of 500 W canbe kept glowing by the fusion of 100 g of deuterium. a 4 Long Answer Type Questions 14, Deuteron is a bound state of a neutron and a proton with a binding energy B = 2.2 MeV. Acpray of energy F is aimed ata deuteron nucleus to try to break it into a (neutron + proton), such that the mand ‘pmove in the direction of the incident show that this cannot happen. Hence, much bigger than B must be F for such a happen? 15. Nuclei with magic number of protons | Z= 28, 20, 28,50,52 and magic number N = 2,8, 20, 28,50,82 and 126 re found stable. (Verify this by calculating the proton separation energy S, for ?°Sn (Z = 50) and "Sb (Z = 551). “The proton separation energy for a nuclide is the minimum energy required to separate the least tightly bound proton from a nucleus of that nuclide. Itis given by pl Sp = (Mz + My ~ Maye? Given," In = 118.9058 u, 269 = 119,902199 u "4Sb= 120,903822.u, Hi 1.0078252.u (ii) What does the existence of magic number indicate? [NCERT Exemplar (2) 16. Define the Q-value of a nuclear process. When cana ‘nuclear process not proceed spontaneously? Ifboth the ‘number of protons and the number of neutrons are conserved in a nuclear reaction, in what way is mass converted into energy (or vice-versa) in the nuclear reaction? ANB ‘The Q-value of a nuclear reaction A+b—+C +d is defined by Q=[m., +m, ~me ~male?, where the masses refer to the respective nuclei. Determine from the given data, the Q-value ofthe following reactions and state whether the reactions are exothermic or endothermic. (i) [H+ HT H4+ i (a (ii) BC+ PC—s Net }He (2 Atomic masses are given to be m(,H')= 1.007825 u, m(?H)= 2.014102, m(} H)= 3.016049 uw, m(}2C)= 12.000000 u m(¥o Ne) = 19.992439 w ‘ncert 1B. A 1000 MW fission reactor consumes half of is fuel in 5 yr. How much 25 U did it contain initially? Assume that the reactor operates 80% of the time that all the ‘energy generated arises from the fission of 33° U and that this nuclide is consumed only by the fission process. 49, (i) Write two characteristics of nuclear force. a Suppose we consider fission of a $¢Feinto two equal fragments of 3 Al nucleus. Is the fission energetically possible? Justify your answer by working out Q-value of the process. Hints & Solutions Objective Type Questions 40 90 020 6 1810 22) 225 2H 28, 2. (@) Atomic mass unit (1) is defined as = Mass of "C atom @ 1 2 (Radius of atom =10""° Radius of nucleus = 10°" Radius of atom _ 10° (RoR Allynone Physics Class 12th Given (m) 3$Fe = 5593494 u and (m) }3 Al= 27.98191 1 @ Numerical Problems 20. Obtain approximately the ratio of the nuclear radii of the gold isotope 'Y’ Au and the silver isotope '2 Ag. oer, 24. The fission properties of 3?”Pu are very similar to those ‘of 3° U. The average energy released per fission is 180 MeV. How much energy in MeV, is released if all the atoms in 1 kg of pure }2"Pu undergo fission? CERT) ‘22, Before the neutrino hypothesis, the beta decay process ‘was throught to be the transition. no pte If this was true, show that ifthe neutron was at rest, the proton and electron would emerge with fixed energies and calculate them. Experimentally, the electron energy was found to have a large range. 23. How long can an electric lamp of 100 W be kept glowing by fusion of 2 kg of deuterium? Take the as 2M4 TH 3He+ 43.27 M 5. (d) Nuclear density of two nuclei is independent of mass number, © (Given, F = M= effective mass of hydrogen atom = as of electron + mas of proton — where Bis BE of hydrogen atom = 13.6€V. 7. (a) Let the nucleus is -X“.B" decay is represented as XA ay + e844 Q, Oy sm (2X4)~ my (ayy) mdet =m, (XA) + 2m, ~ m2, 4) ~(Z-A)m, ~ 2m, Je? =[m(,X*)~m(z_,¥4 )- 2m, Je? =(M, - M, ~2m,)e? B"decay is represented as XA Alt ye +94, Nuclei Q = Lm (2X*)~ my Ca ¥4 Y= mde = Lm, (2X*)+ Zim, — my (241¥ *)- (Z +1) me Je? lm (2X4) ~ mY Ve? =(M, ~ M, det 8. (@) Binding energy per nucleus Total Binding Energy _ 21 _ 4, ‘Number of Nucleus 7 11, (0) and B particles cartes one unit of negative charge, anae-partcle carries 2 units of postive charge and y particle carries no charge, therefore electronic energy levels of the atom changes for and decay, but not for sya. 12, (a) Tritium (,H") contains 1 proton and 2 neutrons. A neutron decays asn—> p + &+¥, the nucleus may have 2 protons and | neutron, ie. tritium will transform into 2He? (2 protons and 1 neutron). “Triton energy is less than that of 2He? nucleus, Le, transformation is not allowed energetically. 13, (8) Stable heavy nucle have more neutrons than protons. This is because eletrostatie force between protons is repulsive , which may reduce stability, 14, (0) According to the question, the moderator used have light nucle (like proton). When protons undergo perfectly elastic collision with the neutron emitted their Velocities are exchanged, ie. neutrons come to rest and protons move with the velocity of neutrons Heavy nuclei will not serve the purpose beeause clastic collisions of neutrons with heavy nuelei will nt slow them down. 15, () BUSH + fHe When ana-particle isemitted mass number decreases by 4 and atomic number by 2 17. (a) Nuclear forees are short range that’s why nuclear force can act between two nucleus if they are very close. On the other hand electrostatic force repel two nuclei they are brought close. 20, (¢) Nuclear density is extremely equal to 23x10" g/m? which is much greater than density of ordinary matter, Nuclear density is independent of mass ‘number 2h (V) The binding energy per nucleon of range 30.¢A <170 is dose (o its maximum value. 0, the nucleus belongs to this region is highly stable. (d) Nuclei having mass number 60 are most stable. (Electrons are not present inside the nucleus but they are produced while nuclear decay takes place. 29, (i) (a) As neatly 9.9% rnass of atom is in nucleus. Massof nucleus _ 99.9 22 2099=1 ‘Mass of atom 100 Re 30. (i) (0) ag Gi) (@) Since, the nuclet of deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen, they must contain only one proton each, But the masses of the nucl hydrogen, deuterium and tritium are in the ratio of 1:23, beeause of presence of 1 neutron in deuterium and 2 neutron tritium nuclei Mass _ mA 3m Volume ~ ¥ p34) RS (Gi) (d) Density = As m= mp = my += 2310" gm”, whieh i a constant. (iv) (9) R= ReA log R= logy + log A On comparing the above equation of straight line ‘y= mx +c, So, the graph between log A and log R is straight line. Or () Here A, =197 and A, =107 . Ae % numbers. = (i) (6) Fast neutrons are slowed down by clastie scattering with light nuclei as each collision takes away nearly 50% of energy. (ii) (d) Reactions 1 and Il represent fission of uranium isotope 3}°U, when bombarded with neutrons that breaks it into two intermediate mass nuclear fragments. However, reaction Ill represents that two deuterons fuse together to form the light isotope of helium, (iv) (@) The energy released ((e. Q-value) in the fission reaction of nuclei like uranium is of the order of 200 MeV per fissioning nucleus, This is estimated as follows Let us take a nucleus with A = 240 breaking into ‘two fragments each of A =120, then Eyq for A = 240 nucleus is about 7.6 MeV, Eq, for the two A =120fragment nuclei is about 8S MeV. ‘So, gain in binding energy for nucleon is about 0.9 MeV. Hence, the total gain in binding energy is 240 0.9 oF 216 MeV. 420 or (2) In fission process, when a parent nucleus breaks into daughter products, then some mass is lost in the form of energy. Thus. mass of fission products

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