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Atomic Models

The document outlines the historical development of atomic models, highlighting key contributions from scientists such as J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and James Chadwick. It explains how understanding atomic structure is crucial for determining the properties of matter and synthesizing new materials. The modern view of the atom includes the quantum mechanical model, which describes the atom as mostly empty space with a nucleus and an electron cloud.

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3 views30 pages

Atomic Models

The document outlines the historical development of atomic models, highlighting key contributions from scientists such as J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and James Chadwick. It explains how understanding atomic structure is crucial for determining the properties of matter and synthesizing new materials. The modern view of the atom includes the quantum mechanical model, which describes the atom as mostly empty space with a nucleus and an electron cloud.

Uploaded by

bernardonathalie021
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Historical

Development of
Atomic Models
Structure of Atoms…

How can we
possibly know
anything about their
structures?
Structure of Atoms…

Why do we care about


the structure of
particles as tiny as
atom?
because….

• It is the arrangement of
various parts of their atoms
that determines the
properties of different kinds
of matter.
because….

• by understanding the atomic


structure we can learn how
atoms combine to make
millions of different
substances.
because….

• we can modify and


synthesize materials to
meet our needs more
precisely
J.J. Thomson
• He proved that atoms
Jj-thomson2

of any element can be


made to emit tiny
negative particles.
• Cathode ray-tube
experiment.
• From this he
concluded that ALL
atoms must contain
these negative
particles.
J.J. Thomson
A Cathode Ray Tube
• Made a piece of equipment
called a cathode ray tube.
• It is a vacuum tube - all the
air has been pumped out.
Thomson’s Experiment
ON
voltage
source
-
OFF

Passing an electric current makes a beam appear


to move from the negative to the positive end
Thomson’s Experiment
ON
voltage
source
-
OFF

+ +

By adding an electric field…


he found that the moving pieces were negative.
Cathode Ray Experiment
Cathode Rays
• Cathode ray = electron

• Electrons have a negative charge


Plum-Pudding Model
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)
Ernest Rutheford

• Learned
physics in J.J.
Thomson’ lab.
• Gold-foil
experiment
What he expected…
What he got…
richocheting
alpha particles
“ It was as incredible as if
you had fired a 15-inch
shell at a piece of tissue
paper and it came back
and hit you”
Rutherford Scattering (cont.)
Rutherford interpreted this result by
suggesting that the  particles interacted
with very small and heavy particles

Case A Particle bounces off


of atom?

Case B
Particle goes through
atom?

Case C Particle attracts


to atom?

Case D
. Particle path is altered
as it passes through atom?
Explanation of Alpha-Scattering
Results
Nucleus
Alpha particles

+
+
-
-
+
+
-
+
-

+
-
+
-
-
+
-

Plum-pudding atom Nuclear atom


Thomson’s model Rutherford’s model
James Chadwick (1891-1972)

• Discovered the third


subatomic particles, which
is – the neutron
• He bombarded a thin sheet
of beryllium with α particles
James Chadwick Atom
-
-
-

- -

n+
- -
-

-
Bohr’s Model
Nucleus

Electron

Orbit

Energy Levels
Quantum Mechanical Model
Niels Bohr &
Albert Einstein

Modern atomic theory describes the


electronic structure of the atom as the
probability of finding electrons within certain
regions of space (orbitals).
Summary of the
development of
Atomic Models
Development of Atomic Models

Quantum mechanical model


Modern View

• The atom is mostly empty


space
• Two regions
– Nucleus
• protons and neutrons
– Electron cloud
• region where you might find an
electron

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