Lesson 1 Engineering and Architecture

Historical Antecedents in the The science of civil engineering

Course of Science and truly commenced between 4000
Technology and 2000 BC in Egypt when
Ancient Times transportation gained such
Transportation importance that it led to the
Transportation is the movement of goods and development of the wheel.
people from one place to another. In ancient Structures built during the
times, people crafted simple boats out of logs, ancient times.
walked, rode animals and, later, devised ✓ Sphinx
wheeled vehicles to move from place to place. ✓ Ziggurat of Ur
They used existing waterways or simple roads ✓ City of Uruk
✓ Hanging Gardens of Babylon
for transportation. Over time, people built
more complex means of transportation. They Sumerian Civilization
learned how to harness various sources of ➢located on the southernmost tip of
power, such as wind, steam, and combustion, to ancient Mesopotamia
move barges, ships, trains, automobiles, and ➢known for their high degree of
airplanes. cooperation with one another and
their desire for great things.
Communication
➢not contented with the basic things
Humans have been using different
that life can offer. This desire pushed
methods to communicate from the
them to develop many things
beginning.
connected with science and
1. Cave Paintings
technology
2. Symbols for communication
CUNEIFORM
3. Smoke signals
❑ It is the first writing system
4. Carrier pigeons
known as cuneiform.
Mass Production ❑ It is system that utilizes word
Mass production began in the ancient pictures and triangular
world when food security and warfare symbols which are curved
were the pressing needs of the day. on clay wedge instruments
and then left to dry.
Weapons and Armors URUK CITY
In their hunger for power, ❑ Another important contribution of the
humans have always Sumerians is the City of Uruk. It is a
searched for the perfect great wonder not only because it is
weaponry. The careful considered to be the first true city of
selection of weapons at the world but also for the way it was
times proved to be the erected.
crucial difference
between winning a battle URUK CITY
or being slaughtered on One of the major problem that the
the field. Sumerians encountered was the lack of
materials. There were no building stones
in the location of this city and lumber food processes. With the use of the wheel and
was limited, making the construction a axle, mass production was made easier.
big challenge. The Sumerians were able Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort
to build the city using only mud or clay in less time
from the river, which they mixed the PLOW
reeds, producing sunbaked bricks- a Humans evolved from being food gatherers to
true engineering feat. farm cultivators. However, farmers needed a
technology which would enable them to dig the
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR
ground where the seeds would be planted. The
Another engineering and architectural feat of
plow was invented to dig the earth in a faster
the Sumerians is the Great Ziggurat of Ur. The
pace. As the plow breaks the ground, the
ziggurat, also called the mountain of god, was
farmer would just drop the seeds and farm
built in the same manner that they constructed
work would already be done. With this tool,
the City of Uruk, Without much building
farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land
materials, the structure was constructed using
faster, enabling them to mass produce food
sunbaked bricks. The ziggurat served as the
without taking so much effort and time.
sacred place of their chief god, where only their
ROADS
priests were allowed to enter. As such, even
In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the
today, people still enjoy and marvel at the
Sumerians developed the first roads. With this
preserved Great Ziggurat of Ur.
work, the flow of traffic become faster and
IRRIGATION AND DIKES more organized. They made the roads with the
As population increased, so did the demand for same technology they used in making the
food. The Sumerians were challenged to mass sunbaked bricks that they laid down on the
produce food items but the elements in the ground.
environment seemed uncooperative. The
Babylonian Civilization
farmers in Sumer created levees to hold back
HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
the floods from their fields and cut canals to
Today, people can only marvel at the
channel river water to the fields. The use of
beauty of the famous Hanging
levees and canals is called irrigation.
Gardens of Babylon from stories of
SAILBOATS historians and paintings that portray
Another challenge to the Sumerians was the place. It was said to be a structure
transportation. At that time, the wheel was not made up of layers upon layers of
yet invented; the main mode of transportation gardens that contained several
was through waterways such as rivers and seas. species of plants, trees, and vines.
Boats were used to carry large quantities of According to legends, the great
products and were able to cover large Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II
distances. built the gardens for his wife, Queen
Amytis. However, no physical evidence has
WHEEL been found to prove the existence
In the latter part of their history, the Sumerians of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
were able to invent the wheel since the Its exact location is also unknown.
specialized tools needed to create it were
already available. The first wheels were not
made for transportation but for farm work and They used contracts for commercial
transactions They developing two significant strongest political and social entity in the west.
literary pieces; and establishing the Code It was considered to be the cradle of politics
of Hammurabi, which became the foundation and governance during that period. Because the
for many existing laws in modern times. Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations
CODE OF HAMMURABI looked up to it as their model in terms of
Hammurabi code of laws, a legislation and codified laws. Aside from their
collection of 282 rules, established standards contributions in politics, a lot of discoveries and
for commercial interactions and set fines and inventions still relevant today can be attributed
punishments to meet the requirements of to the Roman Empire.
justice. Hammurabi’s Code was carved onto a NEWSPAPER
massive, finger-shaped black stone stele (pillar) The first newspapers, known as gazettes,
that was looted by invaders and finally contained announcements of the Roman
rediscovered in 1901. Empire to the people. Made before the
invention of paper, these gazettes were
Greek Civilization
engraved in metal or stone tablets and
Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern
then publicly displayed. These
part of the Europe. Known as the birthplace of
documents were edited and published on
western philosophy, some of the major
the same day that they were recorded.
achievements of the Greeks include in-depth
This way, the Romans enjoyed easy
works on philosophy and mathematics. More
access to government information the
than coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek
same way we benefit from present-day
civilization has contributed much to the
newspapers.
world especially in the fields of science
AQUEDUCT
and technology.
An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to
ALARM CLOCK carry water from a source to a distribution point
One of the most utilized gadgets today far away. In modern engineering, the term
that was invented by the ancient Greeks is the aqueduct is used for any system of pipes,
alarm clock. Although the alarm clock during ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures
that time did not resemble the present-day used for this purpose
alarm clock, the purpose was just the same- to ROMAN NUMERALS
tell an individual when to stop or when to Roman numerals originated in ancient
start. The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks used Rome, but survived for some uses
large complicated mechanisms to time the after the end of the Roman
alarm. They made use of water that dropped Empire. The numbers in the system
into drums which sounded the alarm. are represented by combinations of
WATER MILL letters from the Latin alphabe
Watermills were also considered as one of the
LESSON 2: Historical Developments
most important contributions of the Greek
in the Philippines
civilization to the world. They were commonly
used in agricultural processes like milling of Long before the Spaniards came to the
grains which was a necessary form of food Philippines, Filipinos had a civilization of their
processing during that time. own. This civilization partly came from the
Malay settlers and partly from their response to
Roman Civilization
the new environment. Many of these customs
The Roman Empire was perceived to be the
and traditions, government and way of life, Pre Colonial Writing
have come down to the present day, despite • During the early period almost everyone in
the changes brought about by westernization the society-male or female knows how to read
and modernization. This is why it is possible to and write. They have their own method of
know about our distant past by simplyobserving writing which they use sharppointed tools,
some customs and practices that have resisted leaves, bamboo and trunk's skin. They write
change and modernization. from top to bottom and read it from left
to right. Accordingly they have their Alibata
Society
which script is different from China, Japan and
Philippine pre-colonial society is both
India. This account was told by one of the first
different and the same as in the present.
Spanish missionaries who came in the
Some aspects of the pre-colonial period
Philippines, Fr. Pedro Chirino.
have survived into our time. The following is
a description of the way of life of pre colonial Engineering
Filipinos. ▪ built to suit the tropical climate
▪ called bahay kubo, made of wood,
PRE-COLONIAL HISTORY
bamboo, and nipa palm; it was built on stilts
-Jar (Manunggul,Bulol) and can be entered through ladders that can be
drawn up▪ some Filipinos, such as the Kalingas,
-Herbs and herbal medicine Mandayas and Bagobos built their houses on
-Fire light and heat treetops
▪ others, such as the Badjaos, built
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION their houses on boats
[Link] in Farming The Banaue Rice Terraces
[Link] for recording purposes (Filipino: Hagdan-hagdang
Palayan ng Banawe)
[Link] pottery and soil minerals for metallurgy are terraces that were carved into the
mountains of Banaue, Ifugao, in the Philippines
[Link] of different goods and resources
more than 2,000 years ago, by the ancestors of
Agriculture the Igorot people. The terraces are
▪ main source of livelihood rice, coconuts, sugar located approximately 1,500metres (4,900 feet)
cane, cotton, hemp, bananas, oranges, and above sea level.
many species of fruits and vegetables were
Pre - Colonial Culture
grown ▪ done in two ways: kaingin system
During the pre-colonial time there was
(slash and burn) and tillage when the
already an indigenous spiritual traditions
Spaniards came to the Philippines,they noted
practiced by the people in the Philippines.
that Cebu and Palawanwere abundant in many
Generally, for lack of better terminology
agriculturalfoodstuffs
prehistoric people are described to be
Laguna Copperplate InscriptionEarliest known animistic. Their practice was a collection of
calendar – dated document used within beliefs and cultural mores anchored in the
Philippine Islands inscribed in Shaka year 822 idea that the world is inhabited by spirits and
(Gregorian A.D 900) supernatural entities, both good and bad,
and that respect be accorded to them
through nature worship thus; they believed
that their daily lives has a connection of Mode of Dressing
such beliefs. Others also worship the Male attire was composed of the kanggan
moon, stars, caves, mountains, rivers, plants (sleeveless jacket) and bahag (loincloth) the
andtrees. Some creatures are being worship color of the kanggan indicates rank - red for
too like the bird, crow, tortoise, crocodile the chief, black or blue for the commoners men
and other things they believed has value and also wear a turban called pouchennej which
connected to their [Link] variation of also tell the social status/achievement of the
animistic practices occurs in different ethnic individual wearing it female attire consisted of
groups. Magic, chants and prayers are often key baro or camisa (jacket with sleeves) and saya
features. Its practitioners were highly respected or patadyong (a
(and some feared) in the community, as they long skirt); some women wore a piece of red or
were healers, midwife (hilot), shamans, witches white cloth on top of their skirt called tapis
and warlocks(mangkukulam), babaylans, tribal
Mode of Dressing
historians and wizened elders that provided the
▪ men and women wore ornaments to look
spiritual and traditional life of the community.
attractive
• During this pre-colonial era
▪ both wear kalumbiga, pendants, bracelets,
historians have found out that the
and leglets
"Barong Tagalog” (dress of the
▪ these ornaments were made of gold
Tagalog) already existed. The
▪ some wore gold fillings between the teeth
earliest Baro or Baro ng Tagalog
▪ tattoos were also fashionable for some
was worn by the natives of Ma-I (the
precolonial Filipinos; they also exhibit a
Philippines name before) just before
man's war record
they were colonized by the
▪ Islas del Pintados – term coined by the
Spaniards. The men wore a sleeve-doublet
Spaniards for the Visayans.
made of Canga (rough cotton) that reached
slightly below the waist. It is collarless with a LESSON 3: HISTORICAL-ANTECEDENTS-
front opening. Their loins were covered with a MEDIEVAL-AND-MODERN-AGES
pane that hung between the legs and mid-
thigh. The women also wore a sleeve MICROSCOPE
dress but shorter than the men. They also To develop the proper medicines for
wear a pane attached to the waist and illnesses, expert must understand the sickness
reaching to the feet accented by a through an investigation. Thus, they needed the
colourful belt. The materials used for their device that could magnify things invisible to the
dress is of fine line or Indian Muslim. eye. Guided by the principles used for the
The Visayan men wore a jacket invention of eyeglasses in earlier years,
with a Moorish style rob, that reach Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first
down their feet and was embroidered compound microscope.
in beautiful colours. Tagalog and TELESCOPE
Visayan men bound their temples and The invention of the telescope, an
forehead with a “putong" (a narrow optical instrument that helps in the
strips of clothe). They also wore gold observation of remote objects,
jewellery and other accessories to was a great help for navigators
beautify their bodies. during this time. Together with the
telescope, the invention of the
compass, oars, and rudders made chemist, found a way to solve the problem. He
sea travelling easier and safer. invented pasteurization, the process of heating
dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that
WAR WEAPONS
allow them to spoil faster. Through this process,
Since wars were widespread during
milk could be stored and consumed for a long
the Middle Ages, great development in the
period. It also prevented illnesses caused by
weaponry technology also occurred. All sides
harmful bacteria.
must develop weaponries not only as offensive
tools but also defensive instruments. For PETROLEUM REFINERY
open-area battles, people developed cross Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by
bows and long bows so that they could attack refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on
the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves referred to as “illuminating oil” because it was
safe with the protection of walls and fortresses. used at firstto provide lighting to homes. After
some time, it was appliedfor heating purposes.
LEONARDO DA VINCI
The development of kerosene established the
In Italy, Leonardo da Vinci, a great pioneer in
petroleumrefinery industry.
arts, engineering, architecture and science,
stressed the importance of experiment. TELEPHONE
He produced a vast series of notebooks with Important day to day decisions must be
observations of anatomy, cloud formations, discussed and addressed at the fastest time
plans for sites, military inventions, tanks, flying [Link], the development of the
machines and submarines. telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of
the most important inventionsat that time.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
Copernicus rediscovered what some of the CALCULATOR
ancient Greeks had known that the sun was at Although an earlier version of the calculator
the center of the solar system and that the had already been developed, circumstances
earth revolves around it. The era also gave way in the modern times required a faster way to
to geographic discovery beginning with the compute more complicated equations.
invention of the triangle sail and the magnetic Computing devices must also be easy to
compass. This aided PRINCE HENRY, the carry since they would be utilized on a day
navigator to travel around South Africa, to day basis. The Creation of modern
Portugal, to reach India. It was around the same calculators did not only pave the way for
time COLUMBUS discovered the America. easier arithmetic calculations, but also
resulted in the development of more
MODERN AGES
complex processing machines like the
The booming world population
computer.
during the nineteenth century onwards
demanded that more goods be produced at a MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
faster rate. People needed efficient means of AROUND 1600 A.D.
transportation to trade more goods and cover a GALILEO was the first to use the modern
larger distance. Machines that required animals scientific methods based on experiment and
to operate must thus be upgraded. testable observations. In 1608, some spectacle
maker came to the Republic of Venice with
PASTEURIZATION
their new invention, a spyglass for identifying
Louis Pasteur, a French
ships before they enter the harbor. Galileo
biologist, microbiologist, and
heard about it and promptly set about figuring the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the
how itworked. His triumph is not only for spy solar system having earth revolving around it)
glass but went on to the second one with the Copernican Revolution
magnification stepped up by eight and finally In the early times, people questioned what
thirty times which is now known as the created days and nights. They wanted to
telescope. He was able to discover craters and understand what heavenly bodies like stars,
mountains on the moon. He later invented the moons, and planets are. The invention of the
microscope and thermometer. telescope allowed the people to take a peek at
the outer space, but more importantly, it is also
ISAAC NEWTON,
intrigued them to know what was actually out
helped define the laws of gravity and
there
planetary motion, co- founded calculus and
explained the laws of light and color. Claudius Ptolemy (100 CE - 170 CE)
▪ Egyptian astronomer,
ALBERT EINSTEIN, the most popular scientist of
mathematician and geographer
the twentieth century. His work had profound
▪ In several fields his writings
impact on everything from quantum theory to
represent the culminating
nuclear power and the atom bomb, and came
achievement of Greco-Roman
up also with the famous equation used in
science, particularly his
calculus.
geocentric model of the
LESSON 4: INTELLECTUAL universe now known as the
REVOLUTION Ptolemaic system.

Intellectual Revolution
The term "Intellectual Revolution" is
used to refer to Greek speculation about the
"nature" in the period before Socrates (roughly
600 to 400 BCE). ... First, the world is a natural
whole (that is, supernatural forces do not make
things 'happen'). Second, there is a natural
'order' (that is, there are 'laws of nature').
Intellectual Revolution
▪ Copernican Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
▪ Darwinian ▪ Polish Catholic Cleric
▪ Freudian ▪ Observe night sky from an observation tower
▪ Information ▪ Trying to solve calendar problem
▪ Meso-American ▪ Suggested a Sun centeredUniverse in a book
▪ Asian titles De Revolutionibus, which was not
▪ Middle East published until the year he died
▪ African ▪ NOTE: He was well educated
and had read Greek astronomy
Copernican Revolution Copernican Model
This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth ▪ Heliocentric Universe
and sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It ▪ De RevolutionibusOrbiun Celestium ( On
is the idea that rejected Ptolemic's model (earth the Revolutions of theHeaveanly Spheres)
is the center of the solar system) and proved
▪ Idea was opposed by theCatholic Church ▪ Darwin went on an around the-world trip on
Copernican Model Explained the HMS Beagle and traveled to the Galapagos
• Earth rotation caused daily motion from east Islands/ ▪ He particularly liked and observed the
• Mercury and Venus are inferior planets, which tortoises on different islands.
explained why they are always seen near thSun. ▪ He observed each group had its own niche
• Sun's annual motion along the ecliptic ▪ He studied 13 different species and saw how
(Zodiac)was cause by Earth’s orbital motion they adapted to their environment
(this one wasdifficult to accept) What influenced Darwin's
• Retrograde motion was a natural ideas about species?
phenomenon of one planet passing another ▪ During the 5-year surveying mission in which
planet as the orbitedthe sun. Darwin served aboard the Royal Navy Brig HMS
Beagle as a naturalist, he became intrigued by
Although heliocentric theories had been
Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology.
considered by philosophers as early as Philolaus
▪ In Principles of Geology, Lyell presents
in the 5th century BCE, and while there had been
arguments in support of uniformitarianism, the
earlier discussions of the possibility of Earth’s
theory that observable processes occurring in
motion, Copernicus was the first to propound a
the present are sufficient to explain the
comprehensive heliocentric theory equal in
formation of all geological features over
scope and predictive capability to Ptolemy’s
great time periods.
geocentric system.
What influenced Darwin's
Darwinian Revolution
ideas about species?
This has brought a great impact on how people
▪ Darwin eventually applied the idea that
approach Biology. This revolution provided a
ongoing, observable processes can account for
different idea about the "theory of Creation".
the variety of features in the natural world to
The Darwinian revolution started when Charles
living systems.
Darwin published his book "The Origin of
▪ Departing the coast of South America, the
Species" that emphasizes that humans are the
Beagle arrived at the Galapagos Islands, where
result of an evolution
Darwin would make his most famous
Evolution
observations of species, including the 14 or so
▪ Evolution means change over
closely related species of finches now
time.
commonly referred to as Darwin's finches
▪ A scientific theory is NOT just a belief, it is a
supported tested explanationCharles Darwin -Just four of the Galapagos Islands finch species
(1809-1882) that Darwin observed, described and drew. He
English naturalist whose scientific theory pondered the great range in bill type among
of evolution by natural selection became the these species.
foundation of modern evolutionary studies.
Darwin's hypothesis described the
History of Darwin's Studies evolutionary
▪ In 1831, Darwin sets sail on the HMS Beagle relationships between taxonomic groups.
▪ In 1844, he writes his theory on the origin of ▪ Darwin's idea of descent with modification
species explained
▪ In 1858, Darwin and Wallace publish their how species change slowly over time as they
theories on evolution adapt to environments.
History of Darwin's Studies ▪ Darwin proposed that all species descended
step by step from a single common ancestor by Needs motivate human behavior
adapting to changing environments or to new (food, shelter, clothing)
environments arrived at by migration.
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Darwin's hypothesis described the evolutionary
relationships between taxonomic groups.
▪ Darwin's work explained taxonomic
relationships between groups of organisms,
which were related by common ancestry and
not necessarily by outward form.
▪ Gaps between forms signaled the importance
of extinction. Before Darwin's work, most
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
scientists had not appreciated the
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory of
phenomenon's relevance, in part
psychology explaining human motivation based
because it was not supported by theology.
on the pursuit of different levels of needs. The
Freudian Revolution
theory states that humans are motivated to
▪ In the past, the field of psychology was
fulfill their needs in a hierarchical order. This
classified under philosophy. Psychology was
order begins with the most basic needs before
considered more an art rather than a science.
moving on to more advanced needs. The
▪ In the later 19th century, Sigmund Freud was
ultimate goal, according to this theory, is to
able to change people's perception of
reach the fifth level of the hierarchy: self-
psychology with his revolutionary theory of
actualization. Being deprived of a need arouses
psychoanalysis.
a feeling called DRIVE or DESIRE. Animals
Freudian Revolution respond instinctively, humans learn
This theory has started to revolutionized various ways to respond. Human motivation
Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This includes explains the reason why people behave the
the "Freudian Theory of Personality" that way they [Link] have DRIVES or DESIRES in
involves the human development contributes to the back of their minds for example, Will to live
his/her personality and also his"psychoanalysis" or will to die Some of these desire cause people
that is the process for achieving proper to behave irrationally.
functioning if a human does not complete
People are born with a certain number of
his/her developmental stage.
instincts or
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) DRIVES ( human instinctive behavior)
Psychology Austrian, doctor The human mind has 3 aspects which influence
-Father of Psychoanalysis behavior
-One of the First ❑Ego
Psychologists to study ❑Superego
human motivation ❑Id
Id - unconscious part of mind
Freud-believed that mental illness is the result
this part of mind seeks to
of nurture, not nature.
bring us pleasure
He asked the question:
-primitive parts of our
“What makes people do things?”
personality including
Answer: MOTIVATION
aggression and sexual drives The history of science and technology in the
Ego - Conscious part of Philippines started way back before the
mind (Rational Self) country gained its independence from the
Decides what action to American colonizers.
take for positive means
Science in Pre-Spanish Philippines is embedded
and what to do based on
in the way of life of the
what is believed is the right
people
thing to do.
Pre-Spanish
Aware of reality
Philippines
Superego - unconscious
Embedded in
part of mind that acts as our conscience.
the way of life
Reminds us of what we should do.
The ID and the SUPEREGO are in constant ⦿It is observed in the way they plant their crops
conflict. Your drive tells you to do one thing,
⦿In taking care of animals to help them in their
that provide them food.
while society tells you to do something else.

⦿For food production.

daily tasks.
Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis,
compared the human mind to an iceberg.
The tip above the water represents ⦿Science is observed in the way they interpret
consciousness, and the vast region below the the movements of
surface symbolizes the unconscious mind. Of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and
Freud's three basic personality structures - id,
⦿They use science in preparing the soil for
climates.
ego and superego-only id is totally unconscious.
agricultural purposes;
If you don't resolve this conflict between ID and
they discovered the medicinal use of plants.
EGO, you may experience unhappiness or
mental distress Thus in order to understand Technology is used by people in b uilding
motivation, you must understand what is in houses, irrigations, and in developing tools that
your unconscious memory. This is the basis of they can use in everyday life.
PSYCHOANALYSIS. TECHNOLOGY
✓ Building Houses
Psychoanalysis has as its core the idea that
✓ Irrigation
each of us has an unconscious part whose
✓ Developing tools
existence, activities and thoughts are hidden
✓ Musical Instrument
behind a mental barrier that we cannot
voluntarily remove. Behind this barrier are Technology is used by people in building
repressed and psychologically dangerous houses, irrigations, and in developing tools that
thoughts that give rise to unconscious they can use in everyday life.
conflicts, which in turn, can result to
psychological and physical symptoms Technology is used by people in b uilding
-Plotnik, p 514 houses,
irrigations, and in developing tools that they
BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
can use in everyday life.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Technology is used by people in b uilding
IN THE PHILIPPINES
houses, irrigations, and in developing tools that
they can use in everyday life. ✓ Created more hospitals than the former
Technology is used by people in b uilding colonial master.

⦿Americans did everything to “Americanize” the

houses,
irrigations, and in developing tools that they can

⦿They recognized the learning of science and

Philippines.
use in everyday life. Musical Instrument

⦿The desire of the Americans to develop the

introduced it in public and private schools.
The different archaeological artifacts
discovered in different parts of the country human resources of the Philippines is somehow,
also prove that the Metal A g e also had beneficial in the country.
significant influences on the lives of early
Health and Sanitation
Filipinos.
Filipinos learned the value of cleanliness, proper
Jewelry
hygiene and healthy practices Hospitals, clinics
- Used by the people belong in upper class or
and health centers were established including
royal family
public hospitals for lepers.
Metal Age influence
- Gold and silver Jewelry ⦿ Since the establishment of the new republic,
- Trading with other countries the whole nation has been focusing on using its
- Indigenous or Folk Science limited resources in improving its science and

⦿ It has explored the use of O DA or Overseas

technological capabilities.
When the Spaniards colonized the country, they
brought with them their own culture and
Development Allocations to help the countries
practices.

⦿ They established schools for girls and boys and

improved its scientific productivity.

⦿ introduced and implemented several

introduced
programs, projects, and
⦿ It was the beginning of the formal science and
the concept of subjects and discipline.
policies to boost the area of science and

⦿G OAL: prepare the whole country and its

technology.
technology in
the country, known now as school of science
people to meet the
⦿ Life during the Spanish Era slowly became
and technology.
demands of a technologically driven world and
capacitate
⦿ The g alleon trade has b rought additional
modernized.
people to live in a world driven by Science.
technology and Clusters of Government Policies according to
development in the Philippines. NRCP
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education,
The Americans have more influence in the
International Policies and Governance.
development of Science and Technology in the
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research,
Philippines compared to the Spaniards
Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics.
They established the following:
3. Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical
✓ Public education system
Sciences.
✓ Improved the Engineering works
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
✓ Improved health conditions of the people.
✓ Established a modern research university,
Social Sciences, Humanities, Education,
University of the Philippines.
International Policies and Governance the following:
1. Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic • Providing funds for basic research related to
education without science and technology.
adding to the curriculum • Providing scholarships for undergraduate and
2. Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue graduate studies of students in field of Science
3. Developing school infrastracture and and Technology.
providing for ICT broadband
• Establishing more branches of the Philippine
4. Local food security
Science High School System
Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, • Creating a Science and technology parks
Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics • Balik Scientist Program
1. Emphasizing degrees, licences and • Developing science and technology parks
employment opportunities • Establishment of the National Science
2. Outright grants for peer monitoring Complex
3. Review of RA 9184
Famous Filipino in the Field of Science
4. Harnessing science and technology as an
independent mover of development 1. Ramon Cabanos Barba
Ramon Barba is a well-known Filipino scientist,
Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
especially to agriculturally involved individuals
1. Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing
in the Philippines for contributing towards
firms with ASEAN-harmonized standards by full
advancements in the mango industry. He
implementation of the FDA
developed a process that caused the
2. Creating an education council dedicated to
flowering and fruiting of mango trees three
standardization of pharmaceutical services and
times a year, instead on once a year, so
care
dramatically improving yields.
3. Empowering food and drug agencies to
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso
conduct evidence- based research as pool of
for his works on observing the characteristics of
information
Antartica by using satellite images.
4. Allocating 2% of the GDP to research
3. Jose Bejar Cruz
5. Legislating a law supporting human genome
known internationally in the field of electrical
projects
engineering
Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry 4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz
1. Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full notable for her research on sea snail venom.
implementation of existing laws 5. Fabian Millar Dayrit- for his research herbal
2. Use of biosafety and standard model by medicine.
ASEAN countries 6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III- for his research
3. Promoting indigenous knowledge systems on tilapia culture.
and indigenous people's conservation 7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. – for inventing the
4. Formulation of common food and safety meconium drugs testing
standards 8. Lilian Formalejo Patena- for doing research
on plant biotechnology

⦿ There are also other existing programs

Government Policies on Science and Technology
9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz- for being an
supported by the Philippine government outstanding
through the DOST. Some of these projects are educator and graph theorist.
[Link] Ligot Tangonan- for his research in
the field of communications technology

There are other outstanding Filipino scientists

who are recognized here and abroad;
Famous Filipino in the Field of Science
• Caesar A. Saloma- an internationally renowed
physicist.
• Edgardo Gomez- famous scientist in marine
science
• William Padolina- chemistry and president of
National Academy of Science and Technology
(NAST)- Philippines
• Angel Alcala- Marine science