EEMQ 2241– Engineering Mechanics B

Course Description / Content

 Dynamics of particles and rigid bodies: Rectilinear motion of
particles, relative motion, Curvilinear motion, Newton’s laws of motion

 Circular motion: Centrifugal forces, Linear and angular acceleration.

 Momentum and Impulse: Momentum equations, Impact of elastic and

inelastic bodies, momentum transfer, Linear and Angular momentum.
 Friction: sliding friction, rolling friction, static and kinetic friction, stick-
slip phenomenon.

 Translation and rotation of rigid bodies: velocity and acceleration,

plane motion of rigid bodies; forces and acceleration.
Chapter 2: Circular motion
 Circular motion

 Motion along a circular path / arc.

Uniform Circular Motion

• Circular motion with constant speed.
Non-uniform Circular Motion
• Circular motion with changing speed
 Circular motion - Examples
 Earth moving around the Sun
 Electron moving around a proton in a hydrogen
atom.
 Moving car in a roundabout.
 Simple pendulum.
Uniform circular motion emphasizes that:

1. The speed, or the magnitude of the

velocity vector, is constant.
2. Direction of the vector is not constant.
3. Change in direction, means
acceleration
4. “Centripetal acceleration” , it points
toward the center of the circle.
 Speed/Velocity in a Circle
Consider an object moving in a circle
around a specific origin. The DISTANCE the
object covers in ONE REVOLUTION is called
the CIRCUMFERENCE. The TIME that it
takes to cover this distance is called the
PERIOD.
d 2r
scircle  
Speed is the MAGNITUDE of the T T
velocity. And while the speed may be
constant, the VELOCITY is NOT. Since
velocity is a vector with BOTH
magnitude AND direction, we see that
the direction of the velocity is ALWAYS
changing.

We call this velocity, TANGENTIAL velocity as its

direction is draw TANGENT to the circle.
T = period, s (time for 1 rev.)
Centripetal Acceleration
Suppose we had a circle with angle, , between 2
radii. You may recall:


s s v
r  
s  arc length in meters r v
s  vt
v
v vt v

r v
v vo

v 2 v
vo
  ac
r t
ac  centripetal acceleration

Centripetal means “center seeking” so that means that the

acceleration points towards the CENTER of the circle
Drawing the Directions correctly
So for an object traveling in a
counter-clockwise path. The
velocity would be drawn
TANGENT to the circle and the
acceleration would be drawn
TOWARDS the CENTER.

To find the MAGNITUDES of

each we have:

2r v2
vc  ac 
T r
 Uniform Circular Motion
Uniform circular motion is the motion
of an object traveling at a constant
(uniform) speed on a circular path. r

Period T is the time required to travel

once around the circle, that is, to make
one complete revolution.

2r
v
T
Circular Motion and N.S.L

Recall that according to v2

FNET  ma ac 
Newton’s Second Law, r
the acceleration is
mv 2
directly proportional to FNET  Fc 
the Force. If this is r
true: Fc  Centripetal Force
Since the acceleration and the force are directly
related, the force must ALSO point towards the
center. This is called CENTRIPETAL FORCE.
 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

If the force of gravity is being exerted on objects on Earth,

what is the origin of that force?
Newton’s realization was that the force must come
from the Earth.
He further realized that this
force must be what keeps the
Moon in its orbit.
 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

The gravitational force on you is one-half of a Third Law pair: the

Earth exerts a downward force on you, and you exert an upward force
on the Earth.
When there is such a disparity in masses, the
reaction force is undetectable,
but for bodies more equal in
mass it can be significant.
 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

Therefore, the gravitational force must be proportional

to both masses.
By observing planetary orbits, Newton also concluded
that the gravitational force must decrease as the inverse
of the square of the distance between the masses.
In its final form, the Law of Universal Gravitation
reads:

where G = 6.67 × 10−11 N·m2/kg2

 Highway Curves, Banked and Unbanked

When a car goes around a curve, there must be a net force

towards the center of the circle of which the curve is an
arc. If the road is flat, that force is supplied by friction.
Banked Curves
Banking of Roads
 Example 1
The turn in an oval speedway track has a
maximum radius(at the top) of r=316m and are
banked steeply, with   31 . Suppose these
maximum-radius turns were frictionless. At
what speed would the cars have to travel around
them?

From the equation before, it follows

that

v  rg tan   (316 m)(9.80 m / s 2 ) tan 31   43m / s

 Centripetal Force and Safe Driving

Compare the maximum

speeds at which a car can
safely negotiate an
unbanked turn (r= 50.0m)

 S  dry  0.9

S --dry = 0.9
N
S --icy = 0.1
FS

FS
mg
f s
max  s N
 f s
MAX
  S FN
The car does not accelerate ,
FN – mg = 0 FN = mg.

FN
Ff
F f  Fc
mv 2
mg FN 
r
mv 2
mg 
r
2
v v2
 s g  v   s gr 
rg
r
Dry road (  s =0.900)

v  (0.900 )(9.80 m / s 2 )(50 .0m)  21 .0m / s

Icy road (  s =0.100)

v  (0.100 )(9.80 m / s )(50 .0m)  7.00 m / s

2

As expected, the dry road allows the greater

maximum speed.
 Example
Top view What is the minimum coefficient of static friction
necessary to allow a penny to rotate along a 33
1/3 rpm record (diameter= 0.300 m), when
the penny is placed at the outer edge of the
record?

FN
Ff rev 1 min
F f  Fc 33.3 *  0.555 rev
min 60 sec sec
mv 2 1sec
mg FN   1.80 sec T
r 0.555 rev rev
Side view
mv 2 2r 2 (0.15)
mg  vc    0.524 m / s
r T 1.80
v2 v2 (0.524) 2
    0.187
rg rg (0.15)(9.8)
 Application: Which way will the
object go?

An object on a guideline
is in uniform circular
motion. The object is
symbolized by a dot, and
at point O it is release
suddenly from its circular
path.
If the guideline is cut suddenly, will the object
move along OA or OP ?
Newton’s first law of motion guides our
reasoning. An object continues in a state of rest
or in a state of motion at a constant speed along
a straight line unless compelled to changes that
state by a net force.
When the object is suddenly released from its
circular path, there is no longer a net force being
applied to the object. In the case of a model
airplane, the guideline cannot apply a force, since
it is cut.
 In the absence of a net force, then, the
object would continue to move at a
constant speed along a straight line in
the direction it had at the time of
release. This speed and direction are
given in the figure by the velocity vector
v.

As a result, the object would move

along the straight line between points
O and A, not on the circular arc
between points O and P.
 Example
T mg

The maximum tension that a

0.50 m string can tolerate is mv 2
14 N. A 0.25-kg ball attached FNET  Fc  mac 
to this string is being whirled
r
in a vertical circle. What is the mv 2
maximum speed the ball can
T  mg   r (T  mg )  mv 2
r
have (a) the top of the circle,
(b)at the bottom of the circle? r (T  mg ) 0.5(14  (0.25)(9.8))
v 
m 0.25
v  5.74 m / s
At the bottom?
Example

mv 2
FNET  Fc  mac 
r
T mv 2
T  mg   r (T  mg )  mv 2
r
r (T  mg ) 0.5(14  (0.25)(9.8))
v 
m 0.25
v  4.81 m / s
mg