MATHEMATICS
BY
DR. ADEL MORAD
CHAPTER 1
Functions and
Graphs
Lecture 3
POLYNOMIAL, RATIONAL, ALGEBRAIC,
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.
(ii) 𝐧 = 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔, … ⇒ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = ℝ, 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = [𝟎, ∞)
(iii) 𝐧 = 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, … ⇒ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = ℝ, 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = ℝ
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(iii) 𝐧 = , , ,… ⇒ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = [𝟎, ∞), 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = [𝟎, ∞)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟔
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(iv) 𝐧 = , , ,…⇒ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = ℝ, 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = ℝ
𝟑 𝟓 𝟕
(v) 𝐧 = −𝟐, −𝟒, −𝟔, … ⇒ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = ℝ − {𝟎}, 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = (𝟎, ∞)
(vi) 𝐧 = −𝟏, −𝟑, −𝟓, … ⇒ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = ℝ − {𝟎}, 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = ℝ − {𝟎}
𝟑 𝟐
(vii) 𝐧 = 𝟐 , 𝟑 … ⇒ 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = [𝟎, ∞)
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = [𝟎, ∞) 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = ℝ
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
I. Piecewise-Defined Functions :
A piecewise-defined function is a function defined by
different formulas in different parts of its domain.
𝐱 𝒊𝒇 𝐱 ≥ 𝟎
𝐱 =A
−𝐱 𝒊𝒇 𝐱 < 𝟎
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = ℝ, 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = [𝟎, ∞)
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
II. Even and Odd functions - Symmetry :
(i) If 𝒇 −𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙), then f is an even function and its graph is symmetric about the y-axis.
Even functions
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
(ii) If 𝒇 −𝒙 = −𝒇(𝒙), then f is an odd function and its graph is symmetric about the origin.
Odd functions
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
III. Increasing and Decreasing Functions :
(i) A function f is called increasing on an interval I if 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒇 𝒙𝟐 whenever 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 in I.
(ii) A function f is called decreasing on an interval I if 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 > 𝒇 𝒙𝟐 whenever 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 in I.
EXAMPLE
Check the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 increasing or
decreasing?
SOLUTION
From the opposite figure, the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 is
decreasing on (−∞, 𝟎] and increasing on [𝟎, ∞).
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
IV. Algebraic and Transcendental Functions :
A function f is called an algebraic function if its value is obtained from x using the five
algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking roots).
Functions that are not algebraic are called transcendental.
EXAMPLES OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
(1) Polynomials :
A function f is called a polynomial if
𝒇 𝒙 = H 𝒂𝒊 𝒙𝒊 = 𝒂𝟎 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒏K𝟏 𝒙𝒏K𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏
𝒊L𝟎
where n is a nonnegative integer and 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , … , 𝒂𝒏K𝟏 , 𝒂𝒏 are constants.
Remark : The domain of polynomial function is ℝ or (−∞, ∞).
(2) Rational Functions :
A rational function f is in the form:
𝑷(𝒙)
𝒇𝒙 = , 𝑸(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎
𝑸(𝒙)
where P and Q are polynomials.
Remark : The domain of the rational function is ℝ − {𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑸 𝒙 }
Remark : Functions in the form 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒏
𝒈(𝒙)
where g(x) is a polynomial function , are also algebraic ?
EXAMPLES OF TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS :
(1) Trigonometric functions : y = sin x , y = cos x,…
(2) Exponential functions : y = ex, y = 2x,…
(3) Logarithmic functions : y = ln x , y = log10 x,…
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
QUESTIONS
(1) If 𝑥 T + 𝑦 T = 4, then:
a) x is a function of y
b) y is a function of x
c) x is a function of y and y is function of x
d) None of the above
Z
(2) 𝑓(x) = 𝑥 Y − [ is an:
a) Even function
b) Odd function
c) Neither even nor odd
d) None of the above
(3) The range of the function sin 𝑥 is:
a) [-1,1]
b) [-1,0]
Solve the following questions:
c) R (1) let f(x) = 𝑥
d) None of the above a. Determine the domain and the range of the function?
(4) Which relation is not a function? b. Is the equation representing even or odd function with drawing?
a) y= 𝑥 c. Check the increasing and decreasing intervals of the function?
b) y=- 𝑥
Notice: We might have this question for any algebraic and
c) y=± 𝑥
d) y= 𝑥 − 1 trigonometric function.