MEKDELA AMBA

UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

OUR SENIOR SEMINAR TITLE :- Review on effect of land degradation on

agricultural development in Ethiopia

No NAME ID no

1 Aberash Gebrekidan 1600029

2 Amanuel Animut 1600126
3 Ayenachew Lema 1600198
4 Desta Semachew 1600422
5 Elisabeth Dagnew 1600449
Avisor Tadesse A.

A Seminar Paper
Submitted to Department of Agricultural economics, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources
MEKDELA AMBA University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course Senior
Seminar (AgEc 361 )

07/ 04/ 2018 E.C

Tulu Awulia Ethiopian.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

first and most important we would like to thank our GOD for giving us strength and
guidance to surpass all the trials that we have encountered to finish this senior seminar. And
then we would like to express our deepest gratitude and appreciation to our Advisor Mr.
Taddesse A. for his advice and guidance throughout our senior seminar work. Last but not
last, our deepest gratitude goes to our family and friends who are always with us in all
Our lives lives for their encouragement and assistant assistance at day and nightsnight.

1
 ABSTRACT

Land degradation is the result of complex interaction among, physical, chemical, biological,
socio-economic and political issues of local, national or global nature. Land degradation
affects Ethiopian economy and also has many negative impacts on agricultural productivity
by reducing the fertility of agricultural land. Land degradation is increasing in severity and
extent in many parts of the world, with more than 20% of all cultivated areas, 30% of
Forests and 10% of grasslands undergoing degradation. Millions of hectares of land per year
are being degraded in all climatic regions. It is estimated that 2.6 billion people are affected
by land degradation and desertification in more than a hundred countries, influencing over
33% of the earth´s land surface. The global store of arable land and grazing land continuous to
decline through urbanization, un sustainable agriculture practices and deforestation, while,
significant portion of the remaining arable land and grazing land is under considerable
pressure from compaction by livestock and farm implements, over use of fertilizers and
pesticides, Salinization, alkalization or acidification depletion of nutrients, water and wind
erosion, deterioration of drainage. The velocity of land degradation is high due to, Improper
tillage operation on the land, poor managements of land, the attitude of the
Community about the consequences of land degradation on agricultural productivity, Lack of
knowledge of the farmers about the main biological, physical and mechanical methods of land
conservation. The agricultural impacts of land degradation are, loss of soil nutrient, Soil
erosion effects, reduction of crop yield, silting up of reservoir and It also contributes to
persistent poverty, and results in decreasing ecosystem resilience and provision of
environmental services. In addition, environmental decline due to land degradation adversely
Affects the health, well-being and livelihood opportunities of the individuals.

Key words: livestock, economy, opportunity, challenges, strategy

2
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

GDP Gross Domestic product

CSA Central Statistical Agency
EARO Ethiopian Agriculture Research Organization
FAO Food And Agricultural Organization
IPBES Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and
Ecosystem Services
MoA Ministry of Agriculture
SLMP Sustainable Land Management Program
UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

3
 Table of Contents

ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION iii
LIST OF FIGURE v
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 Statement of the seminar 2
1.2 Significance of the seminar 3
1.2 Objectives 4
1.2.1 General Objective 4
1.2.1 Specific Objectives 45
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Theoretical Literatures
2.1.1 Definitions and Concepts of Land Degradation 5
2.1.2 Major Causes of Land Degradation 5
2.1.3. Major Impacts of Land Degradation on Agricultural Productivity 7
2.2 EMPERICAL REVIEW 7
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9
CONCLUSION 9
RECOMMENDATIONS 10
REFERENCES 12
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1 Factors and causes of land degradation (Source: Abdeta G. 2018 6

4
 1 INTRODUCTION

Land degradation is a pressing environmental issue with profound implications for

agricultural development, particularly in countries like Ethiopia, where agriculture serves as
the backbone of the economy and livelihoods of millions. This introduction provides an
overview of the effect of land degradation on agricultural development in Ethiopia,
highlighting the urgency of addressing this issue. By synthesizing findings from recent studies
and scholarly works, this paper aims to shed light on the complex dynamics between land
degradation and agricultural productivity in Ethiopia.
Land degradation, encompassing processes such as soil erosion, deforestation, and
desertification, has become increasingly prevalent in Ethiopia, posing significant challenges
to sustainable agricultural development. The extent of land degradation in Ethiopia has been
extensively documented in studies such as Hurni et al. (2016), which underscore the pervasive
nature of degradation across various landscapes and agro-ecological zones. Such degradation
not only compromises the productive capacity of the land but also undermines the resilience
of agricultural systems to climate variability and extreme weather events.
The impact of land degradation on agricultural productivity is multifaceted, affecting soil
fertility, water availability, and ecosystem services essential for crop production and livestock
rearing. Empirical evidence from studies like that of Abegaz et al. (2018) demonstrates the
adverse effects of soil erosion on agricultural productivity, emphasizing the need for
sustainable soil management practices. Furthermore, the depletion of natural resources due to
land degradation exacerbates the vulnerability of smallholder farmers, who rely heavily on
rain fed agriculture for their sustenance.
The implications of land degradation extend beyond agricultural productivity to broader
socio-economic dimensions, including food security, poverty alleviation, and rural

5
livelihoods. With a large proportion of the population engaged in agriculture (World Bank,
2020), any decline in agricultural output resulting from land degradation directly impacts food
availability and access, exacerbating food insecurity and poverty levels. Studies such as that
by Gebrehiwot et al. (2019) provide empirical evidence of the linkages between land
degradation and food insecurity among smallholder agricultural households in Ethiopia,
highlighting the urgent need for intervention.
In response to the challenges posed by land degradation, various policy responses and
interventions have been initiated by the Ethiopian government and other stakeholders. The
Sustainable Land Management Program (SLMP), launched in 2008, represents a flagship
initiative aimed at promoting sustainable land management practices and enhancing the
resilience of agricultural systems (FAO, 2017). Additionally, community-based approaches,
as exemplified by watershed management initiatives (Teshome et al., 2020), have emerged as
effective mechanisms for engaging local communities in land rehabilitation and conservation
efforts.
1.2 Statement of the seminar
Land degradation represents a significant obstacle to agricultural development in Ethiopia, a
nation where agriculture plays a pivotal role in driving economic growth and sustaining
livelihoods. This seminar aims to delve into the intricate relationship between land
degradation and agricultural productivity in Ethiopia, examining the extent of degradation, its
impact on agricultural systems, and the implications for food security and rural livelihoods.
By synthesizing empirical evidence and scholarly insights, the seminar seeks to elucidate the
challenges posed by land degradation and explore potential pathways for sustainable
agricultural development in Ethiopia.
The seminar draws upon a comprehensive review of the prevailing patterns of land
degradation in Ethiopia, incorporating findings from studies such as Hurni et al. (2016),
which assess the spatial distribution and severity of degradation across different agro-
ecological zones. By establishing a nuanced understanding of the drivers and dynamics of
land degradation, participants will be equipped to grasp the complexity of its implications for
agricultural development.
Building upon this foundation, the seminar examines the multifaceted impact of land
degradation on agricultural productivity, informed by research such as Abegaz et al. (2018),

6
which elucidates the linkages between soil erosion and declining crop yields. Through case
studies and empirical evidence, participants will explore how soil degradation, deforestation,
and water scarcity hinder agricultural productivity, exacerbating food insecurity and poverty
in rural communities.
Central to the seminar's agenda is an exploration of the socio-economic consequences of land
degradation on food security and rural livelihoods, drawing on insights from studies like that
of Gebrehiwot et al. (2019). Participants will examine the vulnerability of smallholder farmers
to land degradation-induced food insecurity and explore the implications for income
generation, employment, and overall human well-being.
In assessing policy responses to land degradation, the seminar evaluates initiatives such as the
Sustainable Land Management Program (SLMP), as outlined by the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO, 2017). Through interactive discussions and expert perspectives,
participants will critically analyze the strengths and limitations of existing policy frameworks
and identify opportunities for enhancing the resilience of agricultural systems.
1.2 Significance of the seminar
This seminar holds immense significance for stakeholders across various sectors invested in
Ethiopia's agricultural production. Firstly, for policymakers and government officials, it
serves as a pivotal platform to gain insights into the opportunities and challenges within the
agricultural production. With this understanding, policymakers can formulate evidence-based
policies and strategies aimed at promoting sustainable growth, enhancing food security, and
uplifting rural livelihoods.
Secondly, the seminar is invaluable for academics and researchers seeking to deepen their
understanding of impact of degradation on production. By analyzing empirical data and
research findings presented at the seminar, scholars can identify research gaps, generate new
knowledge, and offer evidence-based recommendations for policy formulation and
implementation. This contributes to the advancement of knowledge in agricultural economics
and rural development, fostering informed decision-making and effective interventions.
Lastly, the seminar holds significance for development practitioners, investors, and non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) working to support Ethiopia's agricultural development
agenda.

7
1.2 Objectives
1.2.1 General Objective
The general objective of this seminar is to deepen understanding of the intricate relationship
between land degradation and agricultural development in Ethiopia, with the aim of
identifying sustainable solutions to mitigate land degradation and promote resilient
agricultural systems.
1.2.1 Specific Objectives
⮚ To evaluate the spatial distribution and severity of land degradation across different agro-
ecological zones in Ethiopia.
⮚ To identify the primary drivers and processes contributing to land degradation, including
soil erosion, deforestation, and depletion of natural resources.
⮚ To analyze the multifaceted impact of land degradation on agricultural productivity,
including its effects on soil fertility, water availability, and ecosystem services.
⮚ To explore the implications of land degradation for crop yields, livestock productivity,
and overall food security in Ethiopia.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical Literatures
2.1.1 Definitions and Concepts of Land Degradation
Land degradation encompasses the progressive decline in the quality and productivity of land
resources, resulting from natural processes and human activities. It includes a range of
phenomena such as soil erosion, deforestation, desertification, salinization, and
contamination, which collectively impair the capacity of land to support vital ecosystem
functions and sustainable land use practices (IPBES, 2018). Land degradation poses
significant challenges to global food security, biodiversity conservation, climate regulation,
and human well-being, making it a critical issue for sustainable development efforts
worldwide.

8
Soil erosion, a prominent form of land degradation, involves the detachment and movement of
soil particles by wind, water, or human activities. Accelerated soil erosion, driven by factors
such as improper land management, intensive agriculture, and deforestation, leads to the loss
of fertile topsoil, reduced soil fertility, and diminished agricultural productivity (UNCCD,
2017). The widespread prevalence of soil erosion highlights the urgent need for effective soil
conservation measures and sustainable land management practices to mitigate its adverse
impacts on ecosystems and livelihoods.
2.1.2 Major Causes of Land Degradation
Deforestation: Deforestation, the widespread clearance of forests for agricultural expansion,
urbanization, and infrastructure development, is a significant contributor to land degradation
worldwide. The removal of forest cover disrupts ecosystems, reduces biodiversity, alters
hydrological cycles, and increases soil erosion and sedimentation rates (FAO, 2020).

Overgrazing: Overgrazing, the excessive consumption of vegetation by livestock beyond the

carrying capacity of the land, is a prevalent cause of land degradation in arid and semi-arid
regions. It leads to soil compaction, erosion, loss of vegetation cover, and degradation of
pasturelands, resulting in reduced productivity and biodiversity loss (Reid et al., 2014).
Improper Agricultural Practices: Unsustainable agricultural practices, including
monoculture farming, excessive use of agrochemicals, and inappropriate irrigation methods,
contribute to soil degradation, nutrient depletion, and loss of soil biodiversity. Poor soil
management practices exacerbate erosion, compaction, and salinization, undermining
agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability (Montgomery, 2007).
Urbanization and Infrastructure Development: Rapid urbanization and infrastructure
development exert pressure on land resources, leading to habitat fragmentation, soil sealing,
and loss of arable land. The expansion of cities, roads, and industrial zones results in land
degradation through soil erosion, pollution, habitat destruction, and alteration of natural
landscapes (Lambin et al., 2001).
Mining and Extractive Industries: Mining activities, including surface mining, open-pit
mining, and quarrying, often result in significant land degradation, soil erosion, and habitat
destruction. The extraction of minerals and natural resources alters landforms, pollutes soil

9
and water bodies, and disrupts ecosystems, leading to long-lasting environmental impacts
(Hilson, 2002).
Figure 1 Factors and causes of land degradation (Source: Abdeta G. 2018

Figure 1 Factors and causes of land degradation (Source: Abdeta G. 2018

2.1.3. Major Impacts of Land Degradation on Agricultural Productivity

Land degradation significantly undermines agricultural productivity through various
pathways, resulting in adverse consequences for food security, rural livelihoods, and
environmental sustainability.
Soil Erosion: Soil erosion, a prominent consequence of land degradation, leads to the loss of
fertile topsoil, reduction in soil fertility, and degradation of soil structure, thereby impairing
agricultural productivity (Montgomery, 2007). Eroded soils are less capable of retaining
moisture and nutrients essential for plant growth, resulting in reduced crop yields and
increased vulnerability to drought and other climatic stresses (FAO, 2015).
Loss of Biodiversity: Land degradation contributes to the loss of biodiversity, including
beneficial soil microorganisms, pollinators, and natural predators, which play critical roles in
maintaining soil health and crop productivity (Tilman et al., 2012). Reduced biodiversity in
agricultural landscapes diminishes ecosystem resilience and disrupts ecological processes,
increasing the susceptibility of crops to pests, diseases, and weed infestations (Isbell et al.,
2013).

10
Decline in Water Quality and Availability: Land degradation exacerbates water scarcity
and pollution, compromising agricultural water supply and quality (UNCCD, 2017). Soil
erosion, deforestation, and improper land management practices contribute to sedimentation
of water bodies, contamination of surface and groundwater with agrochemicals, and alteration
of hydrological cycles, negatively impacting irrigation efficiency and crop production (UNEP,
2016).
Loss of Arable Land: Land degradation results in the conversion of productive arable land
into degraded or non-arable land, reducing the availability of land for agriculture (FAO,
2020).
2.2 EMPERICAL REVIEW
Findings: Lemma et al (2023) conducted a comprehensive study to assess the impact of soil
erosion on crop yields in Ethiopia. Through extensive field surveys and data analysis, they
found that soil erosion has a significant adverse effect on agricultural productivity.
Specifically, areas experiencing moderate to severe erosion showed a substantial decline in
crop yields. The research revealed that compared to non-degraded lands, regions affected by
soil erosion witnessed a reduction of up to 35% in crop yields. This decline in productivity
poses a severe threat to food security and rural livelihoods in Ethiopia, highlighting the urgent
need for effective soil conservation measures and sustainable land management practices.
Abate and Gebre (2022), investigated the consequences of deforestation on agricultural land
availability in Ethiopia. Their research aimed to understand the extent to which deforestation
has affected agricultural development in the country. Through satellite imagery analysis and
land-use change modeling, the study revealed alarming findings. In regions where forests
have been cleared for other land uses, there was a significant reduction of 25-30% in
agricultural land area. This loss of arable land poses a serious challenge to agricultural
productivity and food security, particularly in a country where agriculture is the backbone of
the economy and the primary source of livelihood for millions of people.
Wold emariam and Tsegaye (2021) focused their research on understanding the impact of
desertification on livestock productivity in Ethiopia. By conducting extensive surveys and
interviews with pastoral communities, they uncovered critical insights into the challenges
faced by livestock farmers in degraded landscapes. The study revealed that desertification has
led to a significant decline of 20-25% in livestock yields. Factors such as loss of pastureland,

11
water scarcity, and degradation of rangelands were identified as key contributors to this
decline. The findings underscore the urgent need for holistic approaches to address
desertification and support sustainable pastoral livelihoods in Ethiopia.
Tadesse and Bekele's research (2022) focused on investigating the impact of soil erosion on
maize yields, a crucial staple crop in Ethiopia. Through field experiments and soil analysis,
they observed a concerning trend indicating a significant reduction in maize productivity in
regions experiencing soil erosion. The study found that compared to non-eroded lands, areas
affected by soil erosion witnessed a decline of 20-25% in maize yields. This decline poses a
severe threat to food security and rural livelihoods, as maize is a primary source of sustenance
and income for many smallholder farmers in Ethiopia.

3 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The empirical review conducted on the impact of land degradation on agricultural

development in Ethiopia reveals a complex and concerning scenario. Through a synthesis of
multiple research studies, it becomes evident that land degradation, manifested primarily
through soil erosion, deforestation, and desertification, poses significant threats to the
country's agricultural sector. These threats are not only immediate but also have far-reaching
implications for food security, rural livelihoods, and environmental sustainability.
The studies collectively demonstrate that soil erosion, one of the most pervasive forms of land
degradation, results in substantial reductions in crop yields. Areas experiencing moderate to
severe erosion exhibit a marked decline in agricultural productivity, with crop yields
diminishing by up to 35%. This decline undermines food security and exacerbates poverty,
particularly among smallholder farmers who rely heavily on agriculture for their livelihoods.
Deforestation emerges as another critical issue affecting agricultural development in Ethiopia.
The loss of forest cover leads to a reduction in arable land availability, exacerbating land
scarcity and intensifying competition for resources. As agricultural land diminishes, the
pressure to cultivate marginal lands increases, further accelerating land degradation and soil
erosion.

12
Moreover, desertification, driven by a combination of factors including overgrazing,
unsustainable land use practices, and climate change, poses severe challenges to livestock
productivity and pastoral livelihoods. The decline in rangeland quality, coupled with water
scarcity and loss of vegetation cover, leads to a significant reduction in livestock yields,
exacerbating rural poverty and food insecurity.
Addressing land degradation requires a multi-stakeholder approach, involving collaboration
between government agencies, non-governmental organizations, research institutions, and
local communities. By implementing comprehensive strategies aimed at sustainable land
management, Ethiopia can safeguard its agricultural sector, improve food security, and build
resilience to the challenges posed by land degradation and climate change.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the Based on the comprehensive empirical review conducted on the impact of land
degradation on agricultural development in Ethiopia, the following recommendations are
proposed to address the identified challenges and promote sustainable agricultural practices:

Implement Soil Conservation Measures: Prioritize the implementation of soil conservation

techniques such as terracing, contour plowing, and cover cropping to prevent soil erosion and
improve soil health.
Invest in the construction of physical barriers such as check dams and gabions to reduce
sediment runoff and retain soil moisture.

Promote Afforestation and Reforestation: Launch afforestation and reforestation initiatives

to restore degraded lands and increase forest cover.
Encourage community participation in tree planting programs and provide incentives for
sustainable forest management practices.

Enhance Livestock Management Practices: Develop and promote sustainable grazing

management techniques, including rotational grazing and paddock systems, to prevent
overgrazing and degradation of rangelands.
Provide training and extension services to livestock farmers on improved animal husbandry
practices and water resource management.

13
Support Sustainable Agriculture: Promote sustainable agricultural practices such as
conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and integrated pest management to improve soil
fertility, water efficiency, and biodiversity conservation.
Provide access to high-quality seeds, fertilizers, and agrochemicals that are environmentally
friendly and tailored to local agro ecological conditions.

Invest in Research and Innovation: Allocate resources for research and innovation in soil
science, agronomy, and agro ecology to develop climate-resilient crop varieties, sustainable
land management technologies, and precision agriculture tools.
Foster collaboration between research institutions, universities, and agricultural extension
services to ensure the translation of scientific knowledge into practical solutions for farmers.

Strengthen Policy and Governance: Enact and enforce legislation to regulate land use
practices, prevent deforestation, and promote sustainable land management.
Develop national land degradation monitoring systems and indicators to assess progress,
identify hotspots, and guide targeted interventions.

Raise Awareness and Build Capacity: Conduct educational campaigns and training
programs to raise awareness among farmers, policymakers, and the general public about the
importance of land conservation, biodiversity preservation, and sustainable agricultural
practices.
Strengthen extension services and farmer cooperatives to facilitate knowledge sharing,
technology adoption, and collective action for land degradation mitigation.
By implementing these recommendations, Ethiopia can mitigate the adverse effects of land
degradation, enhance agricultural productivity, and promote sustainable rural development.
These actions are crucial for ensuring food security, reducing poverty, and safeguarding the
environment for present and future generations.

14
 REFERENCES

Abdeta, G. (2018). Factors and Causes of Land Degradation: A Review. International Journal
of Environmental Science & Natural Resources, 15(2), 555919.
Abegaz, A., and Gebre, T. (2018). Impact of Deforestation on Agricultural Land Availability:
A Case Study of Ethiopia. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural
Resources, 14(3), 555885.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2017). Ethiopia: Sustainable Land Management
Program. Retrieved from [Link]
projects/sustainable-land-management/en/
Gebrehiwot, K., van der Veen, A., and Bedi, A. (2019). Land Degradation and Food
Insecurity among Smallholder Agricultural Households in Ethiopia. World
Development Perspectives, 14, 1-8.
Hurni, H., Ludi, E., Portner, B., Birru, Y., and Degu, G. (2016). Land Degradation and
Sustainable Land Management in the Highlands of Ethiopia. In: W. L. Filho (Ed.),
Handbook of Climate Change Resilience (pp. 1-20). Springer International Publishing.
Lemma, A., et al. (2023). Impact of Soil Erosion on Crop Yields in Ethiopia: A Case Study.
Journal of Agricultural Science, 25(3), 124-137.
Teshome, T., Tilahun, S., Assefa, A., and Argaw, M. (2020). Community-Based Watershed
Management Initiatives: Lessons from Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental
Management, 268, 110645.
Kebede, B., et al. (2023). Deforestation and Its Impact on Coffee Production in Ethiopia.
Agricultural Economics Research Review, 35(2), 195-208.
Woldemariam, A., and Tsegaye, B. (2021). Desertification and Livestock Productivity in
Ethiopia: A Study of Pastoral Communities. Journal of Arid Environments, 47(4), 335-349.
Tadesse, D., and Bekele, M. (2022). Impact of Soil Erosion on Maize Yields in Ethiopia: A
Case Study. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 18(1), 25-38.

15