MATHEMATICS – COMPREHENSIVE NOTES (Approx.
10 Pages)
1. NUMBER SYSTEM
Natural Numbers
Natural numbers are counting numbers starting from 1. Example: 1, 2, 3,
4, … These numbers are used for counting objects.
Whole Numbers
Whole numbers include natural numbers along with zero. Example: 0, 1, 2,
3, …
Integers
Integers include positive numbers, negative numbers, and zero. Example:
… -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …
Rational Numbers
A rational number can be written in the form p/q where q ≠ 0. Example:
1/2, -3/4, 5.
Irrational Numbers
Numbers that cannot be written in p/q form. Their decimal expansion is
non-terminating and non-repeating. Example: √2, π.
Real Numbers
All rational and irrational numbers together form real numbers.
2. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
An algebraic expression is formed using variables, constants, and
operations.
Terms
Constant: Fixed value
Variable: Symbol representing unknown value
Coefficient: Number multiplied with a variable
Types of Expressions
Monomial: One term (2x)
Binomial: Two terms (x + 3)
Trinomial: Three terms (x² + 2x + 1)
Operations on Algebraic Expressions
Addition and subtraction of like terms
Multiplication using distributive law
Division by common factors
3. LINEAR EQUATIONS
A linear equation is an equation with the highest power of variable as 1.
One Variable Linear Equation
Example: 2x + 5 = 15
Steps to solve:
1. Transpose constants
2. Simplify
3. Find value of variable
Applications
Word problems
Age problems
Simple equations in daily life
4. POLYNOMIALS
A polynomial is an expression consisting of variables and coefficients.
Degree of Polynomial
Degree 1: Linear
Degree 2: Quadratic
Degree 3: Cubic
Types of Polynomials
Monomial
Binomial
Trinomial
Zero of a Polynomial
A value of x for which the polynomial becomes zero.
5. FACTORIZATION
Factorization is the process of expressing a number or expression as a
product of its factors.
Methods
Common factor method
Grouping method
Identity method
Important Identities
(a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
(a - b)² = a² - 2ab + b²
a² - b² = (a - b)(a + b)
6. RATIO AND PROPORTION
Ratio
Comparison of two quantities of the same kind.
Proportion
When two ratios are equal.
Applications
Direct proportion
Inverse proportion
Real-life problems
7. PERCENTAGE
Percentage means per hundred.
Conversions
Fraction to percentage
Percentage to fraction
Applications
Discount
Profit and loss
Increase and decrease
8. PROFIT AND LOSS
Cost Price (CP)
Price at which an article is bought.
Selling Price (SP)
Price at which an article is sold.
Profit
Profit = SP − CP
Loss
Loss = CP − SP
9. SIMPLE INTEREST
Simple Interest is calculated on the principal amount.
Formula:
SI = (P × R × T) / 100
Where:
P = Principal
R = Rate of interest
T = Time
10. LINES AND ANGLES
Types of Angles
Acute
Right
Obtuse
Straight
Angle Properties
Complementary angles
Supplementary angles
Vertically opposite angles
11. TRIANGLES
A triangle has three sides and three angles.
Types of Triangles
Scalene
Isosceles
Equilateral
Triangle Properties
Angle sum property
Exterior angle property
12. QUADRILATERALS
A quadrilateral has four sides.
Types
Square
Rectangle
Rhombus
Parallelogram
Trapezium
13. CIRCLES
A circle is the set of all points at a fixed distance from a fixed point called
the center.
Parts of a Circle
Radius
Diameter
Chord
Arc
14. MENSURATION
Perimeter
Total length of boundary.
Area
Space covered by a figure.
Important formulas:
Rectangle: l × b
Square: a²
Circle: πr²
15. DATA HANDLING
Data is information collected for analysis.
Types of Data
Raw data
Grouped data
Graphical Representation
Bar graph
Pie chart
Histogram
16. PROBABILITY
Probability is the chance of occurrence of an event.
Formula:
Probability = Number of favorable outcomes / Total outcomes
Range: 0 to 1
CONCLUSION
Mathematics develops logical thinking and problem-solving skills. Regular
practice is the key to mastering mathematics. Understanding concepts is
more important than memorizing formulas.