Chapter 10 – Computer

Networking
Network

What is a Network ?

A network is a group of two of more

interconnected devices. These devices are
group in order to share the resources, data,
information. The basic idea behind networking
is to exchange (data, information) with each
other.

There are numerous networks we are using in

our day to day life, either directly or indirectly.

Page 2
Network

Example of Networks in Real Life

CCTV Network ATM Network

Page 3
A Computer Network

What is a Computer Network ?

A computer network is a set of two of more

interconnected autonomous (i.e. no computer
with in a network can start, stop or control other
computer) computer and a set of hardware
devices.

The computers are connected to form a

network just to exchange the data and
information

Page 4
Benefits of a Computer Network

Resource Sharing
This is the main aim of a computer network. It
means to share programs, peripherals and
data available to one another. Through sharing
we are allowed to utilize the computer system
maximum possible.

Page 5
Benefits of a Computer Network

Cost Reduction
Resource sharing automatically reduces cost
and hence money can be saved. With the help
of computer network we can share devices
(peripherals like printer and plotters etc)
among all other devices connected to the
network, hence we don’t need to purchase
separate device to each and every computer,
thus computer network helps us to do same job
in minimum cost in terms of money.

Page 6
Benefits of a Computer Network

Communication Medium
The goal of a computer network is to provide a
powerful communication medium among widely
separated people. Just because of computer
networking today we are allowed to
communicate through chat, audio-video
conferences, email, SMSs etc and for the same
there are plenty of apps exists in the market
like twitter, Facebook, skype, WhatsApp and so
on…

Page 7
Benefits of a Computer Network

Reliability
A reliability is the extent to which the outcome
are consistent when the experiment is repeated
more then once. A computer network offers
high reliability by having alternative sources of
supply. For example, all files could
be replicated on two or three machines, so
if one of them is unavailable (due to hardware
failure), the other copies could be used.

Page 8
Drawback of a Computer Network

Security
Networks are susceptible to security breaches,
including unauthorized access, data theft, and
malware attacks.

Page 9
Drawback of a Computer Network

Reliability Issues
Network downtime or disruptions can occur due
to hardware failures, software glitches, or
external factors like power outages or natural
disasters.

Page 10
Drawback of a Computer Network

Complexity
Managing and troubleshooting complex
networks can be challenging, requiring
specialized knowledge and skills.

Page 11
Drawback of a Computer Network

Maintenance Cost
Setting up and maintaining a network
infrastructure can be expensive, including
expenses for equipment, software,
maintenance, and security measures.

Page 12
Internet

What is Internet ?

The term internet was coined from

INTERConnected NETworks. The Internet is
the global system of interconnected computer
networks that uses the Internet protocol suite
(TCP/IP) to communicate between networks
and devices. It is a network of networks that
consists of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks of local
to global scope, linked by a broad array of
electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies.
Page 13
Evolution of Internet

of new networking technologies, and the ARPANET

merger of many networks. The linking of (1960)
commercial networks and enterprises by the
early 1990s marked the beginning of the NSFNET

transition to the modern Internet, and (1970-80)

generated a sustained exponential growth as
INTERNET
generations of institutional, personal, and
mobile computers were connected to the (1990)
network. Although the Internet was widely
used by academia in the 1980s,
commercialization incorporated its services In India Through VSNL
and technologies into virtually every aspect of (In 1995)
modern life.
Page 14
Abbreviations

ARPANET ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECT AGENCY NETWORK

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION NSFNET

INTERNET INTERCONNECTED NETWORK

VIDESH SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED VSNL

Page 15
Network Addressing

What do you mean by Network Address ?

A Network Address/ Addressing is a logical
or physical address that uniquely identifies a
host or a machine in a network.

Information of the node in the network.

Internet protocol (IP) addresses and Media
Access Control (MAC) addresses are some
basic examples of network addresses.

It can be of numeric type symbolic or both in

some cases.
Page 16
Network Addressing

What is IP Address ?
Every machine (computer) in a Network has
a unique identifying number which is known
as IP Address (this technique of identifying
each device uniquely is also called logical
addressing).

IP Addresses are needed so that different

networks can communicate with each other.
There are two versions of IP Address namely
IPv4 (Version 4 (4 Bytes)) and IPv6 (Version
6 (16 Bytes)).
Page 17
Network Addressing

What is IP Address ?
Each IP Address is actually a series
containing four numbers separated by dot(.
IPv4) or column (: IPv6) sign. the IPv4
format is displayed below.

Page 18
Network Addressing

Page 19
Network Addressing

• [Link] • [Link] • [Link] • [Link] • [Link] • [Link] • [Link]

• [Link] • [Link] • [Link] • [Link] • [Link]

• This way total (256)4 i.e total 4,294,967,296 different IP address

can be formed where each IP address represent one device,
therefore total 4,294,967,296 devices can be represented
simultaneously, but because of growth of the devices over
internet has quadratically IPv4 is unable to allocate more unique
• [Link] • [Link] numbers to new devices. Therefore IPv6 came into existence. • 20

Page 20
Network Addressing

Page 21
Network Addressing

The Standard Format of IP Address

• The size of an IP address 4 bytes / 32 bits.
• It is written in a “dotted-decimal notation”.
• 4 numbers with 3 dots.
• Each of these 4 numbers is 1 byte.
• The value range is 0 to 255 only.
• Valid IP address: [Link].
• Invalid IP address: [Link]

Page 22
Network Addressing

Check your Progress: Identify valid and Invalid IP Address

[Link] Valid

[Link] Invalid

255.255.255.-1 Invalid

[Link] Invalid

[Link] Valid

[Link].1 Invalid

200.245.80 Invalid

Page 23
Network Addressing

What is MAC Address ?

A standalone computer, as soon as it
connects to a network, it needs an interface
which supports to connect the computer to a
network.

This can be achieved by using a Network

Interface Card (NIU). A NIU is an interpreter
that helps establish communication between
the server and workstations. Sometimes, the
NIU is referred to as Terminal Access Point
(TAP). Now, lets have at the look at the
structure of NIU.
Page 24
Network Addressing

What is MAC Address ?

Every NIU contains one unique address
which is normally assigned by its
manufacturer.

This unique address is known as Media

Address Control (MAC) address. A MAC
address is a 6 bytes long hexadecimal (0-9,
A-F letters) address with each by separated
by colon (:)

Page 25
Network Addressing

Page 26
Network Addressing

The Standard Format of MAC Address

• The size of an MAC address 6 bytes / 48
bits.
• It is written in a “colon-hexadecimal
notation”.
• 6 hexadecimal numbers with 5 colons.
• Each of these 4 numbers is 1 byte.
• The value range is 00 to FF only.

Page 27
Network Addressing

Check your Progress: Identify valid and Invalid IP Address

12-34-56-78-90-AB-CD Invalid

12-34-56-78-90-AB Invalid

12:34:56:78:90:AB Valid

12:34:56:78:90:AB:GF Invalid

Page 28
Network Terminologies

What do you mean by Network Terms ?

There are plenty of terminologies (names)
Node, Workstation, Client
used with in a Computer Network, we shall
learn about the most common terms
Server associated with the computer networks.

NIC, NIU, TAP, Ethernet/

Wifi Card There are five common terms used with in a
networks.
Domain Name

Domain Name Resolution

Page 29
Network Terminologies

What is Node ?
A Node also called workstation or client is
any device connected to a computer
network. Nodes can be computers, personal
digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, or
various other network device. Sometimes, it
is also referred as workstation or client. A
Node is normally seeking the resource, data
sharing from other computers in a network.

In a network, a node is any device with an IP

address.
Page 30
Network Terminologies

What is Server ?
A server is a computer designed to process
requests and deliver data to other (nodes)
computers over a local network or the
Internet.

In a network, all the sharable stuffs e.g. files,

data, peripherals etc. are stored on a
centrally located computer, i.e. a server. The
server computers are broadly classified with
the following two categories as Dedicated
and Non-Dedicated
Page 31
Network Terminologies

What is Server ?
• Dedicated Server
A Dedicated Server is a server computer
which always fully dedicated to provides
services to its connected Nodes, e.g.
Google, Facebook, Yahoo Servers.

• Non-Dedicated Server
A Non–Dedicated Server is sometime acts
as a server and sometime acts as a Node
e.g. Server @ Schools, Colleges…

Page 32
Network Terminologies

Page 33
Network Terminologies

What is NIC, NIU, TAP or Ethernet Card?

A standalone computer, as soon as it
connects to a network, it needs an interface
which supports to connect the computer to a
network. This can be achieved by using a
Network Interface Card (NIU).

A NIU is an interpreter that helps establish

communication between the server and
workstations. Sometimes, the NIU is referred
to as Terminal Access Point (TAP). Now, lets
have at the look at the structure of NIU.
Page 34
Network Terminologies

Page 35
Network Terminologies

What is Domain Name ?

The domain name is a unique name
assigned to a website. The domain generally
referred to as URL (Uniform Resource
Locator), which includes three distinct parts.

• W3C
• Domain Name describing the website’s
purpose
• TLD (Top Level Domain) such as .com.
org etc
Page 36
Network Terminologies

Uniform Resource Locator

Page 37
Network Terminologies

What is Domain Name Resolution ?

In order for users to reach your site on an
intranet or the Internet, you must have a
unique IP address that identifies your
computer on the network. This address takes
the form of a string of four numbers
separated by periods (for example,
[Link]).

Because a numeric address is difficult for

people to remember, text names, or domain

Page 38
Network Terminologies

What is Domain Name Resolution ?

names, are used (for example,
[Link]).

Before a user can type a domain name into a

Web browser and access a Web page, the
name has to be assigned to a corresponding
IP address.

The process of translating a name to an IP

address is called Domain Name Resolution.
Page 39
Network Terminologies

Page 40
 Network Topology

What factors are affecting Network Topology ?

Selecting an appropriate topology is a prime concern before establishing a network.
There are numbers of factors to consider in choosing the correct topology, the most
important of which are listed below.
Cost Flexibility Reliability

• When we install a network we must • As the arrangement of furniture, • The topology chosen for the network
try to minimize installation cost. This internal walls etc in offices is often can help by allowing the location of
may be achieved by using well subject to change, the topology the fault to be detected easily and to
understood media (wired or wireless) chosen must allow us easy provide some means of isolating it. It
and also, to a lesser extent, by reconfiguration of the network. This means network should not fail under
minimizing the distances among the involves moving existing nodes and any circumstances.
devices involved. By considering adding new ones should be easily
above factors we can minimize the done and it should also not affect the
cost of installing a network. network, as there may be some
crucial operations going on over the
existing network.

Page 41
 Network Topology

Types of Network Topology

We know that the network topology plays very important role in designing the
computer network, therefore, utmost care should be taken while choosing the
topology, the commonly used network topologies are

Bus Star Tree

Page 42
Network Topology

What is Bus Topology ?

In this topology each computer in the
network is responsible for carrying out its
own communication without the help of a
central unit. A common communication cable
(the bus) connects all of the computers in the
network. As data travels along the cable,
each unit performs a query to determine if it
is the intended recipient of the message. The
bus network is less expensive than the star
configuration and is thus widely in use for
systems that connect only a few computer.

Page 43
Network Topology

What is Star Topology ?

It is one of the most common and widely
used topology. In its simplest form, a it
consists of one central switch, hub, which
acts as a central device to transmit the
messages, to which all other nodes are
connected.

The star topology reduces the chance of

network failure by connecting all of the
systems to a central node.

Page 44
Network Topology

What is Tree Topology ?

A tree topology combines characteristics of
linear bus and star topologies. It consists of
groups of star-configured workstations
connected to a linear bus backbone cable.

The tree is symmetrical, each node in the

network having a specific fixed number of
nodes connected to it at the next lower level
in the hierarchy.

Page 45
Network Types

What are the types of Network ?

Computer Network is often classified by
geographical distance involved with in it.
Hence according to distance involved
the computer networks are classified as
from smallest to largest area are Nano
Network, Body Area Network, Personal
Area Network, Local Area Network,
Campus Area Network, Metropolitan
Area Network, Radio Area Network and
Wide Area Network.

Page 46
Network Types

What is PAN ?
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer
network for interconnecting electronic
devices centred on an individual person's
workspace. A PAN provides data
transmission among devices such as
computers, smartphones, tablets and
personal digital assistants. PANs can be
used for communication among the personal
devices themselves, or for connecting to a
higher level network and the Internet where
one master device takes up the role as
gateway. A PAN may be wireless(WPAN) or
Page 47
Network Types

What is PAN ?
carried over wired interfaces such as USB. A
PAN covers the distance of around 10
meters. Some examples of PAN are:
Wireless keyboards, Wireless Mice,
Smartphones, TV remotes, Wireless printers,
Gaming consoles etc

Page 48
Network Types

What is LAN ?
A local area network (LAN) is a computer
network that interconnects computers and
some other devices within a limited area
such as a residence, school, laboratory,
university campus or office building. This
type of network covers the distance starting
from 10 meters to 1 kilometre.

The data transmission rate is higher than

MAN, WAN and error rates during
transmission is higher then that of PAN.
Page 49
Network Types

What is LAN ?
Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the two most
common technologies in use for local area
networks.
Historical network technologies include
ARCNET, Token ring, and AppleTalk.

Page 50
Network Types

What is MAN ?
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a
computer network that interconnects users
with computer resources in a geographic
region of the size of a metropolitan area. The
term MAN is applied to the interconnection of
local area networks (LANs) in a city into a
single larger network which may then also
offer efficient connection to a wide area
network. The term is applied to the
interconnection of networks in a city into a
single larger network. The most common
examples of the MAN are Digital cable
Page 51
Network Types

What is MAN ?
television, Used in government agencies,
University campuses, Cable broadband, In
airports, Networking between community etc
This type of network covers an approximate
distance starting from 1 to 2 kilometre ending
at 100 to 150 kilometres. The data
transmission rate is higher than WAN and
error rates during transmission is higher then
that of PAN,LAN.

Page 52
Network Types

What is WAN ?
A wide area network (WAN) is a
telecommunications network that extends
over a large geographical area for the
primary purpose of computer networking.
Wide area networks are often established
with leased telecommunication circuits.
Business, as well as education and
government entities use wide area networks
to relay data to staff, students, clients, buyers
and suppliers from various locations across
the world. In essence, this mode of
telecommunication allows a business to
Page 53
Network Types

What is WAN ?
effectively carry out its daily function
regardless of location. The Internet may be
considered a WAN. This type of network
covers the distance starting from 100 to 150
kilometres. The data transmission rate is
slower MAN and error rates during
transmission is higher then that of
PAN,LAN,MAN. Some examples of WANs
are Internet, Défense department, banks,
Airline companies, Stock brokerages etc.

Page 54
Network Devices

In a computer network we need to install

many additional devices other than Node/
Workstation/ Client and Server.

In the smooth functioning of network, the

following devices are very much useful.

Page 55
Network Devices

Page 56
Network Devices

What is Modem ?
A modem is a computer peripheral that
allows you to connect and communicate with
other computers via telephone lines. The full
form of Modem is Modulator/ Demodulator. A
modem uses the Modulation, a process of
sending data on a wave.
The computer uses a digital signals i.e.
information are represented using digits e.g
bits either 1 or 0, while the telephone line
uses analog signal which varies in
frequencies, the modem when connected
Page 57
Network Devices

What is Modem ?
converts digital signal to analog signal and
vice versa. In our day to day life we use
Mobile Phones, these phone also acts as
Modem. It comes in two verities Internal
Modem (Inside the CPU) and External
Modem (Outside the CPU)

Page 58
Network Devices

External Modem Internal Modem

Page 59
Network Devices

Page 60
Network Devices

Page 61
Network Devices

What is HUB ?
A HUB is a device used to connect several
computers together. A hub that contains
multiple independent but connected modules
of the network and inter-networked
equipment.
A HUB can also called as Concentrator or
Multiport Repeater. A HUB comes in to
versions namely ACTIVE HUB and PASSIVE
HUB. An ACTIVE HUB electrically amplify
the signal as it moves from one connected
device to another while the PASSIVE HUB
Page 62
Network Devices

What is HUB ?
to another without any change. A HUB while
transmitting a data will broadcast i.e. verifies
to each connected port whether the data
packets is intended for this recipient or not,
the data and information each time it receive
from source node, hence it transfer data and
information slowly, and may create network
congestion(network traffic jams).

Page 63
Network Devices

Page 64
Network Devices

HUB

• 65

Page 65
Network Devices

What is Switch ?
A switch is a networking device, which
functions similar to HUB, but it is an
advanced version of HUB or it is an
intelligent HUB, as HUB at the time of
transferring data verifies each and every
node with in network while switch knows/
stores the IP Address of all the nodes with in
network, thereby making data transmission
easier and faster.
A Switch is a device that is used to segment
networks into different sub-networks, called
Page 66
Network Devices

What is Switch ?
subnets or LAN segment. Segmenting the
network into smaller subnets, prevents traffic
overloading in a network. A switch is
responsible for filtering i.e. transforming data
in a specific way and for forwarding packets
between LAN segments.
Switch support any packet protocol like
HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3, TCP/IP and so on.
This is used in a large computer network i.e.
a computer network containing 100 or 1000
of the nodes.
Page 67
Network Devices

Switch

Page 68
Network Devices

What is Repeater ?
A Repeater is a network device that amplifies
and restores signals for log distance
transmission. Over distance, the cable or
wireless media connecting the network lose
the signal transmitted, if the signal degrades
too much then it fails to reach the
destination.
Therefore, the repeater can be installed
along the way to ensure that data packets
reach their destination. There are two types
of repeaters namely 1) Amplifier 2) Signal
Page 69
Network Devices

What is Repeater ?
Repeater. The first merely amplifies all
incoming signals over a network. However, it
can amplify both, the signal and concurrent
noise.

The second type collects the inbound

packets and then retransmits the packets as
it were starting from the source station.

Page 70
Network Devices

What is Gateways ?
A Gateway is a network device that connects
dissimilar networks. It establishes and
intelligent connection between a local
network and external networks with
completely different structures (e.g.
interconnecting PAN, LAN, MAN or WAN). A
Gateway actually a node on a network that
serves as an entrance to another network. In
enterprises, the gateway is the computer that
routes the traffic from a workstation to a
outside network that is serving the web
pages.
Page 71
Network Devices

What is Gateways ?
In homes, the gateway is the ISP (Internet
Service Provider) that connects the user to
the internet. A gateway can be implemented
in software, hardware and some time as a
mixture of together. There are lots of
equipment's and techniques which are being
processed such as voice and data
communication. Gateways are also a key
mechanism of any telephony
communications. Gateway is offering bridge
between telephone network and internet.

Page 72
Network Devices

What is Router ?
A router is a network device that is similar to
bridge but it connects multiple network
irrespective of their protocol. This is because
a router can handle multiple protocols like
HTTP, FTP, TCP/IP, SMTP, POP3 etc. as
opposed to bridge a router forward data
packets from one connected network to
another depending upon their IP addresses.
A router is also device, which is used to
connect multiple LANs or segments of the
same LAN.
Page 73
Network Devices

Page 74
Network Devices

What is RJ45?
RJ45 stands for Registered Jack 45 and is
the most commonly used connector in wired
networks. The jacks are mainly used to
connect to the Local Area Network (LAN). It
was earlier devised for telephones but is now
widely used in Ethernet Networking. The 45
in RJ45 basically stands for the listing
number. The width of RJ45 is usually greater
than that of the telephone cables or other
Registered Jacks.
Compared to additional jacks the bandwidth
Page 75
Network Devices

What is RJ45?
provided by these is high and the range is
usually 10 Gpbs. Because of speed and
enhanced security, they are used to connect
personal computers to servers, routers etc.
These jacks are mostly used in Star
Topology.

Page 76
Network Devices

Page 77
Network Devices

What are Ethernet & WiFi Cards?

A Wi-Fi connection is what most of us have
at home. It uses a router to transmit wireless
signals that you connect to with your
devices. An Ethernet connection (or wired
connection) uses Ethernet cables (Cat 5, Cat
5e..etc.) that plug into your devices to
connect you to the internet.

Ethernet connections are faster because

you’re essentially hard-wired into the
internet. Your traffic doesn’t have to transmit
Page 78
Network Devices

What are Ethernet & WiFi Cards?

over wireless signals to/from your device.
This reduces any holdups in transmission
and gives you faster speeds.

Page 79
Web Services

What are Web Services ?

A Web service is a method of communication
between two electronic devices over a
network.

It is a software function provided at a

network address over the Web with the
service always-on as in the concept of utility
computing.

Many organizations use multiple software

systems for management these are…
Page 80
Web Services

WWW World Wide Web DNS Domain Name System

HTML Hypertext Markup Language URL Uniform Resource Locator

Webpage, Website, Web Server

XML Extensible Markup Language Web Web Hosting and Web Browser

Page 81
Web Services

What is WWW ?
The world wide web is a set of protocols that
allows you to access any document on the
net through a naming system based on
URLs. The attributes of WWW are as
follows...
1. User Friendly,
2. Multimedia Documents.
3. Hypertext & Hyperlinks.
4. Frames.

Page 82
Web Services

What is HTML ?
An HTML stands for Hypertext Markup
Language. It is a scripting language used
to design the contents of the web page and
a website.

HTML is not a work processing tool; it is not

a desktop publishing solution or even a
programming language. It is a page layout
and hyperlink specification language.

Page 83
Web Services

What is XML ?
XML stands for Extensible Markup
Language. XML was designed to describe
data. XML is a software- and hardware -
independent tool for carrying information.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this
weekend!</body>
</note>
Page 84
Web Services

What is URL & Domain Name ?

Each document over internet (web server)
having a unique path called URL. The
domain name on other hand is a unique
name assigned to a website. The domain
generally included with in URL (Uniform
Resource Locator), which includes three
distinct parts,
1) W3C
2) Name describing the website’s purpose
3) TLD (Top Level Domain) such as .com.
org etc
Page 85
Web Services

What is Web Site, Web Address and Web Pages?

A web page is an electronic document
containing organized collection of
multimedia, texts, hyperlinks etc.

A website is an organized collection of

interlinked web pages. Each website has a
unique address called URL of web address.

The web site of Microsoft has a web address

or URL as
[Link]
Page 86
Web Services

What is Web Site, Web Address and Web Pages?

A web page is an electronic document
containing organized collection of
multimedia, texts, hyperlinks etc.

A website is an organized collection of

interlinked web pages. Each website has a
unique address called URL of web address.

The web site of Microsoft has a web address

or URL as
[Link]
Page 87
Web Services

What is Web Server, Web Browser ?

The world wide web is based upon clients
and servers. A WWW client is called
Web Browser or simply a browser and a
WWW Server is called a Web Server or just
a server.

A Web Browser is a program that allows us

to request a Web Server and allows us to
browse the web, where as a Web Server is
also a program stored on the server
computer and collect requests from the
Page 88
Web Services

What is Web Server, Web Browser ?

clients connected to it and gives response to
respected clients.

Web Browsers
Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google
Chrome.

Web Server.
Microsoft IIS, Apache, Tomcat Server.
Page 89
Web Services

What is Web Hosting ?

Web Hosting is a means of hosting web-
server application on a computer system
through which electronic content on the
internet is readily available to any browser.
Various types of hosting services are
available....
1. Free Hosting
2. Virtual or Shared Hosting
3. Dedicated Hosting
4. Co-Location Hosting.
Page 90