Short Questions

Unit 1
1. Differentiate giving 2 points between hardware and software. Give 2 examples of each.
2. State the time period of third generation computers and its usage
3. Explain Analog Computers and give 2 examples of it.
4. Discuss the advantages of Micro computers .
5. List 3 uses of mainframe computers
6. What is a hybrid computer? Give two application area of it.
7. What is the main difference between fourth and fifth generation computer.
8. Classify the computers into different types based on size and explain any one of it.
9. List 3 advantages of fourth generation computers.
10. How is the speed of a computer measured?
11. Explain why computers are considered “diligent.”
12. Define reliability in computers.
13. What is meant by automation in computing?
14. Write any two examples of computer versatility.
15. Mention two units used to measure computer memory capacity.
16. Name the technology used in first-generation computers. Give 2 examples of it.
17. Define and explain the technology used in fourth generation.
18. Write three characteristics of embedded computers
19. Mention and explain 3 devices in real world where embedded computers are used.
20. Define computer in simple terms and list its main operations.
21. What are supercomputers mainly used for?
22. Discuss the advantages and limitations of micro computers
23. Errors in computers are mostly due to humans. Justify this statement.
24. Explain how computers have transformed banking sector
25. Mention any four advanced technological uses of fifth generation computers
26. Explain speed, diligence, and automation property of computers
27. Compare mini, mainframe, and supercomputers in terms of features and applications
28. Explain the functions of the input unit, storage unit and output unit.
29. Differentiate between ALU and CU.
30. Explain the role of the CPU in a computer system.
31. Write any four features of embedded systems
32. Explain the role of A-D and D-A converters in embedded systems.
33. Mention four examples where embedded systems are used.
34. Explain in detail the applications of computers in science and medicine.
35. Discuss the importance of computers in defence and government
36. Explain any 4 input devices most frequently used by users
37. How are computers used in entertainment? Explain.
38. Differentiate between primary memory and secondary storage.
39. Define the role of cache memory in CPU
40. How computers are used in Scientific research and development? Explain.
41. Explain how the four functional components (Input → Process → Storage → Output)
work together in a system.
42. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Embedded systems
43. Discuss the role of sensors in an embedded system with examples.
44. Explain the basic structure of the embedded system with diagram.
45. Explain the role of RTOS in Embedded system.
46. Explain the role of computers in the field of designing or marketing
47. Differentiate between Embedded system and general purpose computer
48. List 3 application of embedded system which you have encountered.
49. What is the function of Actuator in Embedded system.
50. Write four applications of computer in education.
51. How embedded systems are used in robotics and automation

Unit 2

52. What are the three main sections of the CPU?

53. What is the function of the Control Unit (CU)?
54. What is the role of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)?"
55. Define input devices with one example.
56. Give two examples of pointing devices.
57. Mention types of keys found on a keyboard."
58. What is the role of the Memory Unit (MU) inside the CPU?
59. State one difference between CU and ALU.
60. Why is the CPU called the “brain” of the computer?"
61. What is the role of input devices in a computer system?
62. What is the main purpose of a keyboard?
63. Give one difference between a mouse and a trackball."
64. Explain any one audio input device.
65. Why are touchscreens considered both input and output devices?
66. State one use of barcode readers in supermarkets."
67. Explain register and its functions
68. Explain OMR as input device
 69. Explain the usage of OCR as input device"
70. Why is Magnetic Ink Card Reader preferred in cheque processing?
71. Mention one common use of a joystick.
72. Which printers is most commonly used by users nowadays"
73. Difference between Primary and secondary memory
74. Give examples of Secondary memory
75. Explain tertiary memory"
76. What is the role of the CPU in running applications?
77. Define an output device. Mention two types of monitors.
78. Mention two advantage of laser printers."
79. Define SRAM and state its use.
80. Mention one difference between a projector and a monitor.
81. Name any two companies that provide cloud storage services."
82. Define flash [Link] two examples of flash storage devices.
83. Mention two examples of magnetic storage devices.
84. Mention one advantage of Blu-ray discs over DVDs."
85. Mention two feature of volatile memory.
86. Mention two types of ROM.
87. What is virtual memory?"
88. Write one difference between cache memory and main memory.
89. State reasons why secondary memory is needed in a computer.
90. What is ROM? What is stored in ROM during manufacture?"
91. Write two examples of flash storage devices.
92. What is the capacity of a CD, DVD and BluRay Discs?
93. What is a plotter and state its use."
94. What is the function of a projector?
95. Where is the CPU placed in a computer system?
96. What is the main limitation of floppy disks?"
97. Define non-volatile memory with an example.
98. Mention one reason why cache memory is faster than RAM.
99. Name any two types of RAM listed and write one brief feature of either.
100. Name any two functions of a motherboard.
101. List two components that can be connected to the motherboard.
102. Write two differences between motherboard and processor."
103. Mention two advantages of modern motherboards.
104. Why is the motherboard called the “backbone” of a computer?
105. Name any two sockets/slots found on a motherboard."
106. What are the two main types of buses?
107. What is the role of data bus?
108. Mention two examples of external ports."
109. What does PS/2 port connect?
110. What does LAN stand for? Explain in brief
111. Differentiate between LAN and WAN in one point."
112. Define modem in [Link] two types of modems.
113. Write two features of LAN and WAN
114. Which port is commonly used to connect an external display or projector?"
115. How is a router different from a switch in functionality?
116. Define the term PAN (Personal Area Network).
117. Which device is often called the “heart of a network” in small offices?"
118. What type of network is used to connect computers across countries?
119. What is the full form of USB and why is it popular?
120. Write two examples where a LAN is commonly used."
121. Which bus connects the CPU to the main memory?
122. Which port is commonly used for high-quality audio/video transfer to a monitor or TV?
123. Name two devices that can be connected to a USB port.

Unit 3

124. Convert (101111001)₂ to Octal and hexadecimal

125. Convert (26A)₁₆ to Octal and Decimal.
126. Convert (625)₈ to Decimal and Binary"
127. Discuss the advantages of Unicode over ASCII in multilingual computing.
128. How many digits are used in the binary and hexadecimal number system?
129. Convert (805)₁₀ into binary."
130. Convert (10101011)₂ into octal.
131. Convert (10010)₂ into decimal.
132. Convert (1101)₂ into decimal."
133. Convert (312)₁₀ to binary and Octal
134. Convert (10111011)2 to Octal and Decimal
135. Convert (400)10 to Octal and Hexadecimal"
136. Convert (1235)₈ to Binary format
137. Write hexadecimal equivalent of (71F)₈.
138. Convert (223)₁₆ into binary."
139. Convert (101.1)₂ into decimal.
140. Convert (11001101)₂ to hexadecimal.
141. Write the steps to convert a decimal number into Binary."
142. State one limitation of ASCII.
143. Convert (1110101)₂ into hexadecimal.
144. Write the steps to convert decimal number to Hexadecimal number and vice versa"
145. How to convert a binary number to decimal.
146. Convert (101100110)2 to Decimal
147. Convert (101100110)2 to Hexadecimal number "
148. Explain the concept of signed binary numbers and their importance in computing.
Solve: (111001)₂ + (101111)₂ using binary rules.
149. State and explain the rules of binary addition with examples."
150. Represent –67 in 1’s complement form using 10 bits.
151. Convert +18 and –18 into 1’s complement form using 8 bits.
152. Explain how end-around carry is handled in 1’s complement addition."
153. Perform subtraction (45 – 23) using 1’s complement method.
154. Subtract (25)₁₀ – (17)₁₀ using 1’s complement method.
155. Write two’s complement of (110010)₂."
156. Find one’s complement of (1001110)₂.
157. Write two’s complement of (1111110)₂.
158. Find one’s complement of (110011110)₂."
159. Add 1011101 + 10101001
160. Subtract 10111 from 1100010
161. Subtract 1010111 from 100100111 using 1s complement"
162. Add 10101011 + 101011111
163. Subtract 101110 from 1000010001
164. Add 111001010 + 110110110"
165. Find ones complement of 44 in binary format
166. Find twos complement of 88 in binary format
167. What is Least significant bit and most significant bit in binary numnber."
168. Subtract 1111 from 1000010 using 2s complement
169. Subtract 1011010 from 110011010 using ones complement
170. Add 10101111010 + 110011001010"
171. Define a logic gate.
172. Write the truth table for an AND gate with two inputs.
173. Define a NOT gate and give its symbol."
174. Define a truth table. Show with example
175. Write the truth table for XOR gate with inputs A and B.
176. Write the truth table for NOT ."
177. If A=0 and B=1, find the output of A AND B.
178. What is the difference between truth table of OR and XOR gate?
179. Which gate is also known as an inverter?"
180. " Compare AND and OR gate in terms of input/output behavior
181. Which gate produces output 0 only when both inputs are 0?
182. Write the truth table of OR Gate and draw its symbol."
183. Write the output of NOT gate if the input is 1.
184. Draw the logic symbol for a two-input XOR gate.
185. Which gate gives output 1 only if both inputs are 1?"
186. If A=1 and B=1, find the output of A NAND B.
187. If A=0 and B=0 find the output of A NOR B
188. Where in real lifa applications AND gate can be used."
189. What is the real life application of OR Gate
190. Show the truth table for a digital voting system using an AND gate (two people must
press YES).
191. Design a simple circuit where the light glows only when exactly one of two switches is
ON
192. List real life application of XOR Gate
193. Discuss how NOT gates are applied in designing inverters in digital circuits.
194. Derive the truth table for three input OR gate"

Unit 4

195. Define batch operating system and explain its working.

196. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of batch operating systems.
197. Define real-time operating system (RTOS) with suitable examples."
198. Define an operating system and Discuss the key objectives of an operating system.
199. Why is an operating system called a resource manager? Illustrate.
200. How does an OS handle process scheduling? Explain with example."
201. Explain security and protection as major OS functions.
202. How does an operating system provide file management services?
203. List and explain four key functions of an operating system."
204. Differentiate between system software and application software with respect to OS.
205. Explain how an OS provides abstraction of hardware to applications.
206. Compare batch OS with time-sharing OS."
207. Differentiate between hard and soft real-time operating systems.
208. Why is real-time OS critical in medical and defense applications?
209. Which OS type would you recommend for a hospital ICU monitoring system? Explain."
210. Discuss how CPU scheduling differs in batch OS and time-sharing OS.
211. Why is batch OS suitable for payroll and billing systems? Explain.
212. Compare multi-programming, multi-tasking, and multi-processing operating systems."
213. Explain why distributed operating systems are considered scalable.
214. Differentiate between single-user and multi-user OS with examples.
215. Compare centralized OS with distributed OS."
216. Explain why multi-tasking is essential in modern operating systems.
217. Describe the features and limitations of a Time-Sharing OS.
218. How does the OS improve user convenience in computing? Give examples."
219. Define a shell in operating systems and explain its role
220. What is the difference between shell and kernel in an operating system?
221. Explain how shell acts as an interface between the user and kernel."
222. Define a file system and explain its importance in an operating system.
223. Compare FAT, NTFS, and ext file systems in terms of features and performance.
224. What is fragmentation (internal and external) in file systems?"
225. What are the basic operations supported by a file system?
226. List and explain five major functions of the kernel
227. What is the difference between monolithic kernel and microkernel architectures?"
228. Define a process and explain how it differs from a program
229. Explain the life cycle of a process with a diagram.
230. Explain Deadlock"
231. Distinguish between starvation and deadlock.
232. What is CPU scheduling?
233. Explain User mode vs Kernel mode."
234. List the conditions that result in deadlock
235. Why CPU Scheduling is important in a multiprogramming OS?
236. Explain starvation"
237. What is context switching?
238. Define process control block (PCB).
239. Name one method to prevent or solve deadlock."
240. Name two types of shells commonly used in Unix/Linux.
241. Explain file permissions in file systems
242. Give one example of a command you can type in a shell."
243. Define User interface
244. Explain GUI and CLI in brief
245. Explain the purpose of File management system"
246. List three key features of macOS.
247. List three common Linux distributions and their uses.
248. List three main features of Windows."
249. Differentiate between Windows Explorer and Task Manager.
250. Explain absolute path and relative path with respect to OS
251. Give two examples of each operating systems using GUI and CLI"
252. How does GUI improve usability for beginners?
253. Specify 3 commands used in any operating system and specify their usage.
254. What is the importance of file permissions?"
255. What are the features which make android popular as os for smartphones
256. What is an APK file in Android?
257. Give 2 advantages and disadvantages of GUI"
258. List 2 advantages and disadvantages of CLI
259. What is the role of file extensions?
260. Why file backup is necessary in file management systems?"
261. List any two common file operations supported by an OS.
262. List three basic types of file permissions.
263. Mention one reason Linux is preferred for servers."
264. Mention two key features of the Windows operating system.
265. State two advantage of Windows OS for personal use.
266. Give two advantages of using Linux over Windows.

Unit 5

267. Differentiate between system software and utility software.

268. Differentiate between system software and application software.
269. Give two examples of open-source software."
270. Mention two disadvantage of open-source software.
271. Mention two advantage of open-source software.
272. Define proprietary software with an example."
273. Compare open-source and proprietary software in terms of source code availability and
cost.
274. Where is firmware stored in a computer system?
275. Give two examples of utility software."
276. Name any 2 Open Source software and Proprietary software
277. Which type of software is more flexible: open-source or proprietary?
278. Which type of software is more suitable for critical systems like hospitals? Why?"
279. What type of software is a compiler? Give an example.
280. Is MS Word a system software or application software? Justify briefly.
281. Mention two example of proprietary antivirus software"
282. Mention two uses of utility softwares
283. Give one example of system software used in mobile devices.
284. Is disk fragmentation considered a utility function or application?"
285. Is BIOS considered a type of system software? Justify your answer
286. What is the role of OS as system software?
287. Is DBMS a system software or application software? Justify"
288. Give one example of a utility used for system monitoring.
289. Give one point of difference between firmware and driver.
290. Mention one open-source alternative to Microsoft Office."
291. What is a programming language? Who created C Programming language.
292. Explain variables and constants in C
293. Write a simple c program to print ""Welcome to Parul University"""
294. List the standard flowchart symbols and their meanings.
295. Differentiate between algorithms and flowcharts
296. Construct a flowchart to find the largest of three numbers."
297. Differentiate between algorithm and program with examples.
298. Differentiate between Do while and while loop in C programming
299. Show the usage of If conditional statement with an example"
300. Write a program to check if a character is vowel or consonant
301. Show the usage for loop with an example.
302. What is an entry controlled loop? Show the usage of while loop."
303. Write a c program to accept 5 numbers and display sum and average
304. Write a program to accept a number and check if its divisible by 5 or not
305. Write a program to accept 2 numbers and swap them without using third variable"
306. Write a program to accept length of a triangle and calculate area from it.
307. Write a program to print your name 5 times using loop.
308. Write a program accept a number and print the day of the week"
309. Explain the difference between declaring a variable and initialising a variable
310. What are keywords in C? List 5 keywords.
311. What is the main() function, and why is it essential in C?
312. Explain the purpose of #include <> in C Programming
313. Why is C Programming considered a ""middle-level"" language?
314. List all the arithmetic operators and explain their usage.

Unit 6

315. What is intranet? How is it different than internet?

316. What is two-factor authentication (2FA)?
317. Explain spoofing attack.
318. State one difference between a static website and a dynamic website.
319. What does DHCP stands for?
320. Provide name of two cloud based services which you generally use."
321. Define the Internet in simple terms.
322. Mention one difference between HTTP and HTTPS.
323. What is meant by the term “URL”?"
324. What is a firewall in computer networks?
325. Define a top-level domain (TLD) with one example.
326. What is the purpose of an IP address in networking?"
327. Why is DNS important in Internet browsing?
328. Differentiate between CC and BCC in email.
329. Explain cybersecurity and its importance."
330. What does DNS stand for?
331. Define phishing with one example.
332. State one function of antivirus software."
333. State one advantage and disadvantage of the Internet and an intranet
334. Name any two popular web browsers.
335. State one function of a web server."
336. Mention two services provided by the Internet.
337. Define an IP address.
338. State the difference between IPv4 and IPv6."
339. Define cloud computing in simple terms.
340. List any two essential characteristics of cloud computing.
341. What does IaaS stand for? Give one example."
342. List two real-world applications of IoT.
343. Define big data in simple words.
344. Differentiate between structured and unstructured data in one point."
345. What is the difference between AI and ML in one line?
346. Give two example of AI used in everyday life.
347. Define Artificial Intelligence (AI). List two goals of AI"
348. Why is machine learning called a subset of AI?
349. What does SaaS stand for? Give one example.
350. What does PaaS stand for? Give one example."
351. Differentiate between public and private cloud in one point.
352. Mention any two challenges in IoT adoption.
353. List all V’s of big data."
354. What is a training dataset in ML?
355. What is a testing dataset in ML?
356. Mention two industries where AI is commonly applied."
357. Mention one way in which ML is used in e-commerce.
358. Mention any two advantages of cloud computing.
359. What is meant by scalability in cloud computing?"
360. Define hybrid cloud with a short example.
361. Write one difference between cloud storage and local storage.
362. Give one example of supervised machine learning."
363. How supervised and unsupervised learning are different explain.
364. What does Variety and Veracity mean in BigData
365. What is reinforcement learning in ML?"
366. Discuss the role of energy-efficient hardware in green computing.
367. Mention two benefits of cybersecurity for organizations.
368. Discuss cyberbullying and online harassment, and explain digital safety measures for
students.
369. Why is software updating essential for digital safety? Give reasons.
370. List and describe common types of cyber threats
371. Explain the difference between cyber threats and cyberattacks with examples."
372. Differentiate between centralized and decentralized systems.
373. Explain the term “distributed ledger” with an example.
374. List and describe common sources of e-waste."
375. Explain how smart contracts work in blockchain.
376. Explain how blockchain maintains transparency and security.
377. Compare ethical hacking and malicious hacking."
378. Write short notes on safe practices while using social media.
379. What are the 3R's of e waste management
380. Discuss any 2 applications of Blockchain technology"
381. Why immutability is considered a strength of blockchain?
382. Discuss the Limitations of Blockchain.
383. Discuss the advantages of blockchain
384. List two applications of blockchain in finance.
385. What is malware? Write two examples.
386. Define ransomware in one sentence.
387. List the domains where blockchain can be implemented beyond cryptocurrencies
388. What is proof of work in blockchain technology
389. Differentiate between Bitcoin and blockchain
 Long Questions

Unit 1

1. Explain speed, diligence, and automation as characteristics of computers with real-life

examples.
2. Compare first, second, and third generation computers based on technology, size, and
speed.
3. Differentiate between analog, digital, and hybrid computers with examples.
4. Compare mini, mainframe, and supercomputers in terms of features and applications
5. Write a detailed note on the role of embedded computers in daily life.
6. Explain micro computers. Discuss the advantages and limitations of Micro computers
7. Write a detailed account of fourth-generation and fifth generation computers and their
advantages.
8. Discuss the importance of the output unit with examples of devices used.
9. Explain the difference between primary memory, cache, and secondary storage with
examples.
10. Explain in detail the applications of computers in science and medicine.
11. Write a detailed note on the role of computers in education and entertainment.
12. Write a detailed account of how computers are applied across multiple domains with
examples.
13. Write a detailed note on the role of embedded systems in digital technologies like IoT,
robotics, and automation.
14. Explain how embedded systems achieve real-time processing with the help of RTOS
15. Write a detailed note on the processing unit (CPU) and its three main sections. Explain
each unit
16. Write a detailed note on the basic structure of embedded systems with a diagram
explaining role and importance of each component.

Unit 2

17. Explain how the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs both arithmetic and logical
operations. Discuss its role in overall CPU functioning
18. Compare registers and cache memory in terms of speed, size, and functionality. Why are
they considered critical for CPU performance?
19. Explain with an example how the CPU components—Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU), and registers—work together during the execution of an instruction.
20. Define input devices and explain their importance in a computer system. Classify them
into categories (visual, audio, pointing devices, etc.) with examples.
21. Differentiate between volatile and non-volatile memory by listing at least two points of
distinction, and explain their roles in computer systems.
22. Discuss the importance of the output unit with examples of devices used.
23. Compare Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) and Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
technologies
24. Analyze why the CPU is referred to as the “brain of the computer.”Support your answer
with functions and examples.
25. Describe the working of CRT and flat-panel display monitors and compare their
advantages and limitations.
26. Explain the working principle of different types of printers (impact and non-impact) with
examples.
27. Describe primary, secondary, and tertiary storage devices with examples and functions.
28. Compare HDD and SSD in terms of speed, durability, cost, and power consumption.
29. Discuss optical storage devices their structure, storage capacity, and applications.
30. Discuss the role of RAM in multitasking and system performance. Compare SRAM, DRAM,
and SDRAM in terms of structure, speed, and usage.
31. Explain ROM and its types with examples.
32. Write a detailed note on how storage technologies have evolved from floppy disks to cloud
storage.
33. Compare magnetic, and flash storage devices in terms of features, reliability, and use
cases.
34. Discuss how the motherboard supplies power and enables communication between
computer components.
35. Explain the concept of a computer bus and its importance in data transfer.
36. Explain the difference between internal and external ports with suitable examples.
37. Describe the functions and applications of USB, HDMI, and VGA ports.
38. Compare LAN, MAN, and WAN in terms of coverage, speed, and applications.
39. Describe the functions of a switch and differentiate between managed and unmanaged
switches.
40. Discuss the functions of buses in addressing, data transfer, timing, and power supply.
41. Differentiate between system bus and I/O bus with examples.
42. Explain Modem, types of modem, working of a modem and its role in data transmission.
 Unit 3
43. Explain the role ASCII in data represntation with examples
44. Convert (2BF6A)₁₆ and (7761)₁₆ to Binary and Octal format
45. Convert (1000111110)₂ , (10101110101)₂ , (111011101)₂ numbers to Octal and
Hexadecimal
46. Convert (665)₈ , (556)₈ , (4577)₈ numbers to Hexadecimal numbers
47. List the steps to convert a decimal number to Octal and Hexa decimal number with an
example.
48. What is Unicode ? How is it different than ASCII
49. Convert (1101010)₂ , (11001100101)₂ to decimal , octal and hexadecimal
50. Convert (64)₈ , (455)₈ numbers to Hexadecimal, binary and Decimal
51. Convert (67)₈ , (458)₈ numbers to Hexadecimal , binary and decimal.
52. Convert the decimal number –75 into sign-magnitude, 1’s complement, and 2’s
complement form (10-bit).
53. Perform subtraction (56 – 34) using 2’s complement method.
54. Perform binary addition: (11011010111)₂ + (10101111101)₂.
55. Perform binary subtraction: (101100)₂ – (101001)₂ using direct subtraction.
56. Represent +25 and –25 using 1's complement and 2's complement representation in 8-bit
format.
57. Convert (–121)₁₀ into sign-magnitude, 1’s complement, and 2’s complement forms (8-bit).
58. Perform binary addition: 1) (11011010)₂ + (10101111)₂ 2) (1001101010)₂ +
(1111011110)₂
59. Perform binary subtraction using 1s Complement: 1) 11011010 - 1010111 2) 100010001
- 1100111
60. Compare 1’s complement and 2’s complement techniques in terms of number
representation and arithmetic operations.
61. Explain the working principle of the AND gate with its symbol and truth table.
62. Describe the OR gate with a neat diagram and construct its truth table.
63. Discuss the role of the XOR gate in digital circuits with its truth table and symbol.
64. Explain the NAND , NOR Gate along with truth tables.
65. What are logic gates? Explain what kind of logic gate needs to be used for creating a two
way switch where the light glows only when exactly one of two switches is ON.
 Unit 4

66. Discuss Batch Operating system and its working. List the advantages and disadvantages of
Batch Operating System
67. List 4 points of difference between hard real time operating system and soft real time
operating system
68. Define an operating system. Discuss its primary objectives
69. List and explain any four key functions of an operating system, highlighting their
importance in computer system performance.
70. Differentiate between system software and application software. How does an operating
system act as an abstraction layer between hardware and applications?
71. Compare multiprogramming, multitasking, and multiprocessing operating systems.
Provide real-world examples of each
72. Differentiate between single-user and multi-user operating systems
73. Compare centralized operating systems with distributed operating systems, highlighting
their advantages and limitations.
74. Describe the features and limitations of time-sharing operating systems. How do they
differ from batch systems?
75. What is the role of an operating system as both a resource manager and a facilitator of
user convenience.
76. Compare FAT, NTFS, and ext file systems in terms of structure, features, and performance.
77. Explain the basic operations supported by a file system such as creation, deletion, reading,
and writing of files.
78. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Monolithic and micro kernel
79. Explain process lifecycle describing each state.
80. Define a process and explain how it differs fundamentally from a program.
81. What is deadlock in operating systems? List and explain the four necessary conditions that
cause it.
82. Explain User Mode and Kernel Mode in operating systems. Why is this distinction
important for security and resource management?
83. Explain the importance of file systems in data organization and access.
84. Define a user interface and explain the difference between Graphical User Interface (GUI)
and Command Line Interface (CLI)
85. List and explain three key features of macOS that distinguish it from other operating
systems.
86. Discuss three common Linux distributions and their specific uses in personal, enterprise,
or server environments.
87. Explain the concepts of absolute path and relative path in file systems. Provide examples
of each.
88. List any 5 commands used in an operating system (Linux/Windows) and describe their
specific usage.
89. Compare GUI and CLI providing the advantages and disadvantages of both
90. Explain the purpose of a file management system in an operating system. Why is it
essential for efficient data handling?
91. Explain how a GUI improves usability for beginners compared to CLI
92. What is the importance of file permissions in an operating system? Explain with examples
of read, write, and execute permissions.

Unit 5
93. Define software and explain the difference between system software and application
software, giving two examples of each.
94. Classify software into system, application, and utility software. Provide clear definitions
and examples for each type.
95. Define open-source software and proprietary software, and explain their fundamental
differences.
96. Explain the role of utility software in maintaining a system. Illustrate with examples
97. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of open-source software from the perspective
of a company planning to adopt it.
98. Compare and contrast open-source and proprietary software in terms of source code
availability, cost, licensing, and flexibility
99. Case Study: A university department needs to choose between an open-source LMS
(learning management system) and a commercial LMS. Compare and justify.
100. Justify which model (open-source or proprietary) is more suitable for critical infrastructure
systems (e.g. hospitals, government).
101. Differentiate between algorithms and flowcharts with examples.
102. Explain the limitations of flowcharts. Draw a flow chart to add 2 numbers
103. Write a C program to check whether a number is even or odd.
104. Explain the use of decision-making statements in C with examples.
105. What are loops used for in c programming? Compare while, do-while, and for loops in C.
106. List the different data types in C with their sizes.
107. Define a flowchart. What is its purpose in problem solving?
108. Write an algorithm to find the largest of three numbers.
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109. Explain the role of web browsers in accessing and navigating the World Wide Web. Give
examples of popular browsers.
110. Define IP addressing and discuss its purpose in computer networks. Why is it essential for
communication?
111. What is the Domain Name System (DNS)? Explain why it is needed in the functioning of
the Internet.
112. Define malware and explain why it poses a threat to computer systems. List and describe
common types of malware.
113. Define the Internet and an intranet. How do they differ in terms of scope, access, and
usage?
114. Explain the role of firewalls and antivirus software in ensuring network and system
security.
115. Differentiate between phishing and spoofing attacks. How can users protect themselves
from such threats?
116. Define cybersecurity and explain why it is critical in today’s digital world.
117. Define cloud computing and explain its essential characteristics.
118. Discuss the service models of cloud computing (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) with examples.
119. Define big data and explain its 5V's characteristics.
120. Discuss the difference between structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data.
121. Define artificial intelligence and explain its goals. Explain the role of machine learning as
a subset of AI.
122. Predict the future impact of AI and ML on the workforce and industries.
123. Discuss the importance of training and testing datasets in ML.
124. Discuss how big data is applied in healthcare, finance, and [Link] the role
of data lakes in big data storage.
125. Explain the deployment models of cloud computing: public, private, hybrid, and
community clouds.
126. Define cybersecurity awareness and explain its importance for individuals and
organizations.
127. Define blockchain technology and explain its fundamental characteristics
128. Discuss common types of cyberattacks such as phishing, malware, and ransomware with
examples.
129. Define green computing and explain its objectives.
130. Compare public, private, and consortium blockchains with examples.
131. Explain the 3Rs in e-waste management.
132. Explain how blockchain ensures transparency and security in [Link] the
limitations and challenges of blockchain adoption.
133. Discuss applications of blockchain in finance, supply chain, and healthcare.
134. Explain how smart contracts work on blockchain platforms. Provide examples of their
applications.
135. Discuss the future potential of blockchain beyond cryptocurrencies in various sectors.