East West University
Electronic Circuit (251)
Project Report
Submitted by
Student Name Student Id
Kowser Ahmed 2023-3-60-144
Ashadul Rahim Fahim 2023-3-60-254
Sanjida Akter 2023-3-60-403
Submitted to –
Sayed Jamiul Alam
Lecturer,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Project-1: Design of a Triangular wave generator using Operational
Amplifier for a specified input.
[Link] Statement:
Design, simulate, and build an op-amp based triangular wave generator
that produces a symmetric triangular waveform of amplitude ±5.00 V
(peak) at 1.00 kHz using ±10 V supplies. The generator should use a
comparator with positive feedback (Schmitt trigger) driving an integrator.
Verify operation through simulation and by building the circuit on a
breadboard, then measure and report the output waveforms
[Link] Details :
Block identification & operation
i. Comparator (Schmitt trigger) — provides a ±10 V square output and two
switching thresholds (±Vth). Positive feedback creates hysteresis so the
comparator switches at ±Vth. Output toggles between +Vsat and −Vsat.
[Link] — integrates the square output from the comparator to produce
a triangular ramp. When comparator output is +Vsat integrator ramps in one
direction, when −Vsat it ramps opposite.
Design targets and definitions (chosen)
• Supply rails: ±10 V ⇒ comparator saturated outputs ≈ ±10 V (ideal
model).
• Desired triangular amplitude: ±5.00 V (peak).
• Desired frequency: f = 1.00 kHz → period T = 1 / f = 0.00100 s (1.00
ms).
Using diagram (R1 = R3 = 10 kΩ ⇒ triangle amplitude
A=±5.00A=±5.00A=±5.00 V with ±10 V rails) and the shown integrator
capacitor C1=100 nFC_1 = 100\ \text{nF}C1=100 nF, here’s the step-by-step
calculation for R₂ assuming you want f = 1.00 kHz (the frequency used
earlier).
But,
[Link] Diagram:
[Link] Results:
The circuit was simulated using standard op-amp components (UA741)
with ±10V power supplies. An AC input signal was applied to observe
the behavior of the non-inverting amplifier stage.
PSpice Simulation Result
5. Hardware Construction
• Mount comparator and integrator op amps (use dual op amp like
LM358/LM324 if available).
• Connect ±10 V power rails to op amp supply pins.
• Build comparator with R1 = R3 = 10 kΩ on non-inverting input.
• Connect comparator output → R2(2.7kΩ) → integrator − input.
• Integrator: − input has R2 and feedback C = 100 nF to integrator output;
+ input → ground.
• Integrator output → comparator – input
Testing:
• Power up ±10 V rails. Verify rails before inserting op-amp.
• Use oscilloscope channel 1 on comparator output, channel 2 on
triangular output.
• Observe waveforms and take snapshots.
Oscilloscope Result
6. Measure and Record the Output
Conclusion:
The project successfully demonstrated the design and working of a
triangular wave generator using operational amplifiers. The frequency of
oscillation can be accurately controlled by varying R2 and C1, making
this circuit useful in function generators, waveform synthesis, and signal
processing applications.
Theoretical design and PSpice simulation confirm that the circuit works
as expected, producing stable triangular outputs. The frequency and
amplitude of the triangular wave can be adjusted by selecting
appropriate values of resistors and capacitors in the integrator stage.
This project demonstrates the practical use of op-amps in waveform
generation, which is widely applied in signal processing, function
generators, and communication systems.