COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY NOTES - TEXT VERSION
CHAPTER 1: MIGRATION
Q1) What is immigration?
Immigration refers to the movement of people into a country from other locations.
Q2) What is human trafficking?
When people help sneak others into new destinations and force them to work illegally, it is
called human trafficking.
Q3) What is a pull factor?
The factors that attract people to settle in another country are called push factors.
Q4) What is a pull factor?
The pull factors that encourage people to leave their home countries are called pull factors.
Q5) How is migration different from travelling?
Human migration is distinctly different from tourism, travel, vacations, holidays and
pilgrimage, as in these cases there is no intent to settle down in a new location.
(or)
Migration is permanent in nature whereas travelling is temporary.
D1) What are the different causes of migration?
Economic Causes
People migrate to find work or better career opportunities than they have in their home
countries.
Social Causes
People migrate in the hope of a better lifestyle or to live closer to family and friends.
Movement due to marriage is an example of social migration.
Political Causes
War, persecution and political intolerance compel people to migrate.
Environmental Causes
Extreme weather conditions and natural disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic
eruptions can also lead to migration.
D2) Compare temporary, temporary, and permanent migration
Sometimes, people migrate to another place permanently with no intention of returning to
their region of origin. This is called permanent or long term migration. For example, a person
married to someone who resides in another country forever and raise a family there. On the
other hand, some people migrate temporarily or for a short term. Students often move to
another region for higher education and may choose to come back to their region of origin
after they complete their education.
D3) What is brain drain?
Movement of human capital is an irreplaceable loss to the home location or country or origin.
When the number of skilled people moving out of the country is more than what the country
can replace, it is called 'brain drain'.
Typically developing countries lose their skilled labour and intellectual people to developed
countries. Developed countries offer better prospects, hence more number of educated
youth from developing countries move into developing developed countries. It can be said
that the 'brain drain' of developing countries is the 'brain gain' for developed countries.
Q4) List the advantages and disadvantage of migration to the home country.
Advantages
• There are fewer people that the government or authorities need to feed and house.
• There is reduced pressure on land, other natural resources and lesser competition for jobs.
• There is money coming in through foreign remittances.
Disadvantages
• There is loss of young population who are the backbone of the workforce.
• There is loss of skilled or talented workers.
• There is loss of men, creating a skewed sex ratio.
• Breakdown of families and traditional social structures can take place.
• The government needs to care for the elderly, besides dealing with a high death rate.
CHAPTER 2: DISASTERS
C1) Cyclones occurs
Cyclones are caused by atmospheric disturbances around low pressure areas. Winds with
great speeds move towards intense low-pressure areas, known as the eye of the cyclone.
C2) Earthquakes are caused.
An earthquakes occurs when two interlocking tectonic plates collide, releasing huge
amounts of energy into the earth's crust. This produces vibrations on the surface of the
earth. As a result of these vibrations, there is sudden and strong shaking of the ground.
C3) Droughts take place.
Droughts refers to an exceptionally long period of severe water shortage and absence of
rainfall. Drought generally occur in the summer season.
Q4) Accidents occur.
An accident refers to an undesirable and unintentional event that may cause injury or death.
Road accidents may be caused by brake failures, drunk driving or exceeding speed limits.
Humans error and equipment failure can lead to plane crashes.
Q5) Nuclear disasters take place.
Nuclear disasters are caused by nuclear explosions and radiation. Nuclear energy is
released from atoms through nuclear fission by splitting the nucleus. This process releases a
great amount of energy in the form of heat and radiation.
F1) List the causes of floods.
Floods occur when water in rivers overflow their banks. Floods cause a dangerous rise in the
water level, which submerges the surrounding area like villages, farms and roads. Many
factors like heavy rains, or melting of ice and snow, or failure of dams can cause rivers to
overflow, thus resulting in floods. Humans activities like deforestation, colonisation of river
beds, poor quality dams and improper drainage also cause floods.
F2) What are natural disasters? Give a few examples.
Natural Disasters are caused by forces of nature, which are powerful and uncontrollable and
can occur suddenly. These events occur due to the earth's natural processes. Such
disasters can cause severe damage to life and property. It is very difficult to recover the
losses and rebuild communities after natural disasters. Floods, earthquakes, droughts,
cyclones, landslides, volcanic eruptions, sinkholes and tsunamis are some examples of
natural disasters.
F3) What are man-made disaster? List a few example.
Man-made disaster are caused by human activities. Such disasters may be a result of
negligence or deliberate actions of people. Some examples of man-made disasters are fires,
terror attacks, nuclear disasters, chemical and biological disaster and accidents.
F5) Explain a biological disaster.
Biological disasters are caused by living organisms like microbes and bacteria and by
products with biological origin like toxins and medical wastes. When disease-causing germs
such as bacteria or viruses are deliberately used to harm people, they are called biological
weapons. Toxins and poisons such as botulism, which are derived from biological sources,
are also considered biological. These germs or poisons are released by using explosives,
such as bombs or missile warheads. Potential targets of biological weapons include military
personnel, civilians, water supplies, crops, stored food, and farm animals.
F3) How does fire spread?
Fire spreads quickly and widely when a substances already on fire is exposed to other
inflammable things like petrol, gas, coal, wood, paper, plastics etc.
Household fires are caused by electrical short circuits, smoking materials like cigarettes,
faulty kitchen stoves and cookware and accidental spilling of flammable materials like
kerosene. Industrial and chemical fires are caused by explosions or due to machine failure.
CHAPTER 3: URBANISATION
E1) What is urbanisation?
The process of people moving and relocating from villages to cities or towns is
[urbanisation].
C2) Name the top five smart cities of the world
The top five smart cities in the world are:
→ Singapore
→ Helsinki, Finland
→ Zurich, Switzerland
→ Oslo, Norway
→ Amsterdam, Netherlands
E3) How does urbanisation improve the transportation in a place?
The demands for transport services increases, as more people need to travel to reach their
workplace. People also need to travel to deliver products or services to customers. This
leads to the development of transportation.
E4) What factors need to be considered while planning a satellite city?
While planning a satellite city, the government and developers need to consider a few
factors, such as economic conditions, social groups, specific religions, and educational
institutions, etc. Other important factors that need to be considered while planning a satellite
city are security, affordable housing, electricity, water supplies and road connectivity.
E5) Name the satellite cities in India.
Satellite Cities
1. Noida
2. Salt Lake City
3. Viklabad
4. Gandhinagar
5. Surya Nagar
E6) Describe a satellite city.
The concept of satellite cities or satellite towns was introduced for urban planning. Satellite
cities are small urban areas located near large cities. They are planned cities and follow the
bedroom community pattern. This means people can work in the main city and stay in the
satellite city.
Satellite cities help manages the growing population in urban areas. They are usually
self-sustaining and independent cities designed to provide a balance between its resources
and the population.
F7) What causes urbanisation?
People usually relocate to cities in the hope of a better life for themselves and their families.
There are more opportunities for income in cities, which helps raise their standards of living.
There are various factors that influence people to move to cities:
Better Living Standards
Agriculture-related activities form a major part of the occupations in rural areas. The
earnings from many of these jobs are too meagre to support a good lifestyle. Besides,
environmental factors like rain and draught also affect agriculture. Hence, people migrate to
cities in search of better paying opportunities.
• There are very few opportunities for human development in rural areas.
• The Industrial Revolution has created tremendous job opportunities in big cities. Naturally,
people seeking employment are inclined to move to cities.
Choice of Employment
• Urban areas offer job opportunities, not only in factories, but also in related sectors such as
transport, banking, business, shipping, etc.
Better Civic Amenities
• The quality of education in villages is usually low. Besides, the number of schools and
colleges in villages is also fewer. Sometimes, the educational institutes are located far from
their homes and students have to travel great distances to reach their school or college.
Therefore, student move to the cities that provide better educational facilities.
Cities also provide advanced medical and health care facilities as compared to rural area. In
cities, there are many charitable institutions that provide free or low-cost medical treatment
to the poor.
E8) List the drawbacks of urbanisation.
The positive effects of urbanisation are viable only when the population growth is extensive,
it may lead to problems affecting the life of the people living in the city.
• The cost of accommodation increases as more people migrate to cities. Since everyone
cannot afford costly houses, people start settling in slums.
• Increase in the number of vehicles leads to traffic jams and pollution.
• The entire population needs to be accommodated within the limited space of cities. Such
situations lead to congestion.
• Another drawback of urbanisation is unemployment. As many people are available for the
same job, it is difficult for everyone to get a job. Also, many people who get jobs are
compelled to work for low wages. This increases poverty, which in turn leads to a low
standard of living.
• There are also a higher number of educated yet unemployed people in cities.
• It is difficult to maintain a joint family as the cost of living is high.
• Pollution, long work hours and bad eating habits can lead to poor health.
• Overpopulation causes poor water and sanitation.
• Crime rate goes up due to overpopulation. Unemployment and poverty force people to
engage in petty crimes like theft and pickpocketing.
E9) Explain the positive impacts of urbanisation.
• The number of job openings increases as more people are available for different kinds of
work.
• The demand for transport services increases, as more people need to travel to reach their
workplace. People also need to travel to deliver products or services to customers. This
leads to the development of transportation.
• Communication and other infrastructural services are developed.
• The number of educational institutions increases as more students migrate to cities for
higher education. The quality of education also improves.
• The quality of health care improves with the increases in the number of hospitals. All
medical institutions offer good services to draw more people.
• There is an opportunity for social and cultural unity, as people from different places with
different cultures and languages live together.
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