NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYCALICUT
Department of Mathematics, Winter
WinterSemester
Semester2021-22
2019-2020
MA1002D MATHEMATICS II
Tutorial-4
1. Find the spectrum and eigenvectors of the following matrices
3 0 0 3 5 3
10 4
a) b) 0 8 0 c) 0 4 6
18 12 0 0 4 0 0 1
2. Are the following matrices symmetric, skew symmetric or orthogonal? Find their eigenvalues
1 0 0 0 9 12
0.96 0.28 1 4
a) b) c) 0 cos sin d) 9 0 20
0.28 0.96 4 1 0 sin cos 12 20 0
3. Prove the following for a square matrix A
(a) λ= 0 is an eigenvalue of A if and only if A is nonsingular
2 2
(b) If λ is an eigenvalue of A, then a0λ + a1 λ+a2 is the eigenvalue of B= a0 A + a1 A+ a2I
T
(c) Both A and A have the same eigenvalues
1
(d) If A is nonsingular and if λ is an eigenvalue of A then is an eigenvalues of A-1
k k
(e) If λ is an eigenvalue of A then λ is an eigenvalue of A for any positive integer k
(f) If is an eigenvalue of A then + k is an eigenvalue of A +kI where k is a scalar.
(g) Let 1& 2 be the distinct eigenvalues of A and x1 , x2 be the corresponding eigenvectors.
Prove that x1 + x2 is not an eigenvector of A.
(h) Eigenvalues of an idempotent matrix A are either zero or one.
(i) For a real symmetric matrix, show that the eigenvectors corresponding to two distinct
eigenvalues are orthogonal.
(j) If λ is an eigenvalue of an orthogonal matrix A, then 1/ λ is also an eigenvalue of A
4. Prove that
(a) If 𝐴 is any square matrix of order 𝑛, then the matrix 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 is always symmetric matrix.
(b) If 𝐴 is any square matrix of order 𝑛, then the matrix 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 is always skew symmetric matrix.
(c) Any square matrix 𝐴 can be expressed as sum of symmetric matrix and skew symmetric matrix.
5. Without (actually) finding all eigenvalues, find the sum and the product of the eigenvalues of each of the
following matrices A, B and C
1 1 1 0 −1 −2 11 −4 −7
𝐴 = 1 5 1 , 𝐵 = −1 1 2 , 𝐶 = 7 −2 −5
3 1 1 −1 −1 2 10 −4 −6
6. A matrix B is said to be similar to A if B = P -1 AP, for an invertible matrix P. Prove that similar matrices
have same eigenvalues. Verify this for the following. Also show that X = PY if X is an eigenvector of A
and Y an eigenvector of P-1AP.
10 3 5 2 0 3
A= 0 1 0 , P = 0 1 0
15 9 10 3 0 5
7. Prove that
(a) If A and B are symmetric matrices, then AB is symmetric if and only if AB = BA.
(b) If a matrix A can be diagonalized using an orthogonal matrix, then A is symmetric.
(c) If A and B are symmetric matrices, then AB and BA have same eigenvalues but different eigenvectors.
-1 -1
(d) If A and B are symmetric matrices, then A B and BA have same eigenvalues but different
eigenvectors.
1 1 1
8. If possible, diagonalize the matrix𝐴 = 0 2 1 , and compute 𝐴45 .
−4 4 3
5 7 2 0
9. IfA= 𝑃𝐷𝑃−1 , then compute 𝐴4 , where 𝑃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = .
2 3 0 1
10. The eigenvectors of a 3 x 3 matrix A corresponding to the eigenvalues 1, 1, 3 are
T
[1 0 -1]T, [0 1 -1] , [1 1 0] T respectively. Find the matrix A.
11. Find the defect of each of the eigenvalues of the following matrices.
If possible, find a basis of eigenvectors and hence diagonalize the following matrices.
16 0 0 5 10 10
2 1
a) b) 48 8 0 c) 10 5 20
2 1 84 24 4 5 5 10
1 2 4
12. Use Cayley Hamilton theorem to find the inverse of 1 0 3 .
3 1 2
2 1 1
13. If A = 0 1 0 , verify Cayley Hamilton theorem and hence find the matrix represented by
1 1 2
A8 – 5A7 + 7A6 – 3A5 + A4 – 5A3 – 8A2 – 2A + 1.
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